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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)==
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| ''It should be noted that many of these changes preceded what we think of as "Proto-Germanic" or "Common Germanic," but I include them here because they have important phonological or orthographic information, or because the same changes occurred in different ways in East Germanic and North-West Germanic.''
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| ===First Umlaut===
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| '''Stage 1.'''
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| <big>
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| e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
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| </big>
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| *''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
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| '''Stage 2.'''
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| <big>
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| e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+}
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| </big>
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| *''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
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| (Stage 3: See [[Valthungian/Rules#EGmc_Reflex_of_1st_Umlaut|EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut]].)
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| ''Has to precede Mora Loss''
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| ''Has to precede ŋ-deletion''
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| ===/ŋ/-Deletion===
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| <big>Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh</big>
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| *''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).''
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| ===Intervocalic Spirantization===
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| <big>
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| C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V
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| </big>
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| In other words,
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| <big>
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| b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V
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| </big>
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| *''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.''
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| ===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut===
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| ''This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut''
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| <big>
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| i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾}
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| </big>
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| *''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/''
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| ===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/===
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| <big>
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| ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub>#
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| </big>
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| *''Has to precede Mora Loss''
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| ===Mora Loss===
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| ''Mora Loss consists of three contemporaneous changes to unstressed word-final syllables: The deletion of non-strident coronal consonants, the deletion of short vowels, and the shortening of long vowels.''
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| ====Coronal Consonant Deletion====
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| <big>
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| C[+obs][+cor][-sdt] > Ø / V[-str]C<sub>o</sub>__##
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| </big>
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| *''A non-strident coronal obstruent (i.e. /t, þ, d/, but not /s, z/) is deleted'' after an unstressed vowel when word-final. (One or more consonants - probably sonorants - may intervene between the unstressed vowel and the word-final consonant.)''
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| E.g.<br />
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| * ‘ten’, ‘honey’, ‘from behind’
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| * PIE *déḱm̥t, *mélit, *h₂epóteroṓd >
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| * PGmc *téhund, *míliþ, *áfterôt >
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| * EGmc *téhun_, *míli_, *áfterô_ >
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| * Gothic ''taihun''<ref>Griutungi ''tehun''</ref>, ''*mili'', ''aftarō'' >
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| * Valthungian ''tǣjun'', ''mile'', ''aftra''
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| ====Unstressed Final Short Vowel Deletion====
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| <big>
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| {|
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| |-
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| | V[-lng][-str]([-rnd] ''for a. and c.'') > Ø / || a) σ(V[+lng]{V, C})C__(z)#
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| |-
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| | || b) V[-str]C__(z)#
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| |-
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| | || c) C[-rnd]#
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| |}
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| </big>
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| *''a) An unstressed unrounded short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i/) is deleted if following a stressed syllable (containing a long diphthong or a long vowel followed by a consonant) when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
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| *''b) An unstressed short vowel (i.e. /a, e, i, u/) is deleted after an unstressed syllable when word-final or before word-final /z/.''<br />
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| *''c) (Later), unstressed /a, e, i/ is deleted when word-final.
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| E.g.<br />
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| * ‘fear’, ‘I have seen’ (> ‘I know’), ‘day’; ‘son’
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| * PIE *ā́gʰes, *wóido, *dʰegʷʰos; *suHnús >
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| * PGmc *ṓgiz, *waita, *dagaz; *sunuz >
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| * EGmc *ōg_z, *wait_, *dag_z; *sunuz >
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| * Gothic ''ōgs'', ''wait''<ref>Griutungi ''wǣt''</ref>, ''dags'', but ''sunus'' >
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| * Valthungian ''ōǧ'' (/auʤ/), ''wǣt'', ''daǧ''; ''sunus''.
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| ====Final Unstressed Long Vowel Shortening====
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| <big>
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| V[+lng][-str] > [-lng] / __#
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| </big>
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| *''Unstressed long vowels are shortened when word-final.''
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| *NB: At this stage of the language, there was no short /o/; when /ō/ was shortened in East Germanic, it was lowered to /a/. (In North and West Germanic, /ō/ was raised to /u/.)
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| E.g.
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| * ‘I carry’, ‘day’ (''instr.'')
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| * PIE *bʰérō, *dʰogʰʷṓ >
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| * PGmc *bérō, *dágō >
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| * EGmc *bero, *dago >
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| * Gothic ''baira'<ref>Griutungi ''bera''</ref>', ''daga'' >
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| * Valthungian ''bera'', ''daga''<ref>Normally the final /a/ would disappear from Valthungian, but in the case of both of these words, it is restored through analysis; it remains on all first person singular present indicative inflection of verbs and on the dative case of most nouns.</ref>
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)==
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| [these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
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| ===z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing===
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| <big>
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| z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#
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| </big>
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| */z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.
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| E.g.:
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| * ‘man’, ‘fall’, ‘shoulder’
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| * PGmc *weraz, *drusaz, *amsaz >
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| * Egmc *wirz, *drusz, *amsz >
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| * Gothic ''waír'', ''drus'', ''ams''
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| ===h-Deletion===
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| ===Long Vowel Lowering===
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| ===Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)===
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| ===Glide Insertion===
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| ===m-Assimilation===
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| ===Change of Initial fl to þl===
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| ===r,n-Dissimilation===
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| ===Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a===
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| ===Thurneysen's Law===
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| ===EGmc Verschärfung Stage II===
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| ==Differences Between Gothic and Griutungi (the Gothic-Contemporary Ancestor of Valthungian)==
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| Moved to [[Griutungi]]
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Griutungi to Old Valthungian (ca. 400-800a.d.)==
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| Moved to [[Old Valthungian]].
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Valthungian (ca. 800-1200a.d.)==
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| Moved to [[Middle Valthungian]]
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| ===Rejection of Greek Fricatives===
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| ===Rhotacism===
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| ===Stressed Long Vowel Raising===
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| ===Vowel Tensing===
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| ===Deletion and Assimilation of /h/===
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| ===Palatalisation & Affrication===
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| ===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
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| ==Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Valthungian (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)==
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| Moved to [[Middle Valthungian]]
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| ===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
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| ===Unpacking===
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| ===Deletion of /b,f/===
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| ===Deletion of /g/ between Nasals===
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