User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|name = Pre-???
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region = East Siberia
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|date = c. 2000 BC
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially)
}}
==History==
==History==
:''See also: [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]''
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
Pre-??? evolved from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-??? culture made its way into east Siberia:
* Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration).
* Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space.
:* Afterward, vowel length was lost, so /eː/ and /oː/ became simply /e/ and /o/.
* Labialized consonants delabialized when preceding /u/ and /o/, and palatalized consonants depalatalized when preceding /i/.
* The consonants /j/ and /w/ shifted to /ʒ/ and /v/. Unlike most Indo-European languages where syllabic /j/ and /w/ became vocalic /i/ and /u/, here they remained consonantal.
:* When adjacent to a voiceless consonant, /ʒ/ and /v/ became /ʃ/ and /f/.
* Syllabic consonants became disallowed:
:* Syllabic /n/ and /r/ fronted to /e/, while syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/.
:* The other syllabic consonants (/j/, /w/, and /m/) took on an epenthetic /a/ to separate them from other consonants. /ʃ/ and /f/ kept their voicelessness when pulled out of consonant clusters, thus cementing them as new phonemes.
* The dual number completely disappeared.
* Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender.
:* This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun.
* Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-??? innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages:
:* A [[w:comitative case|comitative]], from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative.
:* An [[w:illative case|illative]], from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!  rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!  colspan="2" |
!  rowspan="2" |Labial
!  Labial
!  rowspan="2" |Alveolar
!  Alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal
!  Velar
!  colspan="3" |Velar
!  colspan="2" |Uvular
|-
!  Palatalized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| *'''t''' /t/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
|
|
| *'''ky''' /kʲ/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''kw''' /kʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''d''' /t/
| *'''d''' /d/
|
|
|
| *'''gy''' /gʲ/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''gw''' /gʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Aspirated
! Aspirated
Line 89: Line 37:
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
|
| *'''kyh''' /kʲʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kwh''' /kʷʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
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| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
| *'''x''' /x/
|  
|  
| *'''q''' /χ/
| *'''qw''' /χʷ/
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
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| *'''j''' /ʒ/
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| *'''r''' /r/
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
| *'''u''' /u/
|
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
|  
|  
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Mid
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
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|
|
|}
|}
===Stress accent===
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
:'''á é í ó ú'''


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*xig''
| ''*shig''
| ''*ev''
| ''*e''
| ''*fax''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*siq''
| ''*sir''
| ''*qis''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuq''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiqaj''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*qini''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
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| ''*esmí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vos''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tiq''
| ''*tir''
| ''*qim''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tiqes''
| ''*tires''
| ''*qines''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''*míni''
| ''*míne''
| ''*esu''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tívi''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shafsu''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*safó''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*isiq''
| ''*iser''
| ''*qinchu''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisum''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*qinum''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''*míshu''
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmij''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*pháju''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmij''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*qij''
| ''*rij''
| ''*qinij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*tiqmaf''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*qimus''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmid''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmid''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*qind''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujus''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*tuqus''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
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| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*qaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*qinch''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tiqshaf''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*qinchaf''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmu''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*qinax''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiqphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*qinash''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fíkum''
| ''*fík''
| ''*voskum''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tyrom''
| ''*tudum''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*qimum''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*tunsum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*tiqem''
| ''*rinsom''
| ''*qiskum''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| ''*míshuq''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmin''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájux''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmin''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*shin''
| ''*qinchax''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*tuqun''
| ''*turon''
| ''*qinchin''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
|}


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! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-e''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="3" | ''*-(a)x''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ish''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="4" | ''*-∅/-e''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-es''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| ''*-shu''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
| colspan="4" | ''*-um''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mus''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
| ''*-(a)d''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Inessive
| colspan="2" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sav''
| ''*-shaf''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)x''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
| ''*-(a)sh''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*-mum''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| ''*-kum''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-mum''
| ''*-skum''
| ''*-xum''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-skum''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| colspan="2" | ''*-shax''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-shin''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''*-shax''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shin''
|}
|}
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'


===Verb phrases===
===Verb phrases===
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|-
|-
!Past
!Past
| ''*-am''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*-amí''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-ití''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-umi''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-is''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-iti''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-id''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-und''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
!Present
!Present
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-mus''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-ti''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-ach''
| ''*-u''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-it''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-umu''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-unch''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
==Sample text==
From [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:
:'''PIE:''' h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
:'''Pre-???:''' Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat.
:'''Gloss:''' sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST.
:'''English:''' A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.

Latest revision as of 02:25, 13 June 2017

History

  • As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more agglutinative, requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:

Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Plosive Voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/
Voiced *d /d/ *g /g/
Aspirated *ph /pʰ/ *th /tʰ/ *kh /kʰ/
Fricative Voiceless *f /f/ *s /s/ *sh /ʃ/
Voiced *v /v/ *j /ʒ/
Affricate Voiced *dj /d͡ʒ/
Voiceless *ch /t͡ʃ/
Aspirated *cch /t͡ʃʰ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/
Flap/Trill *r /r/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

Front Central Back
High *i /i/ *u /ʉ/
Mid-high *e /e/ *o /o/
Mid *y /ə/
Mid-low *ø /ɔ/
Low *a /a/

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *shig *e *far *ja *su *tud *sir *ris *tuj *tur *tiraj *rini
Accusative *amí *esmí *fí *vosí *tum *tir *rim *tuns *tires *rines
Genitive *míne *eso *tíve *shøso *søfó *iser *rincho *tisom *tirom *rinom
Dative *mísho *esmej *phájo *fasmej *smój *rij *rinej *tujmø *timø *rimos
Ablative *míd *esmed *fíd *fasmed *smód *rind *tujos *turos
Locative *muáj *esmaj *tuáj *fasmaj *smaj *raj *rinch *chø *tichø *rinchø
Instrumental *esmáj *fasmo *tuj *rinar *tushphaj *tiphaj *rinash
Comitative *amík *esmík *fík *vosík *tyrom *turom *rimom *tunsom *turom *tirsom *rinsom
Illative *míshor *esmen *phájor *fasmen *smósh *shin *rinchar *tujman *turon *rinchen

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *-(a)m *-∅/-y *-(a)s *-(a)sh *-∅/-y *-(a)r *-(y)sh *-∅/-y
Accusative *-(a)m *-(e)s *-(e)s
Genitive (inalienable) *-(a)s *-(s)om
Genitive (alienable) *-sho *-shom
Dative *-(y)j *-mos
Ablative *-(a)d *-dom
Adessive *-(j)ej *-sø
Inessive *-(j)aj *-jom
Instrumental *-(a)r *-phaj
Comitative *-(i)k *-kom
Illative *-shar *-shen

Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.

*pipi-sh-as
chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
the chick's
*pipi-∅-som
chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
the chicks'

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

Athematic Thematic
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *-ø *-ømí *-as *-etí *-a *-and *-om *-ome *-es *-ete *-ed *-ond
Present *-ma *-mos *-sa *-te *-ta *-ach *-o *-om *-ash *-et *-omo *-och
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