Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior''' (''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. Many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior and they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” when exterior and “to be born” when interior.

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs:

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses'' (''avyāṣa'' - pl. ''avyāṣai'')): '''present''' (''kaminænikah avyāṣa''), '''past''' (''dāṃdeniah avyāṣa''), '''perfect''' (''mīraṃnajauseh avyāṣa''), and '''future''' (''lallāmiti avyāṣa''); other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect.

However, the most complex part of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood''' (''darišam'', pl. ''darišye''). Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 

* '''indicative''' (''chlåvdiausim darišam'') - the realis mood;

* '''imperative''' (''spruvyūkam darišam'') - used for giving orders or commands;

* '''optative''' (''purmanūkam darišam'') - used to express wishes or hopes;

* '''propositive''' (''maikitūkam darišam'') - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X);

The seven secondary moods (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye'') are:

* five of them express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood''');

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | a-root !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | -ah- !! colspan =2 | -ru-

|-

|-

! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

'''Causative'''<br/>

All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms.

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

===Past Indicative===

Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel, and plural interior forms.

Exterior forms:

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

A few verbs have irregular stems:

* ''lilke'' “to live” = ''lælī-''

* ''dṛke'' “to do” = ''dadrā-''

{| class="wikitable"

|-

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

=== Future indicative ===

{| class="wikitable"

|-

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

=== Voice marking ===

Chlouvānem has seven voices, marked by affixes added, in unprefixed verbs, at the end of the verb. As the patient-trigger voice (common voice in interior verbs) is unmarked, the six voice markers are:

* '''-kæ''' for benefactive-trigger voice;

* '''-tū''' ('''-tur''' non-finally) for antibenefactive-trigger voice;

* '''-mea''' for instrumental-trigger voice;

* '''-ūsi''' for dative-trigger voice.

===The subjunctive mood===

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

'''Perfective aspect'''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|}

===The desiderative mood===

Reduplication adds the first consonant of the verb (except prefixes) and its first vowel (always oral short).There are however some special rules followed in reduplicating:

Examples: ''mišake'' → ''mīšippu-'' > ''mīšipru'' "I am allowed to see", ''mīšippum'' “I was allowed to see”.

===Secondary moods: evidentiality===

The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are formed in two different ways. One of them has a special set of endings, while the other three add a morpheme to the verb. They are only used in the indicative, desiderative, necessitative, permissive, and potential moods, plus in first person imperatives.

The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by special endings, which replace the normal ones (example with ''pūnake'' "to work"):

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

| pūn'''itet''' || pūn'''itāl''' || upūn'''itena''' || pūn'''iṣyāna'''

|}

The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-mū''' after the first inferential endings, e.g. ''pūnatemū'' "(s)he might be working, but probably isn't". This is a worn down version of ''mbu gu'' (or not).

* Future: exterior '''-iṣvas''', ''-iṣvam'', ''-iṣvah'' — interior '''-iṣunis''', ''-iṣunim'', ''-iṣuneh''

Note that voice endings, if final, are always at the end, even if the participle is inflected for case: direct ''męlьsusakæ'' (the one benefacted by giving) but dative ''męlьsusoṃkæ'' (to the one benefacted by giving).

* Future: homofocal '''-iṣre''' (ext), '''-iṣrāṇi''' (int) — heterofocal '''-iṣṇei''' (ext), '''-iṣāṇin''' (int).

===Impersonal verbs===

| ''einerke'' (to float (multidir.)) || einer- || paiṇṣ- || iʔīneṣ-

|-

|-

| ''ghūmake'' (to blow) || ghūm-a- || <small>''ghūm-a-''</small> || ghumuṣṭ-a-

''æflike'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and has an irregular present stem ''æftil-'', with a zero ending for the third person singular. It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike æftil'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale".<br/>

Three verbs have further irregularities:

* ''flulke'' and ''męlike'' have the irregular optative stems ''fleina-'' and ''męliouna-'' (instead of expected *fluneina- and *męlieina-).

====The verb "to be" (gyake)====

| 2SG || vali || moši || egyes || mavei

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

=====In compound verbs=====

There are some compound verbs which are formed by a "meaning stem" + ''gyake''; they conjugate just like ''gyake'' does:

* ''najake'' "to happen" (''nañ-gya-'', irregular saṃdhi) morphologically conjugates like ''gyake'' but has some peculiarities:

** Like ''gyake'', there is no agent-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger voice, but the patient-trigger voice has a dative meaning - e.g. ''navalu'' "it happens to me".

===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs===

Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb:

* ''perfect participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the past or future tense: compound construction used for pluperfect and future perfect. It is not wrong to use it with a present tense, but the meaning does not change from the bare perfect.<br/> Note that, for the pluperfect, the bare perfect is often used instead, both in literature as in common speech.

* ''present participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past, future). In the present, the form of ''gyake'' is omitted for the third person, or for all persons if a pronoun is present.

* ''infinitive'' + ''ñeaʔake'' (to be used to): compound construction used for a habitual action in present, past, or future tense. It is not used with motion verbs in the present, as the multidirectional verb already unambiguously has this meaning.

* ''infinitive'' + ''nartaflulke'' (to reach): to come to X, to end up X-ing, to result in X-ing

* ''infinitive'' (or more formally ''perfect participle'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed:

** ''valdekitė'' / ''uvaldacās kitė'' "it is kept opened"

* ''infinitive'' + either ''įstiāke'' (to hang from) or ''maitiāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect, to be about to X

** ''yahikemaitimė'' "it is about to be read"

* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X

* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to ''mai-'' prefixed verbs)

==Pronouns==