User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Zoki possesses the following consonant phonemes:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
|
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''k''' /k/
|  
|-
| *'''ny''' /ɳ/
! Voiced
| *'''ng''' /ŋ/
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/<br>*'''pp''' /pʰ/
! Voiceless
|
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/<br>*'''tt''' /tʰ/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/<br>*'''kk''' /kʰ/
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
| *'''f''' /f/<br>*'''v''' /v/
! Voiced
| *'''th''' /θ/<br>*'''dh''' /ð/
|
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|
| *'''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
| *'''ch''' /tɕ/<br>*'''j''' /dʑ/
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
| *'''l''' /l/<br>*'''r''' /ɹ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
|}
Line 70: Line 95:
|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ì''' /iɐ/
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
| '''u''' /u/<br>'''ù''' /uɐ/
|
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| '''é''' /e/<br>'''è''' /eɐ/
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Mid
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
| '''ó''' /o/<br>'''ò''' /oɐ/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid-low
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
| '''û''' /ɐ/
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| '''a''' /a/
|
|
| '''â''' /ɑ/<br>('''ấ''' /ɑɐ/)
| *'''a''' /a/
|
|}
 
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns were used:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
! Locative
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*esmaj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fík''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
! Illative
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
 
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
! Illative
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
 
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''*-ø''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
!Present
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ach''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑɐ/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in [[Old Zoki]]; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑɐ/ is now considered a dying feature.

Latest revision as of 02:25, 13 June 2017

History

  • As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more agglutinative, requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:

Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Plosive Voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/
Voiced *d /d/ *g /g/
Aspirated *ph /pʰ/ *th /tʰ/ *kh /kʰ/
Fricative Voiceless *f /f/ *s /s/ *sh /ʃ/
Voiced *v /v/ *j /ʒ/
Affricate Voiced *dj /d͡ʒ/
Voiceless *ch /t͡ʃ/
Aspirated *cch /t͡ʃʰ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/
Flap/Trill *r /r/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

Front Central Back
High *i /i/ *u /ʉ/
Mid-high *e /e/ *o /o/
Mid *y /ə/
Mid-low *ø /ɔ/
Low *a /a/

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *shig *e *far *ja *su *tud *sir *ris *tuj *tur *tiraj *rini
Accusative *amí *esmí *fí *vosí *tum *tir *rim *tuns *tires *rines
Genitive *míne *eso *tíve *shøso *søfó *iser *rincho *tisom *tirom *rinom
Dative *mísho *esmej *phájo *fasmej *smój *rij *rinej *tujmø *timø *rimos
Ablative *míd *esmed *fíd *fasmed *smód *rind *tujos *turos
Locative *muáj *esmaj *tuáj *fasmaj *smaj *raj *rinch *chø *tichø *rinchø
Instrumental *esmáj *fasmo *tuj *rinar *tushphaj *tiphaj *rinash
Comitative *amík *esmík *fík *vosík *tyrom *turom *rimom *tunsom *turom *tirsom *rinsom
Illative *míshor *esmen *phájor *fasmen *smósh *shin *rinchar *tujman *turon *rinchen

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *-(a)m *-∅/-y *-(a)s *-(a)sh *-∅/-y *-(a)r *-(y)sh *-∅/-y
Accusative *-(a)m *-(e)s *-(e)s
Genitive (inalienable) *-(a)s *-(s)om
Genitive (alienable) *-sho *-shom
Dative *-(y)j *-mos
Ablative *-(a)d *-dom
Adessive *-(j)ej *-sø
Inessive *-(j)aj *-jom
Instrumental *-(a)r *-phaj
Comitative *-(i)k *-kom
Illative *-shar *-shen

Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.

*pipi-sh-as
chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
the chick's
*pipi-∅-som
chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
the chicks'

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

Athematic Thematic
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *-ø *-ømí *-as *-etí *-a *-and *-om *-ome *-es *-ete *-ed *-ond
Present *-ma *-mos *-sa *-te *-ta *-ach *-o *-om *-ash *-et *-omo *-och
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