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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is somewhat an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] somewhat inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.


Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
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*Should have had more dh's
*Should have had more dh's
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Old Eevo prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''é-'': with, co-
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
**''for-'': causative, through
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
**''ro-'': down
**''sol-'': a causative
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*"inb4"
*graduate high school = ?
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Translation exercises:
**Haggadah
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
*irregular constructs


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
===Special readings===
*When unstressed, ''-adh'' is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
===Note on the Anglicization of {{PAGENAME}}===
The {{PAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{PAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)
The following mapping for vowels is recommended:
/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
For {{PAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.
For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.
==Orthography==
[[File:{{PAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{PAGENAME}} script]]
{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
===Numerals===
Written {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
*duodecimal point: :
*1728's separator (optional): ·
*minus sign: ʳ
*plus, minus, multiply, divide, mod = ?
Examples:
2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...
==Sound changes==
===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
Medial ''sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr'' > ''m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr''
Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''
In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
Unstressed vowels reduce to ''a''
Harmonization: ''a'' > ''e'' (when final) or ''i'' after ''i'' in the previous syllable
Sometimes:
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
===Old Eevo to Modern {{PAGENAME}}===
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
*prenasalized stops coalesce
*/k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
*Vowel simplifications:
**''i(o)'' > /ɪ/; ''í(o) oí(o) uí(o)'' > /iː/
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
*Further monophthongization
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
*Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
*a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
*unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
*voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
*/ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
*/oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/ and possibly /r/
*/l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
*Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
''Étaoin'' (Standard) {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
Standard {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.


The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
The following describes Sċôlu as spoken in Srâħar.
===Stress===
===Stress===
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
IlL
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