Grekelin: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Indo-European_languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European_languages]] | ||
[[Category:Hellenic_languages]] | [[Category:Hellenic_languages]] | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Grekelin | |name = Grekelin | ||
|nativename = A | |nativename = A gnudzsa Grekelenikin | ||
|state = Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia | |state = [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]], [[w:Hungary|Hungary]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]] | ||
|created = 2023 | |created = 2023 | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
Line 14: | Line 13: | ||
|fam3 = [[w:Greek language|Greek]] | |fam3 = [[w:Greek language|Greek]] | ||
|fam4 = [[w:Ancient Greek dialects|Attic-Ionic]] | |fam4 = [[w:Ancient Greek dialects|Attic-Ionic]] | ||
|fam5 = [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] | |fam5 = [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek (?) ]]<ref name=GrekelinOrigins/> | ||
|fam6 = [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] | |fam6 = [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] | ||
|fam7 = [[w:Cappadocian_Greek|Cappadocian Greek (?)]]<ref name=GrklnAndCapp/> | |||
|ethnicity = [[w:Greeks|Greeks]] | |ethnicity = [[w:Greeks|Greeks]] | ||
|speakers = approx. | |speakers = approx. 200 thousand | ||
|date = 2023 | |date = 2023 | ||
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] | |ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] | ||
Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
|dia1 = Slavic Grekelin | |dia1 = Slavic Grekelin | ||
|dia2 = Western Grekelin † | |dia2 = Western Grekelin † | ||
|stand1 = Standard Grekelin | |stand1 = Standard Modern Grekelin | ||
|script1 = | |script1 = latn | ||
|nation = [[w: | |nation = [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]] | ||
|agency = Grekelin Language Administration | |agency = Grekelin Language Administration | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
Grekelin ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: '' | '''Grekelin''' ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''Grekelenikin'', pronounced: ''[grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]''), also known as '''Rhumaecen'''<ref name=Rhumaecen/> (Grekelin: ''Rumejkin'', [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a [[w:Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] language spoken in [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], [[w:Hungary|Southern Hungary]] and some isolated villages of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. Grekelin is a descendant of [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]], from whom it split in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by [[w:Greeks|Greek]] refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See [[Old Grekelin]]), leading to multiple archaisms appearing within the language (Eg. Greek and most Greek dialects use the verb "Φτιάχνω" /ˈftia.xno/ whereas Grekelin uses the verb "Peio" (pʲɪ̯o) from Ancient Greek "ποιέω/ποιώ"). | ||
As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Greek multiple features and cognates | As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Modern Greek and its dialects multiple features and cognates. The language, although officially having a free word order, has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's core vocabulary has remained Greek however many Hungarian words can be found often in the language (Especially those relating to law and government), due to the strong adstratum formed by Hungarian (Though, due to geography, the Slavic dialect got its name from its stronger Slavic influence). Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers separating it from the closest Greek speaking territory. | ||
== | ==Classification== | ||
Grekelin | It is not easy to classify Grekelin as a language. Although a Hellenic language, it possibly derives instead from Attic-Ionic dialects spoken in Anatolia (Since the initial settler wave mostly came from Greeks of the area), and, as such, may be more closely related to [[w:Pontic Greek|Pontic]] than Modern Greek itself, which derives from Koine Greek. The most obvious example is that [[w:Iotacism|iotacism]] never developed in the language (Compare Greek ''"ήλιος"'' ([ˈiʎos]) and Grekelin ''"elya"'' ([ˈɛʎa]), both meaning "sun"). Hence, Grekelin can be classified as an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language of the [[w:Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] branch derived from the '''Attic-Ionic dialects''' of Asia Minor. | ||
Grekelin and [[w:Tsakonian|Tsakonian]] do seem to share some vocabulary similarities, however these are coincidences and the two have not been at contact almost<ref name=GrekelinAndTsakonian/> never. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
Grekelin's phonology is extensively influenced by Hungarian, and, in the Slavic dialect, by other Slavic languages. The accent varies depending on the location, so this is the standard Grekelin phonology that is used in education and formal speech: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Consonants in Grekelin | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | ↓Manner/Place→ | |||
! colspan="6" | Place of Articulation | |||
|- | |||
! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-palatal !! Palatal !! Velar | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| /m/ || /n/ || || || /ɲ/ || | |||
|- | |||
! Stop | |||
| /p/ /b/ || || /t/ /d/ || || /c/ /ɟ/ || /k/ /g/ | |||
|- | |||
! Affricate | |||
| || || || /ʥ/ /ʨ/ || || | |||
|- | |||
! Fricative | |||
| /f/ /v/ || /s/ /z/ || || /ɕ/ /ʑ/ || /j/ || /x/ | |||
|- | |||
! Approximant | |||
| || || || [j˖]<ref name=VoicedAlveolo-palatalApproximant /> || || | |||
|- | |||
! Tap | |||
| || || /ɾ/ || || || | |||
|- | |||
! Lateral approximant | |||
| || || /l/ || || /ʎ/ || | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Vowels in Grekelin | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Height | |||
