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{{Infobox language
==History==
|image =  
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
|name = Old Zoki
|nativename = Zoki
|pronunciation = ['zoːki]
|region = Myanmar
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = North Rttirrian
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), [[w:Burmese script|Burmese]]
}}
 
'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], spoken by the Zoki people and other groups around the 15th century CE. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''ṇ''' /n̪/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
! Voiceless
| *'''ṭ''' /t̪/<br>*'''ḍ''' /d̪/
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
! Voiced
|
|
|
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /x/
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''j''' /d͡ʒ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
|}
|}
In addition, the phoneme '''*ng''' /ŋ/ was allowable in loanwords.
Allophonically, the voiceless stops were optionally aspirated in initial position, especially in loanwords. However, most speakers did not (yet) distinguish aspirated from non-aspirated stops in loanwords, instead using them interchangeably.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels were used:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''ī''' /iː/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|  
|
| *'''u''' /u/
| *'''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|
|
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|
|  
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ấ''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''ā''' /äː/
|
|
|
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were not allowed (maximally CVC syllables), although a syllable ending with a consonant could be followed by a syllable beginning with one.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Roots===
===Pronouns===
Like the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:
The following pronouns were used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
! colspan="3"|Root
!colspan="2" | 1st
! Cognate (Rttirri)
!colspan="2" | 2nd
! Meaning
!colspan="8" | 3rd
|-
|-
| ''k''
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
| ''b''
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
| —
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
| /kɑpɑ/
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
| to stop
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
|-
| ''sh''
! Masc.
| ''j''
! Neut.
| —
! Fem.
| /t͡ʃi/
! Them.
| to eat
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
| ''m''
! Nominative
| ''ṇ''
| ''*shig''
| —
| ''*e''
| /munu/
| ''*far''
| to drink
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Accusative
| ''kh''
| ''*amí''
| —
| ''*esmí''
| /fiu/
| ''*fí''
| to work
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
| ''s''
! Genitive
| ''g''
| ''*míne''
| —
| ''*eso''
| /tøki/
| ''*tíve''
| to lend
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
| ''t''
! Dative
| ''b''
| ''*mísho''
| —
| ''*esmej''
| /ʂipi/
| ''*phájo''
| to tell, inform
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
| ''k''
! Ablative
| ''l''
| ''*míd''
| —
| ''*esmed''
| /kiɽi/
| ''*fíd''
| to learn, study
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
| ''p''
! Locative
| ''k''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| —
| ''*esmaj''
| /hiki/
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| to grow
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
| ''kh''
! Instrumental
| ''l''
| ''*esmáj''
| —
| ''*fasmo''
| /wɑɽɑ/ (to jump)
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| to dive, pierce, shoot
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
| ''z''
! Comitative
| ''g''
| ''*amík''
| —
| ''*esmík''
| /ʃɑku/ (to trim)
| ''*fík''
| to edit, correct
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
|-
| ''k''
! Illative
| ''ḍ''
| ''*míshor''
| —
| ''*esmen''
| /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze)
| ''*phájor''
| to have, own
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
 
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| ''b''
! rowspan="3" |
| ''zh''
| —
| /piçi/ (electricity)
| to spark, flash, glow
|-
|-
| ''n''
! colspan="4" | Singular
| ''kh''
! colspan="4" | Plural
| —
| /nuwu/ (water)
| to douse, splash
|-
|-
| ''d''
! Masc.
| ''k''
! Neut.
| —
! Fem.
| /ʈukɑ/ (pouch)
! Them.
| to trap, enclose
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
| ''kh''
! Nominative
| ''f''
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''g''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| /wøi/
| ''*-(a)s''
| to become
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
|-
| ''g''
! Accusative
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''ṇ''
| ''*-(e)s''
| /jɑnɑ/
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
| to cook
|-
|-
| ''ḍ''
! Genitive (inalienable)
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| ''m''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
| /cɑmɑ/ (to sew)
| to connect, join
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Genitive (alienable)
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| ''ṇ''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
| /çnini/ (problem)
| to bother
|-
|-
| ''w''
! Dative
| ''b''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| ''s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
| /øpʼu/ (to flex)
| to rotate, twist
|-
|-
| ''g''
! Ablative
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| ''m''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
| /jɑmɑi/ (fire)
| to burn
|-
|-
| ''b''
! Adessive
| ''v''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| ''l''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
| /pøɽɑu/ (bread)
| to expand, puff up
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Inessive
| ''k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| ''l''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
| /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss)
| to supervise, spy on, follow
|-
|-
| ''sh''
! Instrumental
| ''f''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
| /t͡ʃøkø/ (wide)
| to be wide, open, the ocean
|-
|-
| ''m''
! Comitative
| ''p''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
| /mɑhɑi/ (to name)
|-
| to identify, choose
! Illative
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
|}


===Verbs===
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
====Verb forms====
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shekh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufokh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufokh'', cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
 
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
:the chick's
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
!colspan="2"|Examples
|-
!Form
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
! I
| ''shekh-___''
| ''shekh-___''
| ''shekh-___''
| ''nufokh-___''
| to do something skillful or foreign
| ''shekh-puwāng'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /pʰʉɐŋX/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shekh-siyā'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /sɨʌH/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
! II
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
! III
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ī_(i_)''
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
! IV
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
! V
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}


====Verb inflection====
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'


===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
Line 364: Line 358:
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''*mo-''
| ''*om-''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
|-
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| —
| ''*khem-''
|-
!Future
| ''*ne-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*mīj-''
| ''*j-''
| ''*mēj-''
|}
===Nouns===
Most nouns were pluralized with ''*-m'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''*-mi'' if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in ''*-ey/y'' (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with ''*-mizh''.
The following pronouns are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 409: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*nak''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*naw''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*āt''
| ''*-as''
| ''*sak''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtū''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âk''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*me''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*se''
| ''*-te''
| ''*yo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goj''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
===Syntax===
Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
:cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II.PRES
:The cats ate the mice.
Adjectives followed nouns, and adpositions followed noun phrases.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Biṇu tavdav
:light bright
:the bright light
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Shấfâk kulā '''nō''' mo-khōl.
:be_wide.GER deep into 1SG.PST-dive.Form_II.PST
:I dove into the deep ocean.
However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Na-kāl nak gijấṇâ, biza shā na-kēḍ mis Tấmu.
:1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II.PRES like Tấmu
:If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmu (has).
===Negation===
There was no single negative particle used in Old Zoki. Instead, verbs were negated with the suffix ''-n'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''-an'' if they ended with a consonant.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ar ∅-gājam-'''an'''.
:house 3SG.PRES-burn.Form_III.PRES-NEG
:The house isn't burning.
Noun and adjective phrases were negated with the prefixing clitic ''kag'' (lit. "entirely", cognate to Rttirri /kɑi/ "if only") and the suffix ''-nu''.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Āt '''kag''' sijimi og '''nu'''.
:2SG.NOM NEG smart very NEG
:You're not that smart.
Frrurtu
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