2,334
edits
m (→Prosody) |
|||
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 148: | Line 148: | ||
*3 Does not appear in some dialects where it is plain [r] instead. | *3 Does not appear in some dialects where it is plain [r] instead. | ||
*4 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. Some, mostly second-language speakers pronounce it as [v] (and [f] before voiceless consonants). | *4 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. Some, mostly second-language speakers pronounce it as [v] (and [f] before voiceless consonants). | ||
===Prosody=== | |||
Unlike Western Pomorian dialects and the standard Suvilkian developed a quantitative stress. It has only two types of stress - long and short which are phonemic only in diphthongs. It merged circumflex and grave into the short accent, while acute became the long accent. For example ''gèidz̗uo'' (to a tit) and ''géidz̗uo'' (to a whistle). However, sometimes the place of stress is different from the standard, being usually more regular and predictable. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====First declension==== | ====First declension==== | ||
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), - | '''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -o (neuter)''' | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
Line 194: | Line 197: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |align="right"|'''Locative''' | ||
|ròdž'''ie''' ||rog''' | |ròdž'''ie''' ||rog'''èihu''' | ||
|galv'''ḗ''' ||galv''' | |galv'''ḗ''' ||galv'''ā́su''' | ||
|maŗ'''è''' ||maŗ''' | |maŗ'''è''' ||maŗ'''ā́su''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |align="right"|'''Vocative''' | ||
Line 204: | Line 207: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
====Second declension==== | |||
'''-y (masculine), -i (feminine)''' | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2| zvērỳ = mammal | |||
! colspan=2| ųgnì = fire | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|zvēr'''ì''' ||zvḗŗ'''ȳ''' | |||
|ųgn'''ì''' ||ųgņ'''ī́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|zvēr'''ȳ́''' ||zvēŗ'''ų́''' | |||
|ųgn'''ī́''' ||ųgņ'''ų́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
|zvḗr'''ē''' ||zvēr'''ỳm''' | |||
|ųgņ'''ḗ''' ||ųgņ'''ìm''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|zvḗr'''į''' ||zvēŗ'''į''' | |||
|ųgn'''į́''' ||ųgņ'''į́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|zvēr'''ym''' ||zvēr'''ỳmy''' | |||
|ųgņ'''ò''' ||ųgņ'''ìmy''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|zvēr'''ḗ''' ||zvēr'''ỳhu''' | |||
|ųgņ'''ḗ''' ||ųgņ'''ìhu''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|zvēr'''ī́''' ||zvēr'''ȳ́''' | |||
|ųgņ'''ī́''' ||ųgņ'''ī́''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Third declension==== | |||
'''-u (masculine)''' | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2| sūnù = son | |||
! colspan=2| ledù = ice | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|sūn'''ù''' ||sū́n'''ū''' | |||
|led'''ù''' ||lèd'''ū''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|sūn'''ṓ''' ||sūn'''ų́''' | |||
|led'''ṓ''' ||led'''ų́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
|sū́n'''uo''' ||sūn'''ū́m''' | |||
|lèd'''uo''' ||led'''ū́m''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|sū́n'''ų''' ||sū́n'''ų''' | |||
|lèd'''ų''' ||lèd'''ų''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|sūn'''ùm''' ||sūn'''ùmy''' | |||
|led'''ùm''' ||led'''ùmy''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|sūn'''ṓ''' ||sūn'''ùhu''' | |||
|led'''ṓ''' ||led'''ùhu''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|sūn'''ṓ''' ||sū́n'''uo''' | |||
|led'''ṓ''' ||lèd'''uo''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Fourth declension==== | |||
'''-yu (feminine)''' | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=3| brýu = eyebrow | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|br'''ýu''' ||br'''ùvȳ''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|br'''uvȳ́''' ||br'''uvų́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
|br'''uvī́''' ||br'''uvỳm''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|br'''ùvų''' ||br'''ùvų''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|br'''ùve''' ||br'''uvỳmy''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|br'''uvíe''' ||br'''uvỳhu''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|br'''ùvī''' ||br'''ùvȳ''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Fifth declension==== | |||
'''-n, -t, -s, -r (feminine, neuter)''' | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2| alę́ = deer | |||
! colspan=2| akmę́ = stone | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|al'''ę́''' ||al'''ènā''' | |||
|akm'''ę́''' ||àkm'''enā''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|al'''ènī''' ||al'''ènų''' | |||
|akm'''enī́''' ||akm'''enų́''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
|al'''ènī''' ||al'''ènym''' | |||
|àkm'''enī''' ||akm'''enỳm''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|al'''ènį''' ||al'''ènį''' | |||
