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==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!  colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
The following vowel phonemes are used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Mid
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
! Low
|
| *'''a''' /a/
|
|}
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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| ''*esmí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vos''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*tir''
Line 57: Line 178:
| ''*eso''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shɔso''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*sɔfó''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| ''*rincho''
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| ''*rij''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmɔ''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timɔ''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
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| ''*raj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chɔ''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tishɔ''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchɔ''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
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| ''*amík''
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fíkom''
| ''*fík''
| ''*voskom''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tərom''
| ''*tyrom''
| ''*turom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirəm''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*riskom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
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! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-ə''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-ə''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-əsh''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-ə''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-es''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
| colspan="4" | ''*-om''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
| ''*-(a)d''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Inessive
| colspan="2" | ''*-ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sɔ''
| ''*-shɔ''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
| ''*-(a)sh''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*-mom''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| ''*-kom''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-mom''
| ''*-skom''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-skom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| colspan="2" | ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-shen''
| ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
|}
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'


===Verb phrases===
===Verb phrases===
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|-
|-
!Past
!Past
| ''*-ɔm''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*-ɔmí''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-om''
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| ''*-te''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-ach''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-om''
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| ''*-et''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-onch''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
Frrurtu
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