Voltch: Difference between revisions
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|name = Voltch | |name = Voltch | ||
|nativename = voalc | |nativename = voalc | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = vo̯aɫtʃ | ||
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]] | |creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]] | ||
|region = Europe | |region = Europe | ||
Line 69: | Line 69: | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''cg'' | | '''cg''' | ||
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables | | {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables. | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Line 90: | Line 90: | ||
<!--| '''gj''' | <!--| '''gj''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} || | | {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gh''' | | '''gh''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} || | | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} || | ||
Line 130: | Line 130: | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} || | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
| '''q''' | | '''q''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords | ||
Line 135: | Line 136: | ||
| '''qu''' | | '''qu''' | ||
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || — || In loanwords | | {{IPA|/kv/}} || — || In loanwords | ||
|- | |--> | ||
| '''r''' | | '''r''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} || | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} || | ||
Line 143: | Line 144: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sc''' | | '''sc''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables. | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!--| '''sch''' | <!--| '''sch''' | ||
Line 163: | Line 164: | ||
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || | | {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
| '''wh''' | |||
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} || | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| '''x''' | | '''x''' | ||
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords | ||
|- | |--> | ||
| '''z''' | | '''z''' | ||
| {{IPA|/z/}} || — || | | {{IPA|/z/}} || — || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''zc''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || — || | | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || — || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables. | ||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 192: | Line 199: | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || — | | {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''aai''' | | '''aai''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}} | ||
|- | |||
| '''aau''' | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːu̯/}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ai''' | | '''ai''' | ||
Line 200: | Line 209: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''au''' | | '''au''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑu̯/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''e''' | | '''e''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/ | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ea''' | | '''ea''' | ||
Line 220: | Line 229: | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
| '''eu''' | | '''eu''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yː/}} | ||
|- | |--> | ||
| '''i, y''' | | '''i, y''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || — | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ie''' | | '''ie''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}} | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/iə̯, i̯ɪ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ij''' | | '''ij''' | ||
Line 271: | Line 281: | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}} | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''ue''' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}} | | colspan="2"| {{IPA|/uə̯, u̯ʊ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ui''' | | '''ui''' | ||
Line 282: | Line 292: | ||
| '''ü''' | | '''ü''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}} | | {{IPA|/ʏ/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}} | ||
|- | |||
| '''üe''' | |||
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/yə̯, y̆ʏ/}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''üü''' | | '''üü''' | ||
Line 445: | Line 458: | ||
! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''A a''' || a || [ | | '''A a''' || a || [ʔaː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''B b''' || be || [beː] | | '''B b''' || be || [beː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''C c''' || ce || [ | | '''C c''' || ce || [tʃʰeː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''D d''' || de || [deː] | | '''D d''' || de || [deː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''E e''' || e || [ | | '''E e''' || e || [ʔeː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''F f''' || ef || [ | | '''F f''' || ef || [ʔɛf] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː] | | '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː] | ||
Line 461: | Line 474: | ||
| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː] | | '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''I i''' || ij || [ | | '''I i''' || ij || [ʔɪi̯] | ||
|} | |} | ||
| | | | ||
Line 468: | Line 481: | ||
! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''J j''' || | | '''J j''' || jot || [jɔtʰ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː] | | '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''L l''' || el || [ | | '''L l''' || el || [ʔɛɫ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''M m''' || em || [ | | '''M m''' || em || [ʔɛm] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''N n''' || en || [ | | '''N n''' || en || [ʔɛn] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''O o''' || o || [ | | '''O o''' || o || [ʔoː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː] | | '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Q q''' || | | '''Q q''' || kuu || [kʰʊu̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''R r''' || er || [ | | '''R r''' || er || [ʔɛɾ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 492: | Line 505: | ||
! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''S s''' || es || [ | | '''S s''' || es || [ʔɛs] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː] | | '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''U u''' || | | '''U u''' || uu || [ʔʊu̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''V v''' || ve || [veː] | | '''V v''' || ve || [veː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''W w''' || | | '''W w''' || dobbel ve || [ˈdɔbəɫ veː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''X x''' || iks || [ | | '''X x''' || iks || [ʔɪks] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə | | '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ('''IJ ij''') || | | ('''IJ ij''') || loange ij || [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ] | | '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Line 672: | Line 686: | ||
| otherwise || ä (short) | | otherwise || ä (short) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ǣ | | ǣ || everywhere || ie | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3"| e || lengthened || ea | | rowspan="3"| e || lengthened || ea | ||
Line 688: | Line 702: | ||
| ēo || everywhere || öü | | ēo || everywhere || öü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=" | | ēa || everywhere || üe | ||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3"| i, ie || lengthened || e (long), ee | |||
|- | |||
| before h + consonant | |||