|- | |||
! Front !! Back | |||
|- | |||
! High | |||
| /i/ || /y/ || /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! High-mid | |||
| (/ø/)* || || /o/ | |||
|- | |||
! Low-mid | |||
| /ɛ/ || || | |||
|- | |||
! Low | |||
| || || /ɑ/ | |||
|} | |||
<small>'' * Although it only appears in Hungarian or German loanwords, it is often written down using "ö", so people that write the language consider it a native sound. It is considered more of a marginal phoneme.'' </small> | |||
Grekelin palatalizes (ʲ) many consonants that would otherwise use a palatal version of themselves. When a fricative is followed by /i/, /e/ or /ø/, the preceding consonant becomes its palatal allophone, referred in Grekelin as "lowering" (katizma). If followed by any other vowel and the consonant is labial, alveolar plosive or alveolo-palatal , the previous consonant is palatalized, eg ''pano'' [ˈpʲɑno]. Palatalization is not a contrastive or grammatical feature, but only a feature of the Grekelin accent. | |||
Although Grekelin does have diphthongs, they appear rarely and usually merge into one vowel when realized. Most of these diphthongs are '''not''' inherited from Greek directly, but developed on their own over the centuries. | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|+ Diphthongs in Grekelin | |||
|- | |||
! Written diphthong !! Common realization !! Example | |||
|- | |||
| ai /ɑi̯/ || [ɑː] || fair [fɑːr̩] (Just person) | |||
|- | |||
| oi /oi̯/ || [y] || anoigyo [aˈnyɟo] (I open) | |||
|- | |||
| ui /ui̯/ || [uː] || fui [fuː] (Child) | |||
|- | |||
| eu /ɛu̯/ || [ɛv] || euckola [ˈevkoɫa] (Easily) | |||
|- | |||
| au /ɑu̯/ || [ɑv] or [aw] || gaunna [ˈgawna] (Tall mountain) | |||
|} | |||
Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin. | |||
Although not written, the final consonant (If the word ends with a consonant) always becomes devoiced in colluquial speech. | |||
==Alphabet and Orthography== | ==Alphabet and Orthography== | ||
The Grekelin alphabet consists of | The Grekelin alphabet consists of 24 letters, six of which are vowels and 18 are consonants. | ||
<center> | <center> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="24" | Letters of the Grekelin alphabet | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Aa (/ɑ/) || Bb (/b/) || Cc (/t͡s/) || Dd (/d/) || Ee (/ɛ/) || Ff (/ | | Aa (/ɑ/) || Bb (/b/) || Cc (/t͡s/) || Dd (/d/) || Ee (/ɛ/) || Ff (/f/) || Gg (/g/) || Hh (/x/) || Yy (/y/)<ref name=YPronc /> || Ii (/i/) || Kk (/k/) || Ll (/ɫ/) || Mm (/m/) || Nn (/n/) || Οο (/o/) || Pp (/p/) || Rr (/r/) || Ss (/s/) || Jj (/j/) || Tt (/t/) || Uu (/u/) || Vv (/v/) || Zz (/z/) | ||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. | The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. | ||
In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language: | In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language: | ||
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! colspan="4" | Digraphs in Grekelin orthography | ! colspan="4" | Digraphs in Grekelin orthography | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound) || | | Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound) || Chs (Makes the /ks/ sound) || Zs (Makes the /ʑ/ sound) || Sz (Makes the /ɕ/ sound) | ||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
The Grekelin orthography was reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language. | The Grekelin orthography was (yet again) reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it). | The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it), eg. by retaining the old imperative. The most outstanding feature would probably be that of vowel harmony, which is found at least in both the standard and slavic dialects, and possibly evolved from the extensive Hungarian adstratum. | ||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending | Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending. | ||
<center> | <center> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 76: | Line 152: | ||
! Ending !! Definite Article !! Indefinite Article !! Plural Form | ! Ending !! Definite Article !! Indefinite Article !! Plural Form | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -i noun ending || | | -i noun ending || E /ε/ || eni /ˈɛɳi/ || Ek /ek/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Other noun endings || | | Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta | ||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Remember that Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections. | |||
<center> | <center> | ||
Line 91: | Line 167: | ||
! Case !! Singular !! Plural | ! Case !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || | | Nominative || To gnudzsa || Ta gnudzsuk | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || Ca | | Genitive || Ca gnudzsus || Co gnudzsun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || Ecs | | Accusative || Ecs gnudzsa || Ecs gnudzsuk | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || | | Vocative || O gnudzsa || Oh gnudzse | ||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
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! Case !! Singular !! Plural | ! Case !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative || | | Nominative || E kukli || Ek kukliok | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive || Ci | | Genitive || Ci kuklu || Co kuklun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative || Ecs kuklí || Ecs | | Accusative || Ecs kuklí || Ecs kuklun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative || Oh kuklí || Oh kuklíe | | Vocative || Oh kuklí || Oh kuklíe | ||
Line 127: | Line 203: | ||
