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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:38, 13 August 2013

181 bytes added ,  13 August 2013
→‎Verbs
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An example of a fully inflected verb:
An example of a fully inflected verb:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase = zekmiheklēzittnévtrīn
|phrase = zekmiheklēzittnévrīn
|IPA=/zèkmihekleːzitːnevꜜtriːn/
|IPA=/zèkmihekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
|morphemes =
|morphemes = RDPL-mi-he-klēz-iħ-tn-évrīn
|gloss =  
|gloss = SBJV-APP.GOAL-PRET-mix-ICP-APP/PRET.PSS.3SG.F>3PL.F
|translation = It supposedly began to be obtained by melting them}}
|translation = It supposedly began to be obtained by mixing them}}


====Tense-Aspect-Mood====
====Tense-Aspect-Mood====
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The cessative is the suffix ''-ša'' (second conjugation).
The cessative is the suffix ''-ša'' (second conjugation).
======Perfect======
======Perfect======
The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tense to give the future perfect tenses.
The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses.


=====Supplementary voices=====
=====Supplementary voices=====
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n''. The applicative promotes the oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)". An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the main verb (as instrument, location or goal). The applicative is especially useful in the passive in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object.
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n''. The applicative promotes the oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)". An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (as instrument, location or goal). The applicative is especially useful in the passive in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object.


=====Supplementary moods=====
=====Supplementary moods=====
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The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb.
The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb.


The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mól'' - 'thank', ''nésà'' - 'kill', ''tákvè'' - 'know'. The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending.
The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mól'' - 'thank', ''nésà'' - 'slay, kill (animate subject)', ''tákvè'' - 'know'. The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending.
=====Subject affixes=====
=====Subject affixes=====


{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
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<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mólè'''ns'''!''<br/>
''mólè'''ns'''!''<br/>
''né'''àns'''!''<br/>
''nés'''àns'''!''<br/>
''takv'''êns'''!''
''takv'''êns'''!''
|-
|-
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mólè'''r'''''<br/>
''mólè'''r'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àr'''''<br/>
''nés'''àr'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êr'''''
''takv'''êr'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mólè'''lse'''''<br/>
''mólè'''lse'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àlse'''''<br/>
''nés'''àlse'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êlse'''''
''takv'''êlse'''''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ȅ'''''<br/>
''mól'''ȅ'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ȁ'''''<br/>
''nés'''ȁ'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''îe'''''
''takv'''îe'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mólè'''rse'''''<br/>
''mólè'''rse'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àrse'''''<br/>
''nés'''àrse'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êrse'''''
''takv'''êrse'''''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''è'''''<br/>
''mól'''è'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''à'''''<br/>
''nés'''à'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ȅ'''''
''tákv'''ȅ'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''vì'''''<br/>
''mól'''vì'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àvi'''''<br/>
''nés'''àvi'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''évi'''''
''takv'''évi'''''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ìs'''''<br/>
''mól'''ìs'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àis'''''<br/>
''nés'''àis'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ìes'''''
''tákv'''ìes'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''tì'''''<br/>
''mól'''tì'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àti'''''<br/>
''nés'''àti'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''éti'''''
''takv'''éti'''''
|}
|}


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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mólé'''n'''<br/>
''mólé'''n'''<br/>
''chrīg'''án'''<br/>
''nes'''án'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''îen'''
''takv'''îen'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''àm'''<br/>
''mól'''àm'''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ȁm'''<br/>
''nés'''ȁm'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''éjam'''
''takv'''éjam'''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''tȁ'''<br/>
''mól'''tȁ'''<br/>
''chrīg'''átā'''<br/>
''nes'''átā'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''étā'''
''takv'''étā'''
|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mólé'''r'''<br/>
''mólé'''r'''<br/>
''chrīg'''ár'''<br/>
''nes'''ár'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''îer'''
''takv'''îer'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''slé'''<br/>
''mól'''slé'''<br/>
''chrīg'''aslé'''<br/>
''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ēslé'''
''takv'''ēslé'''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''é'''<br/>
''mól'''é'''<br/>
''chrīg'''â'''<br/>
''nes'''â'''<br/>
''gāl'''ê'''
''takv'''ê'''
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''sré'''<br/>
''mól'''sré'''<br/>
''chrīg'''asré'''<br/>
''nes'''asré'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ēsré'''
''takv'''ēsré'''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ès'''<br/>
''mól'''ès'''<br/>
''chrīg'''às'''<br/>
''nes'''às'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ês'''
''takv'''ês'''
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
|-
|-
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''sàr'''<br/>
''mól'''sàr'''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àsar'''<br/>
''nés'''àsar'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êsar'''
''takv'''êsar'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''srí'''<br/>
''mól'''srí'''<br/>
''chrīg'''asrí'''<br/>
''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ēsrí'''
''takv'''ēsrí'''
|}
|}