| e (short) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| otherwise || i | | otherwise || i | ||
Line 726: | Line 745: | ||
| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f | | rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f | ||
|- | |- | ||
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially and | | voiced || v || voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| g || || g, ∅ | | g || || g, ∅ | ||
Line 753: | Line 772: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Strong noun declension | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| — || -en || -em || -es | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| -e || -e || -er || -er | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| — || — || -em || -es | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| -e || -e || -em || -er | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Weak noun declension | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| -e || -en || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| -e || -en || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| -e || -e || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| -en || -en || -em || -er | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal pronouns==== | ====Personal pronouns==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Personal pronouns | |||
| | ! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive !! Reflexive | ||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| | | ic || mec || mei || mijn || meizealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2SI | ||
| | | duu || dec || dei || dijn || deizealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SM | ! 3SM | ||
| | | hei || heen || him || his || himzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SF | ! 3SF | ||
| | | höü || höü || heer || heer || heerzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3SN | ! 3SN | ||
| | | hit || hit || him || his || himzealf | ||
|- | |||
! 1D | |||
| wit || oonk || oonk || oonker || oonkzealf | |||
|- | |||
! 2D | |||
| jit || jeenk || jeenk || jeenker || jeenkzealf | |||
|- | |||
! 3D | |||
| bein || bein || biem || bier || biemzealf | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| | | wei || uus || uus || uur || uuszealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P/F | ||
| jei || | | jei || jöü || jöü || jöür || jöüzealf | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| | | hij || hij || höm || höar || hömzealf | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Demonstratives and Articles=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indefinite article | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| aan || anen || anem || anes | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| ane || ane || aner || aner | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| aan || aan || anem || anes | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Negative article | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| naan || nanen || nanem || nanes | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| nane || nane || naner || naner | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| naan || naan || nanem || nanes | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| nane || nane || nanem || naner | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Definite article | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| de || dän || dem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| dö || dö || der || der | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| dät || dät || dem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| do || do || dom || dor | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Definitie article and neutral demonstrative | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| dei || dään || diem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| döü || döü || dier || dier | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| dät || dät || diem || däs | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| due || due || duem || duer | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Near demonstrative | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| dis || dissen || dissem || disses | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| disse || disse || disser || disser | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| dis || dis || dissem || disses | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| disse || disse || dissem || disser | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Far demonstrative | |||
! colspan=5 | Strong declension | |||
|- | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| joan || joanen || joanem || joanes | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| joane || joane || joaner || joaner | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| joan || joan || joanem || joanes | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| joane || joane || joanem || joaner | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5"| Weak declension | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| joane || joane || joanen || joanen | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| joanen || joanen || joanem || joanen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels) | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Strong adjective declension | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| — || -en || -em || -es | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| -e || -e || -er || -er | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| — || — || -em || -es | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| -e || -e || -em || -er | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Weak adjective declension | |||
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! SM | |||
| -e || -en || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! SF | |||
| -e || -en || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! SN | |||
| -e || -e || -en || -en | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| -en || -en || -em || -en | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal | ! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal (all wk.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!0 | !0 | ||
| | | nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) || nuechtede | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1 | !1 | ||
| | | uen (str. adj. sg.) || ierste | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2 | !2 | ||
| | | twue (str. adj. pl.) || twuede | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3 | !3 | ||
| dröü || dridde | | dröü (str. adj. pl.) || dridde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!4 | !4 | ||
Line 813: | Line 1,036: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!7 | !7 | ||
| zöaven || | | zöaven || zöavde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!8 | !8 | ||
Line 825: | Line 1,048: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!11 | !11 | ||
| ellöaven || | | ellöaven || ellöavde | ||
|- | |- | ||
!12 | !12 | ||
Line 876: | Line 1,099: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| hundred || | | hundred (str. noun n.) || hundredde | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
| duuzend || | | duuzend (str. noun n.) || duuzende | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''. | The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''. | ||
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number. | Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number. | ||
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices. | Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices. | ||