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Passive (Singular) !! Passive (Plural) | ! !! Singular !! Plural !! Passive (Singular) !! Passive (Plural) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1st person || Peió || Peiómen || Epeióme || Epeiómetta | | 1st person || Peió || Peiómen || Epeióme || Epeiómetta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2nd person || Peié || Peiéte || Peióse || Epeiósase | | 2nd person || Peié || Peiéte || Peióse || Epeiósase | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3rd person || | | 3rd person || Peiei || Peíanda || Peiándande || Epeiándande | ||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
A tense inflection table (Grekelin has 4 tenses: Present, Aorist, and Future. One interesting feature that is inherited all the way from [[w:Proto-Indo-European|PIE]] is the [[w: Indo-European ablaut|ablaut system]] which is used especially in the past tenses instead of suffixes. | |||
<center> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Verb tenses in Grekelin | |||
|- | |||
! !! Present !! Aorist !! Imperfect !! Future | |||
|- | |||
| 1st person || Peió || Ipeia || Ipeiamane || Enna Peiso | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd person || Peié || Ipeiate || Ipeiate || Enna Peise | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd person || Peiei || Ipeiande || Ipeian || Enna Peisei | |||
|- | |||
| 1st plural person || Peiómen || Ipeiamen || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peiomen | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd plural person || Peiéte || Ipeiande || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peiete | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd plural person || Peíen || Ipeiane || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peien | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
Additional tenses (Such as the perfect and the pluperfect and many others) are often found especially in colloquial speech, in a way similar to English (Standard '''Ipeia''' (I made) vs Colloquial '''Peio eo''' (I have made), literally "I made I have"). | |||
==Geographic Distribution and Demographics== | ==Geographic Distribution and Demographics== | ||
Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of [[w:North Banat|North Banat]] and some spread out parts of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. It forms a significant language in Hungary | Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of [[w:North Banat|North Banat]] and some spread out parts of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. It forms a significant language in Hungary (where the standard dialect evolved too). The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian population speaks the Standard dialect, although the dialect does not change by the border. | ||
==Evolution== | ==Evolution== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels | Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels (Thanks to shared phonology with Hungarian). Depending on the dialect, vowel length did evolve (Usually where the stress fell), however Standard Grekelin does not enforce vowel length distinction in any vowel. ('íosz' (son) and 'iosz' (death) are the same except for the first vowel, which is a long one in son). The phoneme /ø/ eventually entered Grekelin from Hungarian loanwords and can now be found exclusively in those loanwords. | ||
Little historical changes occured in vowels. The two most common ones are: | |||
# The raising of unstressed /o/ to /u/, unstressed /e/ to /i/ and unstressed /a/ to /y/. The last two only occured in dialects. | |||
# Consonants behind /i/ and /e/ become palatalized (softened), except when these vowels are stressed or come before the stressed vowel. | |||
Unlike Greek, Byzantine Greek /y/ did not collapse to /i/ like all other Greek dialects except for Old Athenian (and Tsakonian). By extension, consonants become aspirated before /y/. | |||
=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Grekelin | Grekelin completely eliminated almost all consonant clusters, either through metathesis or through the insertion of a vowel when there could be vowel harmony in that word, eg. ''Greek '''Αλεύρι''' vs Grekelin '''Alevir'''.'' Apart from the palatalization mentioned above, there was no major sound change in Grekelin's consonants, except for the fortition that took place later: Grekelin had inherited the fricatives /θ x ð ɣ/ from Greek's previously softened /tʰ kʰ d g/, however that change was reversed around the 18th century when /θ x ð ɣ/ merged with /tː k͡x d g/ (Later further merged into /t x d g/). | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Grekelin has about 60.000 words in total, with another 15.000 obsolete ones, amounting to 75.000 words in total. Most of Grekelin's vocabulary is derived from Greek directly, and very few Greek borrows (Mostly reborrows) actually exist within the language. There is an estimated 20 to 40% Hungarian-borrowed vocabulary, depending on the dialect and the person themselves. In the Slavic dialects there is a strong Slavic influence (hence the name), which also shows in the vocabulary part; Between 5% and 25% of all words in Grekelin come from Slavic dialects. The remaining 5% that doesn't belong in any of these categories is either German, Turkic or does not have any clear etymology, like the word [[Contionary:leotti|leotti]]. Some theorize Grekelin was in contact with Pannonian Avar speakers which may provide explanation for some of the strange words in Grekelin. | |||
==Words== | ==Words== | ||
===Numbers=== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! English || Grekelin || Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
|- | |||
| 0 || Miden || '''[mʲiˈdɛn]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 1 || Ena || '''[ˈɛna]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 2 || Djo || '''[djo]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || Tria || '''[ˈtɾia]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 4 || Tessera || '''[ˈtɛsʲeɾa]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 5 || Pende || '''[ˈpɛndʲe]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 6 || Ess || '''[ɛs]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 7 || Efta || '''[ɛˈftɑ]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 8 || Uchta || '''[uˈxtɑ]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 9 || Enya || '''[ɛˈɲɑ]''' | |||
