Voþken: Difference between revisions
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
!Adjective | !colspan="5"|Verb to Adjective | ||
|- | |||
!Verb | !Verb | ||
| -ag | |||
| -eg | |||
| -ig | |||
| -og | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Suffix | |||
| -akwa | |||
| -ekwe | |||
| -ikwi | |||
| -okwo | |||
|} | |||
'''Examples''':<br> | |||
''menig'' - to enjoy<br> | |||
''menikwi'' - enjoyable<br> | |||
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br> | |||
''cwenokwo'' - loveable<br> | |||
''wesog'' - to destroy | |||
''wesokwo'' - destroyable | |||
''cwinag'' - to give | |||
''cwinakwa'' - giveable | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!Voþken | !Voþken | ||
!English Approximation | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="5|Adjective to: | |||
!Adverb | |||
| -dwa | | -dwa | ||
| -ly | |||
|- | |||
!Noun | |||
| -ah | | -ah | ||
| -ness | |||
|- | |||
!Verb | |||
| -unk | | -unk | ||
| -ize, -ise | |||
|- | |||
!Adjective | |||
| -sla | | -sla | ||
| -ish | | -ish | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 20:28, 30 October 2017
| Voþken | |
|---|---|
| Voþken | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]] |
| Created by | iancgil |
| |
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | h /x/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | s [z]* | |||||
| Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l /l/ | |||||||
*allophone
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ||
| Near-Close | i/y /ɪ/ | o /ʊ/ | ||
| Close-Mid | ei/ey /ej/ | |||
| Mid | e [ə]* | |||
| Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | oi/oy /ɔɪ/ | ||
| Near-Open | a [æ]* | |||
| Open | a /a/ | ai/ay /aj/ |
*allophone
Grammar
Word Order
OVS, V2
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Morphology
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Derivational Morphology
| Verb to Noun | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -aygan | -eygen | -ygyn | -oygon |
Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity
menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation
eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber
| Verb to Adjective | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -akwa | -ekwe | -ikwi | -okwo |
Examples:
menig - to enjoy
menikwi - enjoyable
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenokwo - loveable
wesog - to destroy wesokwo - destroyable
cwinag - to give cwinakwa - giveable
| Voþken | English Approximation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective to: | Adverb | -dwa | -ly |
| Noun | -ah | -ness | |
| Verb | -unk | -ize, -ise | |
| Adjective | -sla | -ish | |
Nouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| goþ | goþwa | goþest | goþwest | goþyr | goþwyr |
| stur | sturwa | sturest | sturwest | sturyr | sturwyr |
| vent | ventwa | ventest | ventwest | ventyr | ventwyr |
| vekna | veknaw | veknast | veknawst | veknayr | veknawyr |
| sure | surew | surest | surewst | sureyr | surewyr |
Pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| First Person | on | onne | onest | onnest | onyr | onneyr |
| Second Person | uð | uððe | uðest | uððest | uðyr | uððeyr |
| Third Person | ta | itta | test | ittest | tayr | ittayr |
| Zeroth Person | suþ | suþþe | suþest | suþþest | suþyr | suþþeyr |
Verbs
| -ag | -ig | -og | -eg | ayg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eþag - to sleep | venig - to have | hadog - to want | waneg - to do | ayg - to be | ||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Present | eþ | eþwa | ven | venwi | had | hadwo | wan | wanwe | ay | aywi |
| Perfect | eþat | eþact | venit | venict | hadot | hadoct | wanet | wanect | ayt | ayct |
| Imperfect | ay eþat | ay eþact | ay venit | ay venict | ay hadot | ay hadoct | ay wanet | ay wanect | ay ayt | ay ayct |
| Pluperfect | ayt eþat | ayct eþact | ayt venit | ayct venict | ayt hadot | ayct hadoct | ayt wanet | ayct wanect | ayt ayt | ayct ayct |
| Future | eþwað | eþwaðy | venwið | venwiðy | hadoð | hadoðy | waneð | waneðy | ayð | ayðy |
Passive
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.
Modal Particles
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
| Particle | Expressing | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| va | Advice | Uð va cwel. | You ought to run. |
| ði | Logical Conclusion/Certainty | Kyað itta ði ay voyact | He must have drank the water. |
| cwat | Polite Permission | On cwat sun þray? | Might I leave? |
| ef | Ability | On ef cwel. | I can run. |
| lo | Possibility | On lo noyk. | I could fall. |
| veh | Probability | On veh sun. | I may leave. |
| loy | Permission | Kyað onest loy voy þray? | May I drink the water? |
| beg | Obligation | On beg sun. | I must leave. |
| wyv | Partial Obligation | On wyv sun. | I should leave. |
Mood Particles
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
| Particle | Mood | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Indicative | Stur onest askit. | I went home. |
| von | Imperative | Stur uðest ask von. | (You) go home. |
| þray | Interrogative | Uð vask ay þray? | Are you well? |
Negation
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.
Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.
Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.
Adjectives
Adjectives precede what it is modifying.
Predicative Adjectives
Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.
Adjective Order
Adverbs
Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.
Adpositions
Numbers
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
| Digit | Powers of 12 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12^0 | 12^1 | 12^2 | 12^3 | 12^4 | 12^5 | |
| 1 | gad | gadur | gadara | gadora | gadira | gadurþa |
| 2 | þes | þesur | þesara | þesora | þesira | þesurþa |
| 3 | an | anur | anara | anora | anira | anurþa |
| 4 | syk | sykur | sykara | sykora | sykira | sykurþa |
| 5 | wyk | wykur | wykara | wykora | wykira | wykurþa |
| 6 | vað | vaður | vaðara | vaðora | vaðira | vaðarþa |
| 7 | nesk | neskur | neskara | neskora | neskira | neskurþa |
| 8 | com | comur | comara | comora | comira | comurþa |
| 9 | pwa | pwar | pwara | pwaora | pwaira | pwarþa |
| 10 | syen | syenur | syenara | syenora | syenira | syenurþa |
| 11 | fwoyl | fwoylur | fwoylara | fwoylora | fwoylira | fwoylurþa |