Tenses are marked by the verb form: | Tenses are marked by the verb form: | ||
*Present: Uses present form. | *Present: Uses present form. | ||
Line 901: | Line 1,116: | ||
*Future: Uses future form. | *Future: Uses future form. | ||
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''. | **This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''. | ||
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb: | Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb: | ||
*Imperfective: No marker | *Imperfective: No marker | ||
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ'' | *Perfective: ''poi/pœ'' | ||
*Habitual: ''bed'' | *Habitual: ''bed'' | ||
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker: | Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker: | ||
*Active: No marker | *Active: No marker | ||
*Middle: ''toun/tón'' | *Middle: ''toun/tón'' | ||
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ'' | *Passive: ''maudh/máþ'' | ||
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker. | Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker. | ||
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb'' | In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb'' | ||
--> | --> | ||
====Examples of strong verbs==== | |||
=====Class 1===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''bijten'' "to bite" (strong class 1) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| bijten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| bijtend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ibeten | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| bijte || rowspan="3"| bijte || buet || rowspan="3"| bete || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| bijtst || buetst || bijt | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| bijtet || buet || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| bijtet || bijten || beten || beten || bijtet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 2===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''kröüpen'' "to crawl" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| kröüpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| kröüpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ikroapen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| kröüpe || rowspan="3"| kröüpe || krüep || rowspan="3"| krope || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| krijpst || krüepst || kröüp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| krijpt || krüep || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| kröüpt || kröüpen || kropen || kropen || kröüpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''bruuken'' "to use" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| bruuken | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| bruukend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ibroaken | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| bruuke || rowspan="3"| bruuke || brüek || rowspan="3"| broke || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| brüükst || brüekst || bruuk | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| brüükt || brüek || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| bruukt || bruuken || broken || broken || bruukt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''cöüzen'' "to choose" (strong class 2) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| cöüzen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| cöüzend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| icoaren | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| cöüze || rowspan="3"| cöüze || cües || rowspan="3"| coze || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| cijst || cüest || cöüs | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| cijst || cües || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| cöüst || cöüzen || coren || coren || cöüst | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 3===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''healpen'' "to help" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| healpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| healpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ihoalpen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| healpe || rowspan="3"| healpe || häälp || rowspan="3"| hoolpe || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| hilpst || häälpst || healp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| hilpt || häälp || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| healpt || healpen || hoolpen || hoolpen || healpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''wöarpen'' "to throw" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| wöarpen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wöarpend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwoarpen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wöarpe || rowspan="3"| wöarpe || wäärp || rowspan="3"| wrope || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wirpst || wäärpst || wöarp | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wirpt || wäärp || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| wöarpt || wöarpen || woorpen || woorpen || wöarpt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''föchten'' "to fight" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| föchten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| föchtend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ifochten | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| föchte || rowspan="3"| föchte || fächt || rowspan="3"| fächte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| fechtest || fächtest || föcht | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fechtet || fächt || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| föchtet || föchten || fochten || fochten || föchtet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 4===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 5===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
======Class 6===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Class 7===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zeengend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izoongen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zeengt || zaang || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Irregular===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''wezen'' "to be" (strong irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| wezen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wezend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iböün | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| öm || rowspan="3"| böü || wäs || rowspan="3"| wiere || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| ärt || wäst || böü | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| is || wäs || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zind || böün || wieren || wieren || böüt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''doun'' "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| doun | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| dound | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| idoun | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dou || rowspan="3"| dou || döde || rowspan="3"| döde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| deist || dödest || dou | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| deit || döde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| dout || doun || döden || döden || dout | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''guen'' "to go" (strong irregular with weak past) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| guen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| guend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iguen | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| gue || rowspan="3"| gue || öüde || rowspan="3"| öüde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| giest || öüdest || gue | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| giet || öüde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| guet || guen || öüden || öüden || guet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Examples of weak verbs==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''loven'' "to love" (weak regular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| loven | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| lovend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iloovd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| love || rowspan="3"| love || loovde || rowspan="3"| loovde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| loofst || loovdest || loof | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| looft || loovde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| looft || loven || loovden || loovden || looft | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''häbben'' "to have" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| häbben | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| häbbend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ihäd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| häbbe || rowspan="3"| häbbe || hädde || rowspan="3"| hädde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| häst || häddest || hääf | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| hät || hädde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| häbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || häbt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''zecgen'' "to say" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| zecgen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| zecgend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| izaaid | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| zecge || rowspan="3"| zecge || zaaide || rowspan="3"| zaaide || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| zaaist || zaaidest || zaai | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| zaait || zaaide || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| zecget || zecgen || zaaiden || zaaiden || zecget | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''libben'' "to live" (weak irregular) | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| libben | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| libbend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ilivd | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| libbe || rowspan="3"| libbe || livde || rowspan="3"| livde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| lööfst || livdest || lööf | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| lööft || livde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| libt || libben || livden || livden || libt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Examples of preterite-present verbs==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''kunnen'' "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| kunnen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| kunnend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| ikuud | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| kan || rowspan="3"| kunne || kuude || rowspan="3"| kuude || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| kanst || kuudest || kun | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| kan || kuude || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| kunnen || kunnen || kuuden || kuuden || kunt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Conjugated like ''kunnen'' is ''junnen'' "to grant, gift". | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''willen'' "to want; to be going to" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| willen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| willend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwoald | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wil || rowspan="3"| wille || woalde || rowspan="3"| woalde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wilst || woaldest || wil | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wil || woalde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| willen || willen || woalden || woalden || wilt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''scolen'' "to must" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| scolen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| scolend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iscoald | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| scäl || rowspan="3"| scöle || scoalde || rowspan="3"| scoalde || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| scälst || scoaldest || scool | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| scäl || scoalde || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| scolen || scölen || scoalden || scoalden || scoolt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''uegen'' "to be allowed (to)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| uegen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| uegend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| juecht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| ueg || rowspan="3"| uege || uechte || rowspan="3"| uechte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| uegst || uechtest || ueg | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ueg || uechte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| uegen || uegen || uechten || uechten || uegt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''weten'' "to know, to be aware (of)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| weten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| wetend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| iwist | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wuet || rowspan="3"| wete || wiste || rowspan="3"| wiste || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| wuetst || wetest || weet | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wuet || wiste || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| weten || weten || wisten || wisten || wet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''inogen'' "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| inogen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| inogend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| inocht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| inäg || rowspan="3"| inöge || inochte || rowspan="3"| inochte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| inägst || inochtest || inoog | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| inäg || inochte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| inogen || inögen || inochten || inochten || inoogt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''maain'' "to succeed (in)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| maain | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| maaind | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| imecht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| maai || rowspan="3"| maai || mechte || rowspan="3"| mechte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| maaist || mechtest || maai | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| maai || mechte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| maain || maain || mechten || mechten || maait | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''dogen'' "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| dogen | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| dogend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| idocht | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| düeg || rowspan="3"| döge || dochte || rowspan="3"| dochte || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| düegst || dochtest || doog | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| düeg || dochte || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| dogen || dögen || dochten || dochten || doogt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Conjugation of ''mouten'' "to possibly (do), to might" | |||
