|
|
(313 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature,
| |
| for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages.
| |
|
| |
|
| Part of speech.
| |
| There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root.
| |
| Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.
| |
|
| |
|
| Structure is as follows.
| | ↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]] |
| A main clause constructs particle + agent + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows.
| | __noeditsection__ |
| A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
| |
| A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
| |
| A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
| |
| | |
| Frontings.
| |
| A connection/focused word/interjection as the usage, that are before the main clause.
| |
| Also a sub clause/condition is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
| |
| | |
| {{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}}
| |
| * s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
| |
| * n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
| |
| * a- /ä/
| |
| * ∅- /ʔ/
| |
| * -a /ɦä/
| |
| * -e /ɦe/
| |
| * -s /s/
| |
| * -as /ɦäs/
| |
| * -es /ɦes/
| |
| * -n /n/
| |
| * -en /ɦen/
| |
| * -ns /ns/
| |
| * -ens /ɦens/
| |
| {{trans-mid|}}
| |
| * -l /l/
| |
| * -t /t/
| |
| * -d /t/
| |
| * -ls /ls/
| |
| * -ts /t͡s/
| |
| * -ds /des/
| |
| * -el /el/
| |
| * -et /et/
| |
| * -at /ät/
| |
| * -ad /äde/
| |
| * -els /els/
| |
| * -ets /et͡s/
| |
| * -ats /ät͡s/
| |
| * -ads /ädes/
| |
| * -nd /indɐ/
| |
| * -nt /int/
| |
| * -nds /indɐs/
| |
| * -nts /intes/
| |
| {{trans-bottom}}
| |
| | |
| '''Phoneme inventory'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Consonants
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Bilabial
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Labio-dental
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Dental
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Alveolar
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Postal-alveolar
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Retroflex
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Palatal
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Velar
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Uvular
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
| |
| | m
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | n
| |
| |
| |
| | ɳ
| |
| | ɲ
| |
| | ŋ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive
| |
| | b
| |
| |
| |
| | t d
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | k g
| |
| |
| |
| | ʔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | t͡s
| |
| |
| |
| | ʈ͡ʂ
| |
| | t͡ɕ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative
| |
| |
| |
| | f
| |
| |
| |
| | s
| |
| | ʃ
| |
| | ʂ
| |
| |
| |
| | ʝ
| |
| | χ
| |
| | ɦ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant
| |
| |
| |
| | ʋ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Trill
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | ʀ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral approximant
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | l
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center"
| |
| ! colspan="1" |Vowels
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! <small>short</small>
| |
| ! <small>long</small>
| |
| ! <small>short</small>
| |
| ! <small>long</small>
| |
| ! <small>short</small>
| |
| ! <small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Close
| |
| | i y
| |
| | iː yː
| |
| | ɨ
| |
| |
| |
| | ɯ u
| |
| | uː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open
| |
| | e ø
| |
| | eː øː
| |
| | ɐ
| |
| |
| |
| | ʌ o
| |
| | oː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: left;"|Open
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | ä
| |
| | äː
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Phonotactics *under development'''
| |
| | |
| {{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center"
| |
| ! |
| |
| ! |C
| |
| ! |V
| |
| ! |C/CC
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC
| |
| | k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| |
| | ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| |
| | ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
| |
| |}
| |
| {{trans-bottom}}
| |
| | |
| '''Declension *under development'''
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/
| |
| | sac/sɐk/
| |
| | nac/nɐk/
| |
| | uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| |
| | uacs/ʔäks/
| |
| | sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| |
| | uacens/ʔäːgens/
| |
| | I
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| |
| | sue/syː/
| |
| | nue/nyː/
| |
| | uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| |
| | uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| |
| | suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| |
| | uuens/ʔyːens/ | |
| | You
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| |
| | sia/siä/
| |
| | nia/niä/
| |
| | hia/ɦiä/
| |
| | hias/ɦiäs/
| |
| | sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| |
| | hians/ɦiäns/
| |
| | They (singular)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Conjugation *under development'''
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
| |
| ! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
| |
| ! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
| |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/
| |
| | ser/sel/
| |
| | seat/seɦät/
| |
| | sad/säːt/
| |
| | selnd/selindɐ/
| |
| | selnt/selint/
| |
| | be
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| |
| | bar/bäl/
| |
| | baat/päɦät/
| |
| | bad/päːt/
| |
| | balnd/pälindɐ
| |
| | balnt/pälint/
| |
| | have
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| |
| | ter/tel/
| |
| | teat/teɦät/
| |
| | tad/täːt/
| |
| | telnd/telindɐ/
| |
| | telnt/telint/
| |
| | hang,raise
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Made texts'''
| |
| *under development
| |
| | |
| | |
| '''Swadesh list *under development'''
| |
| | |
| {{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}}
| |
| * I: ʋɐk /uac
| |
| * you (singular): ʋyː /uue
| |
| * he: ɦäŋ /han
| |
| * we: /uacen
| |
| * you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
| |
| * they: ɦiä /hia
| |
| * this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
| |
| * that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
| |
| * here: tocma /tcm
| |
| * there: kkaema /aem
| |
| * who: hhia,lhia /lia
| |
| * what: kva /kva
| |
| * where: kvime /kvm
| |
| * when: kvatzuí /kvn
| |
| * how: kvamuí /kvi
| |
| * not: né /nei
| |
| * all: àen /aen
| |
| * many: àens /aens
| |
| * some: de àen /duiaen
| |
| * few: làes /leas
| |
| * other: né daes /neidae
| |
| * one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
| |
| * two: tzue /dva
| |
| * three: mal /mal
| |
| * four: cut /cut
| |
| * five: unal /hal
| |
| * big: lhens /uncertain
| |
| * long: naelhens /uncertain
| |
| * wide: daesbala /uncertain
| |
| * thick: bala /uncertain
| |
| * heavy: né fie /neifias
| |
| * small: uncertain /nal
| |
| * short: kul /uncertain
| |
| * narrow: tis /tsm
| |
| * thin: kadtis /uncertain
| |
| * woman: lhúa /lua
| |
| * man (adult male): lhúa /lua
| |
| * man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
| |
| * child: uncertain /tisluo
| |
| * wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
| |
| * husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
| |
| * mother: máma /mam
| |
| * father: táta /tat
| |
| * animal: this /uncertain
| |
| * fish: fisk /fsk
| |
| * bird: tofie /tfl
| |
| * dog: cúon /chn
| |
| * louse: uncertain /lus
| |
| * snake: uncertain /lam
| |
| * worm: hhom /orm
| |
| * tree: uncertain /bim
| |
| * forest: uncertain /bsk
| |
| * stick: baunel /uncertain
| |
| * fruit: fam /flm
| |
| * seed: fam /sem
| |
| * leaf: hhüo /lif
| |
| * root: lád /lad
| |
| * bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
| |
| * flower: uncertain /lili
| |
| * grass: ladlili /uncertain
| |
| * rope: sinn /uncertain
| |
| * skin: bäl /uncertain
| |
| * meat: salk /slk
| |
| * blood: salk /uncertain
| |
| * bone: lám /uncertain
| |
| * fat (noun): bét /fat
| |
| * egg: ais /uncertain
| |
| * horn: kol /krn
| |
| * tail: lámen /lam
| |
| * feather: fie /fli
| |
| * hair: tetr /khr
| |
| * head: uncertain /cab
| |
| * ear: olhen /orh
| |
| * eye: ain /oin
| |
| * nose: nes /nez