|- | |||
| 10 || Decka || '''[ˈdɛka]''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Conversation=== | ===Conversation=== | ||
Line 169: | Line 293: | ||
| Yes || ''Ne'' || /nɛ/ | | Yes || ''Ne'' || /nɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| No || '' | | No || ''Y'' || /y/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hello! || '' | | Hello! || ''Dzsóvorzo!'' (Formal) / ''Gya!'' (Informal) || /'d͡ʑovorzo/ /ɟɑː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Good morning! || '' | | Good morning! || ''Dzso regetti!'' || /d͡ʑo rɛ.ˈgɛ.ti/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Good night! || '' | | Good night! || ''Dzso niktrá!'' || /d͡ʑo nik'trɑ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis | | Have a nice day! || ''Eis dzsódοla sei!'' || /jis 'd͡ʑodolɑ si/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Goodbye! || '' | | Goodbye! || ''Visondlataszra'' || /'visontɭatɑːɕr̩a/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Thank you! || '' | | Thank you! || ''Dzsómmo!'' || /ˈd͡ʑomo/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Who? || ''Pkios?'' || / | | Who? || ''Pkios?'' || /pki̯os/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| What? || ''Tí?'' || /ti/ | | What? || ''Tí?'' || /ti/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| When? || ''Pónte?'' || /ˈpo. | | When? || ''Pónte?'' || /ˈpo.ndɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Where? || '' | | Where? || ''Pe?'' || /pɛ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| How? || '' | | How? || ''Posz?'' || /ˈpoɕ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Why || '' | | Why || ''Dzatti?'' || /'d͡zɑti/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Again || '' | | Again || ''Urá'' || /uˈrɑ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| What is your name? || ''Ti entá a nóma sei?'' || /ti ɛnˈta ɑ ˈno.mɑ | | What is your name? || ''Ti entá a nóma sei?'' || /ti ɛnˈta ɑ ˈno.mɑ sʲi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| My name is... || ''A nóma mei entá ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma | | My name is... || ''A nóma mei entá ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma mʲi enˈtα/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalíte eís | | Do you speak English? || ''Relalíte eís echslézikin?'' || /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ite jis ɛkˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| I do not understand Grekelin. || '' | | I do not understand Grekelin. || ''Y nyó a gnúdzsa Grekelénikin.'' || /y ɲo ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʑɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikin/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Help me! || ''Woíttya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/ | | Help me! || ''Woíttya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| How much is it? || ''Pószo entá?'' || / | | How much is it? || ''Pószo entá?'' || /ˈpoɕo ɛnˈtɑ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || '' | | The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Mattkiszi ci Grekelenikis peia a essa kovtoérta.'' || /'matkisi t͡si grɛkɛˈɫɛ.nikis pjɑ α ˈɛ.sɑ kovtoˈɛr.ta/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Where are you from? || ''Pe éste ecs | | Where are you from? || ''Pe éste ecs szÿ?'' || /pɛ ˈɛste ɛt͡ɕ ɕy/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken. | Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken. Every dialect has its own subdialects (See [[Old Grekelin#Dialects]]) however these will not be considered since they mostly vary on pronunciation, similar to the English accents. | ||
===Slavic=== | ===Slavic Dialect=== | ||
The Slavic (''" | The Slavic dialect (''"Dialekti Slavinki"'', "/djɑˈɫɛ.kti sɫɑvin/" or Dialekta Slavinci "/dʲaˈlʲektʲa slɑˈvʲint͡ɕi/") can be distinguished by some certain features that aren't present in Standard Grekelin: | ||
# 'i', 'e' and 'a' often palatalize the previous consonant (Similar to Russian's soft and hard consonant system). | |||
# Raising of the unstressed 'e' into 'i': [reˈɟeti] -> [riˈɟʲetʲi] | |||
# Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (As an allophone of the previously developed /ħ/ from the same sound) | |||
# Increased amount of Slavic-origin words | |||
The Slavic dialect is | The Slavic dialect is used primarily in Vojvodina (Serbia), where it developed from the beginning, though traces of it are found all the way to Ukraine, from the former dialect continuum that existed (See [[Old Grekelin]]). | ||
===Western (Extinct)=== | ===Western (Extinct)=== | ||
A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting dialect. | A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin, which developed out of the [[Old Grekelin]]'s '''Western''' dialect, once spoken near the border with Austria. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting one for research (Being the only other dialect of Grekelin by that point). The following are the changes to have taken place by the 18th century, excluding all changes in the original '''Western Old Grekelin''': | ||
# / | # Raising /a/ to /y/ in certain conditions | ||
# | # Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (''[ɑˈgi.ɑ.sin]'' -> ''[ɑˈɣiɑsi]'') | ||
# Preservation of the final /s/ (Which was lost in | # Complete loss of /ɕ/ as a sound | ||
# | # Preservation of the word-final /s/ (Which was lost early in all other Old Grekelin dialects) | ||
# Nasalization of /a/ and its allophone /ɑ/ into /ã/ and /ɑ̃/ respectively, and /i/ to /ĩ/ as well. | |||
# No vowel harmony (The dialect was not as influenced by Hungarian so it never developed vowel harmony like the other dialects) | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
Line 251: | Line 364: | ||
<i>I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.</i><br> | <i>I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.</i><br> | ||
