|
|
Line 22: |
Line 22: |
| }} | | }} |
|
| |
|
| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is somewhat an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages. | | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] somewhat inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages. |
|
| |
|
| Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction. | | Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction. |
Line 29: |
Line 29: |
| *Should have had more dh's | | *Should have had more dh's |
| *Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird | | *Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird |
| *Old Eevo prefixes:
| |
| **''ar-'': on, at
| |
| **''(deut.) as-'': telic
| |
| **''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
| |
| **''é-'': with, co-
| |
| **''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
| |
| **''for-'': causative, through
| |
| **''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
| |
| **''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
| |
| **''ro-'': down
| |
| **''sol-'': a causative
| |
| **''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
| |
| **''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
| |
| **''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
| |
| *a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
| |
| *if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
| |
| *"inb4"
| |
| *graduate high school = ?
| |
| *Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
| |
| *Translation exercises:
| |
| **Haggadah
| |
| **[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
| |
| **[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
| |
| *irregular constructs
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
Line 59: |
Line 35: |
| *<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration | | *<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration |
| *<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis | | *<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis |
|
| |
| ===Special readings===
| |
| *When unstressed, ''-adh'' is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
| |
| *The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
| |
|
| |
| ===Note on the Anglicization of {{PAGENAME}}===
| |
| The {{PAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{PAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)
| |
|
| |
| The following mapping for vowels is recommended:
| |
|
| |
| /a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
| |
|
| |
| For {{PAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.
| |
|
| |
| For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
| |
|
| |
| For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
| |
|
| |
| The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.
| |
|
| |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| [[File:{{PAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{PAGENAME}} script]]
| |
|
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).
| |
|
| |
| The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
| |
|
| |
| ===Numerals===
| |
| Written {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
| |
|
| |
| *digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
| |
| *duodecimal point: :
| |
| *1728's separator (optional): ·
| |
| *minus sign: ʳ
| |
| *plus, minus, multiply, divide, mod = ?
| |
|
| |
| Examples:
| |
|
| |
| 2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
| |
|
| |
| π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...
| |
|
| |
| ==Sound changes==
| |
| ===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
| |
| Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
| |
|
| |
| Medial ''sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr'' > ''m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr''
| |
|
| |
| Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''
| |
|
| |
| In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
| |
| *before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
| |
| *before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
| |
|
| |
| Unstressed vowels reduce to ''a''
| |
|
| |
| Harmonization: ''a'' > ''e'' (when final) or ''i'' after ''i'' in the previous syllable
| |
|
| |
| Sometimes:
| |
| *''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
| |
|
| |
| ===Old Eevo to Modern {{PAGENAME}}===
| |
| *aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
| |
| *prenasalized stops coalesce
| |
| */k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
| |
| *Vowel simplifications:
| |
| **''i(o)'' > /ɪ/; ''í(o) oí(o) uí(o)'' > /iː/
| |
| **''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
| |
| *Further monophthongization
| |
| **''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
| |
| **''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
| |
| *Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
| |
| *a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
| |
| *unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
| |
| *voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
| |
| */ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
| |
| */oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/ and possibly /r/
| |
| */l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
| |
| *Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ''Étaoin'' (Standard) {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
| | Standard {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region. |
|
| |
|
| The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent". | | The following describes Sċôlu as spoken in Srâħar. |
| ===Stress=== | | ===Stress=== |
| In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced. | | In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced. |