| |
| * mouth: uncertain /lif
| |
| * tooth: tzann /fnc
| |
| * tongue (organ): tzann /zau
| |
| * fingernail: tzann /fau
| |
| * foot: uncertain /bam
| |
| * leg: uncertain /bam
| |
| * knee: baim /uncertain
| |
| * hand: tec /tek
| |
| * wing: fiem /fli
| |
| * belly: mac /uncertain
| |
| * guts: mac /uncertain
| |
| * neck: nec /uncertain
| |
| * back: tzüc /ruc
| |
| * breast: bec /fec
| |
| * heart: kel /kor
| |
| * liver: kel /uncertain
| |
| * to drink: sifel /drk
| |
| * to eat: nem /nhm
| |
| * to bite: tzaunel /tnf
| |
| * to suck: sifel /uncertain
| |
| * to spit: nemel /uncertain
| |
| * to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
| |
| * to blow: bolel /uncertain
| |
| * to breathe: nesel /uncertain
| |
| * to laugh: hrak /rch
| |
| * to see: vis /ver
| |
| * to hear: sanhel /oir
| |
| * to know: can /cna
| |
| * to think: canel /dik
| |
| {{trans-mid}}
| |
| * to smell: nesel /uncertain
| |
| * to fear: bai /uncertain
| |
| * to sleep: bei /slf
| |
| * to live: súmel /uncertain
| |
| * to die: né súmel /meisumel
| |
| * to kill: sral /uncertain
| |
| * to fight: sral /uncertain
| |
| * to hunt: sral /uncertain
| |
| * to hit: láb /lfn
| |
| * to cut: kul /uncertain
| |
| * to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
| |
| * to stab: binn /uncertain
| |
| * to scratch: skilel /uncertain
| |
| * to dig: binn /nem
| |
| * to swim: uncertain /svi
| |
| * to fly: uncertain /fei
| |
| * to walk: salkel /uncertain
| |
| * to come: hhim /clm
| |
| * to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
| |
| * to sit: sidel /set
| |
| * to stand: hrec /tnd
| |
| * to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
| |
| * to fall: feiel /fei
| |
| * to give: túe /tue
| |
| * to hold: hrantel /uncertain
| |
| * to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
| |
| * to rub: vask /uncertain
| |
| * to wash: vask /uncertain
| |
| * to wipe: vaskel /vsk
| |
| * to pull: tec /uncertain
| |
| * to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
| |
| * to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
| |
| * to tie: ticel /bnd
| |
| * to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
| |
| * to count: teltzif /uncertain
| |
| * to say: srua /seu
| |
| * to sing: séunel /seu
| |
| * to play: bil /sfl
| |
| * to float: lom /flt
| |
| * to flow: ae /flt
| |
| * to freeze: íelel /iel
| |
| * to swell: rcol /uncertain
| |
| * sun: hrá /uncertain
| |
| * moon: daehrá /mun
| |
| * star: lucz /trl
| |
| * water: súm /sumi
| |
| * rain: lein /rcn
| |
| * river: léne /len
| |
| * lake: léne /len
| |
| * sea: léneen /len
| |
| * salt: sala /slt
| |
| * stone: shè /stn
| |
| * sand: sahr /snd
| |
| * dust: hroma /uncertain
| |
| * earth: thi /nulmaf
| |
| * cloud: küt /sku
| |
| * fog: küt /foc
| |
| * sky: séo /sulmaf
| |
| * wind: fendas /vnd
| |
| * snow: nívas /snu
| |
| * ice: íelen /ais
| |
| * smoke: féu /feo
| |
| * fire: féu /feo
| |
| * ash: daeféu /uncertain
| |
| * to burn: tocféu tue /feol
| |
| * road: vei /vec
| |
| * mountain: uncertain /mon
| |
| * red: hrot /rod
| |
| * green: léu /crn
| |
| * yellow: col /clb
| |
| * white: hrát /vit
| |
| * black: dal /blc
| |
| * night: dal /nkt
| |
| * day: dis /dac
| |
| * year: iálen /zuames
| |
| * warm: nôk /vrm
| |
| * cold: íels /chl
| |
| * full: buk /ful
| |
| * new: bil /uncertain
| |
| * old: né bil /uncertain
| |
| * good: hhim /bim
| |
| * bad: né hhim /uncertain
| |
| * rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
| |
| * dirty: mud /uncertain
| |
| * straight: bim /uncertain
| |
| * round: kadbal /uncertain
| |
| * sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
| |
| * dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
| |
| * smooth: dilel /uncertain
| |
| * wet: suːmmɯi /summui
| |
| * dry: sekal /sek
| |
| * correct: bim /uncertain
| |
| * near: tocmas /uncertain
| |
| * far: naemas /uncertain
| |
| * right: hris /lkt
| |
| * left: chol /lnk
| |
| * at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
| |
| * in: lhea /ins
| |
| * with: mɯi /mui
| |
| * and: e,elk /elk
| |
| * if: o,sôm /som
| |
| * because: fɯi /fui
| |
| * name: námel /nam
| |
| {{trans-bottom}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Languages]]
| |