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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mol'''êi'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''êi'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''âi'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''âi'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''îe'''
'''''he'''takv'''îe'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mól'''me'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''me'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''áme'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áme'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''éme'''
'''''he'''takv'''éme'''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mól'''tā'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''tā'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''átā'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''átā'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''étā'''
'''''he'''takv'''étā'''
|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''molé'''r'''<br/>
'''''hé'''molé'''r'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''ár'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''ár'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''êr'''
'''''he'''takv'''êr'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''slé'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''slé'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''aslé'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''aslé'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''ēslé'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēslé'''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mol'''é'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''é'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''â'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''â'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''ê'''
'''''he'''takv'''ê'''
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''sré'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''sré'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''asré'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asré'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''ēsré'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēsré'''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''móle'''n'''<br/>
'''''hé'''móle'''n'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''án'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''án'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''ên'''
'''''he'''takv'''ên'''
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
<!--pl sync w/ 2fs-->
|-
|-
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
'''''hé'''mól'''ni'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mól'''ni'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''áni'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''áni'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''éni'''
'''''he'''takv'''éni'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
'''''hé'''mol'''srí'''<br/>
'''''hé'''mol'''srí'''<br/>
'''''he'''chrīg'''asrí'''<br/>
'''''he'''nes'''asrí'''<br/>
'''''hé'''gāl'''ēsrí'''
'''''he'''takv'''ēsrí'''
|}
|}
With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus:  
With initial vowels the ''he'' prefix combines thus:  
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''chè'''''<br/>
''mól'''chè'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àche'''''<br/>
''nés'''àche'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''éche'''''
''takv'''éche'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
''mól'''chà'''''<br/>
''nés'''àchà'''''<br/>
''takv'''écha'''''
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''î'''''<br/>
''mól'''î'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''âi'''''<br/>
''nes'''âi'''''<br/>
''gāl'''êi'''''<br/>
''takv'''êi'''''<br/>
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''émt'''''<br/>
''mól'''émt'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''ámt'''''<br/>
''nes'''ámt'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êmt'''''<br/>
''takv'''êmt'''''<br/>
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''édna'''''<br/>
''mól'''édna'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''ádna'''''<br/>
''nes'''ádna'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ědna'''''<br/>
''takv'''ědna'''''<br/>
|-
|-
!|2.m
!|2.m
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''îr'''''<br/>
''mól'''îr'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''âir'''''<br/>
''nes'''âir'''''<br/>
''gāl'''êir'''''<br/>
''takv'''êir'''''<br/>
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''élt'''''<br/>
''mól'''élt'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''ált'''''<br/>
''nes'''ált'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êlt'''''
''takv'''êlt'''''
|-
|-
!|2.f
!|2.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ét'''''<br/>
''mól'''ét'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''ât'''''<br/>
''nes'''ât'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êt'''''
'’takv'''êt'''''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''ért'''''<br/>
''mól'''ért'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''árt'''''<br/>
''nes'''árt'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êrt'''''
''takv'''êrt'''''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|
|
<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ìn'''''<br/>
''mól'''ìm'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''àin'''''<br/>
''nes'''àim'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''èin'''''<br/>
''tákv'''èim'''''<br/>
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
 
''mól'''ivá'''''<br/>
''nes'''avá'''''<br/>
''takv'''evá'''''<br/>
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
''mól'''isá'''''<br/>
''mól'''isá'''''<br/>
''chrīg'''asá'''''<br/>
''nes'''asá'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''esá'''''<br/>
''takv'''esá'''''<br/>
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
''mól'''itá'''''<br/>
''nes'''atá'''''<br/>
''takv'''etá'''''<br/>
|}
|}


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<!--sg-->
<!--sg-->
mólè'''rem'''
mólè'''rem'''
chrǐg'''àrem'''
nés'''àrem'''
ga̋l'''êrem'''
takv'''êrem'''
|
|
<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
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<!--pl-->
<!--pl-->
|}
|}


====Object affixes====
====Object affixes====
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