<b>Grekelin</b><br> | <b>Grekelin</b><br> | ||
<i>(Go) tílko | <i>(Go) tílko eni kave kia biszkotek, dzommo.</i><br> | ||
===UN Human Rights Declaration, Article 1=== | ===UN Human Rights Declaration, Article 1=== | ||
Line 258: | Line 371: | ||
<b>Grekelin:</b><br> | <b>Grekelin:</b><br> | ||
<i> | <i>Padi eleottek eleszterek kya memisek evortamek eis meltosagi kya jogatek. Demdorizandek mi eszelin kya sÿnindisin, kya prepi a ecsinalamek en eis allila eis en selemi c' aderfiktas.</i> | ||
<br> | |||
''[ˈpa.dʲi ɛlɛˈo.tek ɛˈlɛɕtɛˌrɛk ca meˈmʲisɛk ɛˈvortamʲɛk jis ˈmɛɬto.ˌsaɟi ca ˈjogatʲek ‖ demˈdorizaˌndɛk mi ˈɛɕɛɫin kʲa synʲindʲisʲin ca prʲepʲi na ɛt͡ɕiˈnɑlnamʲek ɛn jis ˈalʲiɫa jis ɛn ˈɕɛlʲɛmʲi t͡s aˈderfʲiktas]'' | |||
===Lord's prayer=== | ===Lord's prayer=== | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
:: | :: Patera mek | ||
:: eis | :: eis urana éntase | ||
:: eis | :: eis em agiasin nóma sei, | ||
:: eis | :: eis to rapatasma ca ikandasza sei | ||
:: eis | :: eis peísin tilkima sei | ||
:: eis | :: eis gea as enta eis urana. | ||
:: | :: Dochse mek to kennere mek eisdila | ||
:: kia | :: kia dochsasze armatek mek | ||
:: as | :: as dossaszomen mek davte p' aramatek dimechs | ||
:: kia haytasze | :: kia haytasze mek u eis sabatasz | ||
:: ma | :: ma litise mek ecs roszi, | ||
:: | :: Amen. | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<i> | <i> | ||
Line 290: | Line 405: | ||
</i> | </i> | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name=Rhumaecen>Grekelin split from Greek at a time where the Greek population considered themselves Roman (Due to the Byzantine Empire and Christianity) and the native name for the language is actually Rhumejkin. The name Grekelin is an exonym by Slavs and Hungarians.</ref> | |||
<ref name=GrklnAndCapp>Grekelin and Cappadocian have a common ancestor with the difference that Cappadocian remained spoken in Anatolia whereas Grekelin was brought to it's modern territory by migration and settlement. And, outside of roleplay in the context of this article, it's where most of the study related to Grekelin falls into, because Turkish and Hungarian share many features. However, as you can understand, Cappadocian at that point would've been plain regular Greek (Possibly a dialect of Pontic? See [[w:Cappadocian_Greek|the article]] for details), hence the question mark. </ref> | |||
<ref name=GrekelinAndTsakonian>The Propontis dialect of Tsakonian may've been in contact with Pre-Grekelin (the dialects spoken by the Grekelin settlers before Grekelin emerged) as some of the settlers may have been native speakers of Tsakonian. Even so, the influence of Tsakonian in Grekelin is very small to be considered a significant influence.</ref> | |||
<ref name=GrekelinOrigins>If indeed Cappadocian Greek started out as a dialect of Pontic Greek (Which isn't descended from Koine but directly from Attic-Ionic dialects), then so did Grekelin since they share their [[w:Urheimat|urheimat]] in the south of Anatolia. That would easily explain why Grekelin has ''/e/'' in place of Modern Greek /i/. </ref> | |||
<ref name=YPronc>Styled after Hungarian, Grekelin often uses "y" to show that the preceding consonant is palatalized. When 'y' is to actually be pronounced as a vowel but it is preceded by a consonant, it takes a dieresis above it: eg. "GŸ gÿ". </ref> | |||
<ref name=VoicedAlveolo-palatalApproximant>The voiced alveolo-palatal approximant (A sound somewhat similar to /j/) does exist in Grekelin as an allophone of /j/ behind rhotics and laterals. It is the only language, along with Huastec, to include it.</ref> | |||
}} |
Latest revision as of 19:44, 21 June 2024
Grekelin | |
---|---|
A gnudzsa Grekelenikin | |
Created by | Aggelos Tselios |
Date | 2023 |
Native to | Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia |
Ethnicity | Greeks |
Native speakers | approx. 200 thousand (2023) |
Early forms | |
Standard form | Standard Modern Grekelin
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Vojvodina |
Regulated by | Grekelin Language Administration |
Grekelin (Autoglossonym: Grekelenikin, pronounced: [grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]), also known as Rhumaecen[3] (Grekelin: Rumejkin, [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a Hellenic language spoken in Vojvodina, Southern Hungary and some isolated villages of Slovakia. Grekelin is a descendant of Medieval Greek, from whom it split in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by Greek refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See Old Grekelin), leading to multiple archaisms appearing within the language (Eg. Greek and most Greek dialects use the verb "Φτιάχνω" /ˈftia.xno/ whereas Grekelin uses the verb "Peio" (pʲɪ̯o) from Ancient Greek "ποιέω/ποιώ").
As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Modern Greek and its dialects multiple features and cognates. The language, although officially having a free word order, has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's core vocabulary has remained Greek however many Hungarian words can be found often in the language (Especially those relating to law and government), due to the strong adstratum formed by Hungarian (Though, due to geography, the Slavic dialect got its name from its stronger Slavic influence). Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers separating it from the closest Greek speaking territory.
Classification
It is not easy to classify Grekelin as a language. Although a Hellenic language, it possibly derives instead from Attic-Ionic dialects spoken in Anatolia (Since the initial settler wave mostly came from Greeks of the area), and, as such, may be more closely related to Pontic than Modern Greek itself, which derives from Koine Greek. The most obvious example is that iotacism never developed in the language (Compare Greek "ήλιος" ([ˈiʎos]) and Grekelin "elya" ([ˈɛʎa]), both meaning "sun"). Hence, Grekelin can be classified as an Indo-European language of the Hellenic branch derived from the Attic-Ionic dialects of Asia Minor.