|àkm'''enį''' ||àkm'''enį''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|al'''ènim''' ||al'''ènimy''' | |||
|àkm'''enim''' ||akm'''enìmy''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|al'''ènie''' ||al'''ènihu''' | |||
|akm'''eniè''' ||akm'''enìhu''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |||
|al'''ènī''' ||al'''ènā''' | |||
|akm'''enī́''' ||àkm'''enā''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
=====Indicative mood===== | |||
'''Present tense''' | |||
This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers. | |||
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=1| '''1''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2a''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2b''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''3''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''4''' | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!'''vèsti - to lead''' | |||
!'''zynā́ti - to know''' | |||
!'''catįti - to wish for something''' | |||
!'''mȳļíeti - to love''' | |||
!'''bū́ti - to be''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''I''' | |||
|ved'''ò''' ||zyn'''ā́jo''' ||cat'''ỳņo''' ||mȳ́ļ'''o''' ||'''asmì''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | |||
|ved'''ḗ''' ||zyn'''ā́jē''' ||cat'''ỳņē''' ||mȳ́ļ'''ē''' ||'''asì''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | |||
|vèd'''a''' ||zyn'''ā́ja''' ||cat'''ỳņa''' ||mȳ́ļ'''e''' ||'''àst''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''We''' | |||
|ved'''àmo''' ||zyn'''ā́jamo''' ||cat'''ỳņamo''' ||mȳ́ļ'''emo''' ||'''asmò''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (plural)''' | |||
|ved'''àta''' ||zyn'''ā́jata''' ||cat'''ỳņata''' ||mȳ́ļ'''eta''' ||'''astà''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''They''' | |||
|vèd'''ą''' ||zyn'''ā́ją''' ||cat'''ỳną''' ||mȳ́ļ'''ą''' ||'''są́''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Past tense''' | |||
This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past. Like in Present tense the stress pattern of a verb is usually predictable. | |||
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=1| '''1''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2a''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2b''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''3''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''4''' | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!'''vèsti - to lead''' | |||
!'''zynā́ti - to know''' | |||
!'''catįti - to wish for something''' | |||
!'''mȳļíeti - to love''' | |||
!'''bū́ti - to be''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''I''' | |||
|ved'''ù''' ||zyn'''ā́ju''' ||cat'''ỳnu''' ||mȳļíej'''u''' ||'''buvù''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | |||
|ved'''ī́''' ||zyn'''ā́jī''' ||cat'''ỳņī''' ||mȳļíej'''ī''' ||'''buvì''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | |||
|ved'''íe''' ||zyn'''ā́je''' ||cat'''ỳņe''' ||mȳļíej'''e''' ||'''býu''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''We''' | |||
|ved'''ā́m''' ||zyn'''ā́jām''' ||cat'''ỳņām''' ||mȳļíej'''ām''' ||'''bùvām''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (plural)''' | |||
|ved'''íet''' ||zyn'''ā́jet''' ||cat'''ỳņet''' ||mȳļíej'''et''' ||'''bùvāt''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''They''' | |||
|ved'''ę́''' ||zyn'''ā́ję''' ||cat'''ỳnę''' ||mȳļíej'''ę''' ||'''bùvę''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Future tense''' | |||
A new synthetic future tense came from an extension of "n-verb forms" of Old Pomorian. It is the only dialect having such a way of representing future tense. | |||
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=1| '''1''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2a''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''2b''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''3''' | |||
! colspan=1| '''4''' | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!'''vèsti - to lead''' | |||
!'''zynā́ti - to know''' | |||
!'''catįti - to wish for something''' | |||
!'''mȳļíeti - to love''' | |||
!'''bū́ti - to be''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''I''' | |||
|ved'''anò''' ||zyn'''ā́jno''' ||cat'''ỳņano''' ||mȳļíej'''no''' ||'''bunò''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | |||
|ved'''anḗ''' ||zyn'''ā́jnē''' ||cat'''ỳņanē''' ||mȳļíej'''nē''' ||'''bunḗ''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | |||
|vèd'''aņa''' ||zyn'''ā́jņa''' ||cat'''ỳņaņa''' ||mȳļíej'''ņa''' ||'''bùņa''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''We''' | |||
|ved'''anamò''' ||zyn'''ā́jnamo''' ||cat'''ỳņanamo''' ||mȳļíej'''ņamo''' ||'''bunamò''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''You (plural)''' | |||
|ved'''anatà''' ||zyn'''ā́jnata''' ||cat'''ỳņanata''' ||mȳļíej'''ņata''' ||'''bunatà''' | |||
|- | |||
|align="right"|'''They''' | |||
|ved'''aną́''' ||zyn'''ā́jną''' ||cat'''ỳņaną''' ||mȳļíej'''ną''' ||'''buną́''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Pamarėska]] | [[Category:Pamarėska]] |
edits