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Hadda: Difference between revisions
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====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem (after person prefixes). Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person prefixes | Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem (after person prefixes). Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessive-causative-intensive''. | ||
*Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓa'' "is thrown" | *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓa'' "is thrown" | ||
**Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | **Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | ||
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*Middle: ''-ma-'' e.g. ''maǥaɓɓa'' "gets thrown" | *Middle: ''-ma-'' e.g. ''maǥaɓɓa'' "gets thrown" | ||
**Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the cause of the change. | **Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the cause of the change. | ||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''-Ca-'' or ''-CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | |||
*Causative: ''ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳa'' "is causing to throw" | |||
*Inchoative: ''ca-'' e.g. ''caǥaaⱳa'' "is starting to throw" | |||
*Cessive: ''kwa-'' e.g. ''kwaǥaaⱳa'' "is stopping throwing" | |||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||