Grekelin and Tsakonian do seem to share some vocabulary similarities, however these are coincidences and the two have not been at contact almost[4] never.
Phonology
Grekelin's phonology is extensively influenced by Hungarian, and, in the Slavic dialect, by other Slavic languages. The accent varies depending on the location, so this is the standard Grekelin phonology that is used in education and formal speech:
↓Manner/Place→ | Place of Articulation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | |
Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | |||
Stop | /p/ /b/ | /t/ /d/ | /c/ /ɟ/ | /k/ /g/ | ||
Affricate | /ʥ/ /ʨ/ | |||||
Fricative | /f/ /v/ | /s/ /z/ | /ɕ/ /ʑ/ | /j/ | /x/ | |
Approximant | [j˖][5] | |||||
Tap | /ɾ/ | |||||
Lateral approximant | /l/ | /ʎ/ |
Height | |||
---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | ||
High | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ |
High-mid | (/ø/)* | /o/ | |
Low-mid | /ɛ/ | ||
Low | /ɑ/ |
* Although it only appears in Hungarian or German loanwords, it is often written down using "ö", so people that write the language consider it a native sound. It is considered more of a marginal phoneme.
Grekelin palatalizes (ʲ) many consonants that would otherwise use a palatal version of themselves. When a fricative is followed by /i/, /e/ or /ø/, the preceding consonant becomes its palatal allophone, referred in Grekelin as "lowering" (katizma). If followed by any other vowel and the consonant is labial, alveolar plosive or alveolo-palatal , the previous consonant is palatalized, eg pano [ˈpʲɑno]. Palatalization is not a contrastive or grammatical feature, but only a feature of the Grekelin accent.
Although Grekelin does have diphthongs, they appear rarely and usually merge into one vowel when realized. Most of these diphthongs are not inherited from Greek directly, but developed on their own over the centuries.
Written diphthong | Common realization | Example |
---|---|---|
ai /ɑi̯/ | [ɑː] | fair [fɑːr̩] (Just person) |
oi /oi̯/ | [y] | anoigyo [aˈnyɟo] (I open) |
ui /ui̯/ | [uː] | fui [fuː] (Child) |
eu /ɛu̯/ | [ɛv] | euckola [ˈevkoɫa] (Easily) |
au /ɑu̯/ | [ɑv] or [aw] | gaunna [ˈgawna] (Tall mountain) |
Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.
Although not written, the final consonant (If the word ends with a consonant) always becomes devoiced in colluquial speech.
Alphabet and Orthography
The Grekelin alphabet consists of 24 letters, six of which are vowels and 18 are consonants.
Letters of the Grekelin alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aa (/ɑ/) | Bb (/b/) | Cc (/t͡s/) | Dd (/d/) | Ee (/ɛ/) | Ff (/f/) | Gg (/g/) | Hh (/x/) | Yy (/y/)[6] | Ii (/i/) | Kk (/k/) | Ll (/ɫ/) | Mm (/m/) | Nn (/n/) | Οο (/o/) | Pp (/p/) | Rr (/r/) | Ss (/s/) | Jj (/j/) | Tt (/t/) | Uu (/u/) | Vv (/v/) | Zz (/z/) |
The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a phonetic, as opposed to deep orthographies like French's. In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language:
Digraphs in Grekelin orthography | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound) | Chs (Makes the /ks/ sound) | Zs (Makes the /ʑ/ sound) | Sz (Makes the /ɕ/ sound) |
The Grekelin orthography was (yet again) reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language.
Grammar
The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it), eg. by retaining the old imperative. The most outstanding feature would probably be that of vowel harmony, which is found at least in both the standard and slavic dialects, and possibly evolved from the extensive Hungarian adstratum.
Articles
Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending.
Ending | Definite Article | Indefinite Article | Plural Form |
---|---|---|---|
-i noun ending | E /ε/ | eni /ˈɛɳi/ | Ek /ek/ |
Other noun endings | To /to/ | en /ɛɳ/ | Ta |
Cases
Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Remember that Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | To gnudzsa | Ta gnudzsuk |
Genitive | Ca gnudzsus | Co gnudzsun |
Accusative | Ecs gnudzsa | Ecs gnudzsuk |
Vocative | O gnudzsa | Oh gnudzse |
Nouns ending in -i are slightly different but overall not very hard:
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | E kukli | Ek kukliok |
Genitive | Ci kuklu | Co kuklun |
Accusative | Ecs kuklí | Ecs kuklun |
Vocative | Oh kuklí | Oh kuklíe |
Verbs
Verbs in Grekelin have tense, number and voice inflection. For this reason, they are highly irregular yet they carry much more information than English verbs. Here is the verb "peio" (To create, make) inflected by voice and number:
Singular | Plural | Passive (Singular) | Passive (Plural) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | Peió | Peiómen | Epeióme | Epeiómetta |
2nd person | Peié | Peiéte | Peióse | Epeiósase |
3rd person | Peiei | Peíanda | Peiándande | Epeiándande |
A tense inflection table (Grekelin has 4 tenses: Present, Aorist, and Future. One interesting feature that is inherited all the way from PIE is the ablaut system which is used especially in the past tenses instead of suffixes.
