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===Phonology===
===Phonology===


A) Phoneme Inventory
A) PHONEME INVENTORY


1) Consonants
1) CONSONANTS


NASAL:
NASAL:
-fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/
-fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/
-lenis: /m, n, N/
-lenis: /m, n, N/
LIQUID:
LIQUID:
-fortis: /rd, ld/
-fortis: /rd, ld/
-lenis: /r, l/
-lenis: /r, l/
PLOSIVE:
PLOSIVE:
-fortis: /pp, tt, kk/
-fortis: /pp, tt, kk/
-lenis: /p, t, k/
-lenis: /p, t, k/
FRICATIVE:
FRICATIVE:
-fortis: /ss, xx/
-fortis: /ss, xx/
-lenis: /s, x/
-lenis: /s, x/
APPROXIMANT: /v\, D, j/
 
APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/
 
2) VOWELS
 
a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/
 
b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/
 
B) ALLOPHONES
 
1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant.
 
2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position.
 
3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
 
4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position.
 
5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position.
 
6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid.
 
7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/.
 
C) ORTHOGRAPHY
 
"a" = /a/
 
"ai" = /aI/
 
"au" = /aU/
 
"g" = /N/
 
"gg" = /Ng/
 
"h" = /x/
 
"hh" = /xx/
 
"i" = /i/
 
"iu" = /@U/
 
"j" = /j/
 
"k" = /k/
 
"kk" = /kk/
 
"l" = /l/
 
"ll" = /ld/
 
"m" = /m/
 
"mm" = /mb/
 
"n" = /n/
 
"nn" = /nd/
 
"p" = /p/
 
"pp" = /pp/
 
"q" = /D/
 
"r" = /r/
 
"rr" = /rd/
 
"s" = /s/
 
"ss" = /ss/
 
"t" = /t/
 
"tt" = /tt/
 
"u" = /u/
 
"ui" = /OI/
 
"v" = /v/
 
Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead.
 
The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated.
 
D) PROSODY
 
Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic.
 
E) PHONOTACTICS
 
1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).
 
2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries.
 
3) Permitted consonant clusters:
 
a) /m/ + /p/
 
b) /n/ + /t, s/
 
c) /N/ + /k, x/
 
d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/
 
e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/
 
f) /p, t, k/ + /s/
 
g) /s/ + /p, t, k/
 
4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/
 
5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur.
 
6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/.
 
F) SANDHI
 
1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation.
 
2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows:
 
a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng]
 
b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd]
 
c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld]
 
d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng]
 
e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns]
 
f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx]
 
g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp]
 
h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd]
 
i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld]
 
j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld]
 
k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk]
 
l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
 
m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
 
n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
 
G) CONSONANT GRADATION
 
1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel.
 
2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation.
 
3) The gradation sequences are as follows:
 
a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/
 
b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/
 
c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/
 
d) /rp/ > /rP/
 
e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/
 
f) /rk/ > /rj/
 
g) /lp/ > /lP/
 
h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/
 
i) /lk/ > /lj/
 
j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/
 
k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/
 
l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/
 
m) /ss/ > /s/
 
n) /xx/ > /x/
 
 
 
[[Category:Sketchlangs]]
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