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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The verbal system is the most conservative part of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.
Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.


Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.
Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''macan'' 'to make''''
|+ '''''macan'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''maca'' || ''macaś'' || ''macaź'' || ''macam'' || ''macaz'' || ''macanź''  
| ''maca'' || ''macas'' || ''macanź''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''maca'' || ''macas'' || ''maca'' ||  ''macam'' || ''macaz'' || ''macan''
| ''maca'' || ''macas'' || ''macan''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''macadie'' || ''macadiesd'' || ''macadie'' || ''macadiem'' || ''macadied'' || ''macadien''  
| ''macadie'' || ''macadied'' || ''macadien''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''macadi'' || ''macadisd'' || ''macadi'' || ''macadim'' || ''macadid'' || ''macadin''  
| ''macadi'' || ''macadid'' || ''macadin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''maca!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''macaz!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''maca!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''macand''
|colspan="3"| ''macand''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''macad''
|colspan="3"| ''macad''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''rēci'' || ''rēciś'' || ''rēciź'' || ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcinź''  
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēcinź''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēci'' ||  ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcin''
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēcin''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiesd'' || ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiem'' || ''rēcidied'' || ''rēcidien''  
| ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidied'' || ''rēcidien''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidisd'' || ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidim'' || ''rēcidid'' || ''rēcidin''  
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidid'' || ''rēcidin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''rēciz!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcind''
|colspan="3"| ''rēcind''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcid''
|colspan="3"| ''rēcid''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''bīta'' || ''bītier'' || ''bītied́'' || ''bītem'' || ''bītied'' || ''bītend́''  
| ''bīta'' || ''bītied'' || ''bītend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''bīte'' || ''bīter'' || ''bīte'' ||  ''bītem'' || ''bīted'' || ''bīten''
| ''bīte'' ||  ''bīted'' || ''bīten''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' || ''bētsd'' || ''bēt'' || ''bētam'' || ''bētad'' || ''bētan''  
| ''bēt'' || ''bēted'' || ''bētan''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' || ''bitisd'' || ''biti'' || ''bitim'' || ''bitid'' || ''bitin''  
| ''biti'' || ''bitid'' || ''bitin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bītied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bītend''
|colspan="3"| ''bītend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biten''
|colspan="3"| ''biten''
|}
|}
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''ciausa'' || ''ciausier'' || ''ciausied́'' || ''ciausem'' || ''ciausied'' || ''ciausend́''  
| ''ciausa'' || ''ciausied'' || ''ciausend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''ciause'' || ''ciauser'' || ''ciause'' ||  ''ciausem'' || ''ciaused'' || ''ciausen''
| ''ciause'' ||  ''ciaused'' || ''ciausen''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''caus'' || ''causd'' || ''caus'' || ''causam'' || ''causad'' || ''causan''  
| ''caus'' || ''caused'' || ''causan''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''curi'' || ''curisd'' || ''curi'' || ''curim'' || ''curid'' || ''curin''  
| ''curi'' || ''curid'' || ''curin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ciausied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''ciausend''
|colspan="3"| ''ciausend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''curen''
|colspan="3"| ''curen''
|}
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''binda'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindied́'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindend́''  
| ''binda'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''binde'' ||  ''bindem'' || ''binded'' || ''binden''
| ''binde'' ||  ''binded'' || ''binden''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''band'' || ''bandsd'' || ''band'' || ''bandam'' || ''bandad'' || ''bandan''  
| ''band'' || ''banded'' || ''banden''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' || ''bundisd'' || ''bundi'' || ''bundim'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''  
| ''bundi'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="7"|
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''biara'' || ''biarier'' || ''biaried́'' || ''biarem'' || ''biaried'' || ''biarend́''  
| ''biara'' || ''biaried'' || ''biarend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biared'' || ''biaren''
| ''biare'' ||  ''biared'' || ''biaren''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''barsd'' || ''bar'' || ''baram'' || ''barad'' || ''baran''  
| ''bar'' || ''bared'' || ''baren''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''buri'' || ''burisd'' || ''buri'' || ''burim'' || ''burid'' || ''burin''  
| ''buri'' || ''burid'' || ''burin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biaried!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biarend''
|colspan="3"| ''biarend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''buren''
|colspan="3"| ''buren''
|}
|}
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''giafa'' || ''giafier'' || ''giafied́'' || ''giafem'' || ''giafied'' || ''giafend́''  
| ''giafa'' || ''giafied'' || ''giafend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''giafe'' || ''giafer'' || ''giafe'' ||  ''giafem'' || ''giafed'' || ''giafen''
| ''giafe'' ||  ''giafed'' || ''giafen''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''gaf'' || ''gafsd'' || ''gaf'' || ''gafam'' || ''gafad'' || ''gafan''  
| ''gaf'' || ''gafed'' || ''gafen''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''giafi'' || ''giafisd'' || ''giafi'' || ''giafim'' || ''giafid'' || ''giafin''  
| ''giafi'' || ''giafid'' || ''giafin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''giafied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafend''
|colspan="3"| ''giafend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafen''
|colspan="3"| ''giafen''
|}
|}
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' || ''jā''
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''grafa'' || ''grafier'' || ''grafied́'' || ''grafem'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafend́''  
| ''grafa'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''grafe'' || ''grafer'' || ''grafe'' ||  ''grafem'' || ''grafed'' || ''grafen''
| ''grafe'' ||  ''grafed'' || ''grafen''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''grāf'' || ''grāfsd'' || ''grāf'' || ''grāfam'' || ''grāfad'' || ''grāfan''  
| ''grāf'' || ''grāfed'' || ''grāfen''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''grafi'' || ''grafisd'' || ''grafi'' || ''grafim'' || ''grafid'' || ''grafin''  
| ''grafi'' || ''grafid'' || ''grafin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''graf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''grafied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''graf!'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafend''
|colspan="3"| ''grafend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafen''
|colspan="3"| ''grafen''
|}
|}
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
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