Present | Aorist | Imperfect | Future | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | Peió | Ipeia | Ipeiamane | Enna Peiso |
2nd person | Peié | Ipeiate | Ipeiate | Enna Peise |
3rd person | Peiei | Ipeiande | Ipeian | Enna Peisei |
1st plural person | Peiómen | Ipeiamen | (Same as past perfect) | Enna peiomen |
2nd plural person | Peiéte | Ipeiande | (Same as past perfect) | Enna peiete |
3rd plural person | Peíen | Ipeiane | (Same as past perfect) | Enna peien |
Additional tenses (Such as the perfect and the pluperfect and many others) are often found especially in colloquial speech, in a way similar to English (Standard Ipeia (I made) vs Colloquial Peio eo (I have made), literally "I made I have").
Geographic Distribution and Demographics
Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of North Banat and some spread out parts of Slovakia. It forms a significant language in Hungary (where the standard dialect evolved too). The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian population speaks the Standard dialect, although the dialect does not change by the border.
Evolution
Vowels
Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels (Thanks to shared phonology with Hungarian). Depending on the dialect, vowel length did evolve (Usually where the stress fell), however Standard Grekelin does not enforce vowel length distinction in any vowel. ('íosz' (son) and 'iosz' (death) are the same except for the first vowel, which is a long one in son). The phoneme /ø/ eventually entered Grekelin from Hungarian loanwords and can now be found exclusively in those loanwords.
Little historical changes occured in vowels. The two most common ones are:
- The raising of unstressed /o/ to /u/, unstressed /e/ to /i/ and unstressed /a/ to /y/. The last two only occured in dialects.
- Consonants behind /i/ and /e/ become palatalized (softened), except when these vowels are stressed or come before the stressed vowel.
Unlike Greek, Byzantine Greek /y/ did not collapse to /i/ like all other Greek dialects except for Old Athenian (and Tsakonian). By extension, consonants become aspirated before /y/.
Consonants
Grekelin completely eliminated almost all consonant clusters, either through metathesis or through the insertion of a vowel when there could be vowel harmony in that word, eg. Greek Αλεύρι vs Grekelin Alevir. Apart from the palatalization mentioned above, there was no major sound change in Grekelin's consonants, except for the fortition that took place later: Grekelin had inherited the fricatives /θ x ð ɣ/ from Greek's previously softened /tʰ kʰ d g/, however that change was reversed around the 18th century when /θ x ð ɣ/ merged with /tː k͡x d g/ (Later further merged into /t x d g/).
Vocabulary
Grekelin has about 60.000 words in total, with another 15.000 obsolete ones, amounting to 75.000 words in total. Most of Grekelin's vocabulary is derived from Greek directly, and very few Greek borrows (Mostly reborrows) actually exist within the language. There is an estimated 20 to 40% Hungarian-borrowed vocabulary, depending on the dialect and the person themselves. In the Slavic dialects there is a strong Slavic influence (hence the name), which also shows in the vocabulary part; Between 5% and 25% of all words in Grekelin come from Slavic dialects. The remaining 5% that doesn't belong in any of these categories is either German, Turkic or does not have any clear etymology, like the word leotti. Some theorize Grekelin was in contact with Pannonian Avar speakers which may provide explanation for some of the strange words in Grekelin.
Words
Numbers
English | Grekelin | Pronunciation (IPA) |
---|---|---|
0 | Miden | [mʲiˈdɛn] |
1 | Ena | [ˈɛna] |
2 | Djo | [djo] |
3 | Tria | [ˈtɾia] |
4 | Tessera | [ˈtɛsʲeɾa] |
5 | Pende | [ˈpɛndʲe] |
6 | Ess | [ɛs] |
7 | Efta | [ɛˈftɑ] |
8 | Uchta | [uˈxtɑ] |
9 | Enya | [ɛˈɲɑ] |
10 | Decka | [ˈdɛka] |
Conversation
English (Egzlezikin) | Grekelin (Grekelenikin) | Pronunciation (IPA) |
---|---|---|
Yes | Ne | /nɛ/ |
No | Y | /y/ |
Hello! | Dzsóvorzo! (Formal) / Gya! (Informal) | /'d͡ʑovorzo/ /ɟɑː/ |
Good morning! | Dzso regetti! | /d͡ʑo rɛ.ˈgɛ.ti/ |
Good night! | Dzso niktrá! | /d͡ʑo nik'trɑ/ |
Have a nice day! | Eis dzsódοla sei! | /jis 'd͡ʑodolɑ si/ |
Goodbye! | Visondlataszra | /'visontɭatɑːɕr̩a/ |
Thank you! | Dzsómmo! | /ˈd͡ʑomo/ |
Who? | Pkios? | /pki̯os/ |
What? | Tí? | /ti/ |
When? | Pónte? | /ˈpo.ndɛ/ |
Where? | Pe? | /pɛ/ |
How? | Posz? | /ˈpoɕ/ |
Why | Dzatti? | /'d͡zɑti/ |
Again | Urá | /uˈrɑ/ |
What is your name? | Ti entá a nóma sei? | /ti ɛnˈta ɑ ˈno.mɑ sʲi/ |
My name is... | A nóma mei entá ...' | /ɑ ˈno.ma mʲi enˈtα/ |
Do you speak English? | Relalíte eís echslézikin? | /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ite jis ɛkˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/ |
I do not understand Grekelin. | Y nyó a gnúdzsa Grekelénikin. | /y ɲo ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʑɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikin/ |
Help me! | Woíttya! | /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/ |
How much is it? | Pószo entá? | /ˈpoɕo ɛnˈtɑ/ |
The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. | Mattkiszi ci Grekelenikis peia a essa kovtoérta. | /'matkisi t͡si grɛkɛˈɫɛ.nikis pjɑ α ˈɛ.sɑ kovtoˈɛr.ta/ |
Where are you from? | Pe éste ecs szÿ? | /pɛ ˈɛste ɛt͡ɕ ɕy/ |
Dialects
Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken. Every dialect has its own subdialects (See Old Grekelin#Dialects) however these will not be considered since they mostly vary on pronunciation, similar to the English accents.