! colspan="3"| Infinitive | |||
| colspan="3"| mouten | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Present participle | |||
| colspan="3"| moutend | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Past participle | |||
| colspan="3"| imoust | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| mout || rowspan="3"| moute || mouste || rowspan="3"| mouste || | |||
|- | |||
! 2SI | |||
| moutst || moustest || mout | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| mout || mouste || | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| mouten || mouten || mousten || mousten || moutet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Time - '' | ===Time - ''Tijd''=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Seasons - '' | |+ Seasons - ''Due jüertijde'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| spring || | | spring || lengten | ||
|- | |- | ||
| summer || | | summer || zomer | ||
|- | |- | ||
| fall || | | fall || häärvest | ||
|- | |- | ||
| winter || | | winter || weenter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 992: | Line 2,020: | ||
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól | | December || Earjoul/Jerdjól | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Days of the week - '' | |+ Days of the week - ''Due daais of döü weken'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sunday || | | Sunday || ierstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Monday || | | Monday || twuedendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Tuesday || | | Tuesday || driddendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Wednesday || | | Wednesday || vöürdendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Thursday || | | Thursday || vijftendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Friday || | | Friday || zechstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Saturday || | | Saturday || zöavedendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Parts of the day - '' | |+ Parts of the day - ''Due duele of duem daaie'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| day || | | day || daai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dawn || | | dawn || daging | ||
|- | |- | ||
| morning || | | morning || moargen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| noon || | | noon || middaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| afternoon || | | afternoon || äftermiddaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| evening || | | evening || ieven | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dusk || | | dusk || nechting | ||
|- | |- | ||
| night || | | night || necht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| midnight || | | midnight || midnecht | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Units of time - '' | |+ Units of time - ''Uenhuedes of tijde'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| second || | | second || zekoond | ||
|- | |- | ||
| minute || | | minute || minuute | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hour || | | hour || tijm | ||
|- | |- | ||
| day || | | day || daai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| week || | | week || weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
| month || | | month || mound | ||
|- | |- | ||
| season || | | season || jüertijd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| year || | | year || jüer | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Time adverbs - '' | |+ Time adverbs - ''Tijdes bijwoorde'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| now || | | now || nuu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| then || don | | then || don | ||
|- | |- | ||
| recently, a short time ago || | | recently, a short time ago, just || zuenuu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| earlier || | | earlier || räder | ||
|- | |- | ||
| soon, shortly || | | soon, shortly || zoun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| later || | | later || zijd; läter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| always || | | always || zemblen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| often || | | often || often | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sometimes || | | sometimes || wijlen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rarely || | | rarely || zealden | ||
|- | |- | ||
| never || | | never || niever | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ever || | | ever || iever | ||
|- | |- | ||
| still, yet || | | still, yet || jijt | ||
|- | |- | ||
| already || | | already || ier | ||
|- | |- | ||
| today || | | today || toudaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tonight || | | tonight || tounecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yesterday || | | yesterday || jirstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last night || | | last night || jirstennecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tomorrow || | | tomorrow || toumoargen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| before yesterday || | | before yesterday || ierjirstendaai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| two nights ago || | | two nights ago || ierjirstennecht | ||
|- | |- | ||
| after tomorrow || | | after tomorrow || oavermoargen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| this week || | | this week || disse weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last week || | | last week || lätste weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
| next week || | | next week || nichste weke | ||
|- | |- | ||
--> | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Colours - '' | ===Colours - ''Düeges''=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Colours - '' | |+ Colours - ''Due düeges'' | ||
! English !! | ! English !! Voltch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| white || | | white || wijt | ||
|- | |- | ||
| grey || | | grey || grij | ||
|- | |- | ||
| black || | | black || zwäärt | ||
|- | |- | ||
| red || | | red || rüed | ||
|- | |- | ||
| orange || | | orange || orancge | ||
|- | |- | ||
| brown || | | brown || bruun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yellow || | | yellow || jöale | ||
|- | |- | ||
| green || | | green || grein | ||
|- | |- | ||
| blue || | | blue || blöü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| pink || | | pink || rueze | ||
|- | |- | ||
| purple || | | purple || poorper | ||
|- | |- | ||
| golden || | | golden || göölden | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,148: | Line 2,177: | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted<!-->Höm wöardet glöüscippes and touknounesse ijuud-->, and hij scolen... | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev. | '''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev. |
Latest revision as of 10:43, 29 June 2024
Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
Voltch | |
---|---|
voalc | |
Pronunciation | [vo̯aɫtʃ] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Early forms |
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".