Slavic Dialect
The Slavic dialect ("Dialekti Slavinki", "/djɑˈɫɛ.kti sɫɑvin/" or Dialekta Slavinci "/dʲaˈlʲektʲa slɑˈvʲint͡ɕi/") can be distinguished by some certain features that aren't present in Standard Grekelin:
- 'i', 'e' and 'a' often palatalize the previous consonant (Similar to Russian's soft and hard consonant system).
- Raising of the unstressed 'e' into 'i': [reˈɟeti] -> [riˈɟʲetʲi]
- Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (As an allophone of the previously developed /ħ/ from the same sound)
- Increased amount of Slavic-origin words
The Slavic dialect is used primarily in Vojvodina (Serbia), where it developed from the beginning, though traces of it are found all the way to Ukraine, from the former dialect continuum that existed (See Old Grekelin).
Western (Extinct)
A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin, which developed out of the Old Grekelin's Western dialect, once spoken near the border with Austria. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting one for research (Being the only other dialect of Grekelin by that point). The following are the changes to have taken place by the 18th century, excluding all changes in the original Western Old Grekelin:
- Raising /a/ to /y/ in certain conditions
- Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound ([ɑˈgi.ɑ.sin] -> [ɑˈɣiɑsi])
- Complete loss of /ɕ/ as a sound
- Preservation of the word-final /s/ (Which was lost early in all other Old Grekelin dialects)
- Nasalization of /a/ and its allophone /ɑ/ into /ã/ and /ɑ̃/ respectively, and /i/ to /ĩ/ as well.
- No vowel harmony (The dialect was not as influenced by Hungarian so it never developed vowel harmony like the other dialects)
Example texts
Basic sentence
English
I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.
Grekelin
(Go) tílko eni kave kia biszkotek, dzommo.
UN Human Rights Declaration, Article 1
English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Grekelin:
Padi eleottek eleszterek kya memisek evortamek eis meltosagi kya jogatek. Demdorizandek mi eszelin kya sÿnindisin, kya prepi a ecsinalamek en eis allila eis en selemi c' aderfiktas.
[ˈpa.dʲi ɛlɛˈo.tek ɛˈlɛɕtɛˌrɛk ca meˈmʲisɛk ɛˈvortamʲɛk jis ˈmɛɬto.ˌsaɟi ca ˈjogatʲek ‖ demˈdorizaˌndɛk mi ˈɛɕɛɫin kʲa synʲindʲisʲin ca prʲepʲi na ɛt͡ɕiˈnɑlnamʲek ɛn jis ˈalʲiɫa jis ɛn ˈɕɛlʲɛmʲi t͡s aˈderfʲiktas]
Lord's prayer
|
|
Notes
- ^ If indeed Cappadocian Greek started out as a dialect of Pontic Greek (Which isn't descended from Koine but directly from Attic-Ionic dialects), then so did Grekelin since they share their urheimat in the south of Anatolia. That would easily explain why Grekelin has /e/ in place of Modern Greek /i/.
- ^ Grekelin and Cappadocian have a common ancestor with the difference that Cappadocian remained spoken in Anatolia whereas Grekelin was brought to it's modern territory by migration and settlement. And, outside of roleplay in the context of this article, it's where most of the study related to Grekelin falls into, because Turkish and Hungarian share many features. However, as you can understand, Cappadocian at that point would've been plain regular Greek (Possibly a dialect of Pontic? See the article for details), hence the question mark.
- ^ Grekelin split from Greek at a time where the Greek population considered themselves Roman (Due to the Byzantine Empire and Christianity) and the native name for the language is actually Rhumejkin. The name Grekelin is an exonym by Slavs and Hungarians.
- ^ The Propontis dialect of Tsakonian may've been in contact with Pre-Grekelin (the dialects spoken by the Grekelin settlers before Grekelin emerged) as some of the settlers may have been native speakers of Tsakonian. Even so, the influence of Tsakonian in Grekelin is very small to be considered a significant influence.
- ^ The voiced alveolo-palatal approximant (A sound somewhat similar to /j/) does exist in Grekelin as an allophone of /j/ behind rhotics and laterals. It is the only language, along with Huastec, to include it.
- ^ Styled after Hungarian, Grekelin often uses "y" to show that the preceding consonant is palatalized. When 'y' is to actually be pronounced as a vowel but it is preceded by a consonant, it takes a dieresis above it: eg. "GŸ gÿ".