Phonology
Orthography
|
|
Alphabet
|
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Historical phonology
Old English | Environment | Voltch | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Vowels | |||
a | lengthened | a (long), aa | |
unstressed | e (schwa) | ||
otherwise | a (short) | ||
ā | everywhere | uo | |
æ, ea | lengthened | ä (long), ää | |
otherwise | ä (short) | ||
ǣ | everywhere | ie | |
e | lengthened | ea | |
unstressed | e (schwa) | ||
otherwise | e (short) | ||
ē | everywhere | ei | |
eo | lengthened | öa | |
otherwise | ö | ||
ēo | everywhere | öü | |
ēa | everywhere | üe | |
i, ie | lengthened | e (long), ee | |
before h + consonant | e (short) | ||
otherwise | i | ||
ī, īe | everywhere | ij | |
o | lengthened | oa | |
unstressed | e (schwa) | ||
otherwise | o (short) | ||
ō | everywhere | ou | |
u | lengthened | o (long), oo | |
otherwise | u | ||
ū | everywhere | uu | |
y | lengthened | ö (long), öö | |
otherwise | ü | ||
ȳ | everywhere | üü | |
Consonants | |||
b | b | ||
c | k | ||
ċ | c | ||
d | d | ||
f | unvoiced | f | |
voiced | v | voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels. | |
g | g, ∅ | ||
ġ | j | ||
h | h, ch | ||
l | l | ||
m | m | ||
n | n | ||
p | p | ||
r | r | ||
s | s, z | ||
t | t | ||
w | w, ∅ |
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Possessive | Reflexive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | ic | mec | mei | mijn | meizealf |
2SI | duu | dec | dei | dijn | deizealf |
3SM | hei | heen | him | his | himzealf |
3SF | höü | höü | heer | heer | heerzealf |
3SN | hit | hit | him | his | himzealf |
1D | wit | oonk | oonk | oonker | oonkzealf |
2D | jit | jeenk | jeenk | jeenker | jeenkzealf |
3D | bein | bein | biem | bier | biemzealf |
1P | wei | uus | uus | uur | uuszealf |
2P/F | jei | jöü | jöü | jöür | jöüzealf |
3P | hij | hij | höm | höar | hömzealf |
Demonstratives and Articles
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | aan | anen | anem | anes |
SF | ane | ane | aner | aner |
SN | aan | aan | anem | anes |
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | naan | nanen | nanem | nanes |
SF | nane | nane | naner | naner |
SN | naan | naan | nanem | nanes |
P | nane | nane | nanem | naner |
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | dei | dään | diem | däs |
SF | döü | döü | dier | dier |
SN | dät | dät | diem | däs |
P | due | due | duem | duer |
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | dis | dissen | dissem | disses |
SF | disse | disse | disser | disser |
SN | dis | dis | dissem | disses |
P | disse | disse | dissem | disser |
Strong declension | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
SM | joan | joanen | joanem | joanes |
SF | joane | joane | joaner | joaner |
SN | joan | joan | joanem | joanes |
P | joane | joane | joanem | joaner |
Weak declension | ||||
SM | joane | joanen | joanen | joanen |
SF | joane | joanen | joanen | joanen |
SN | joane | joane | joanen | joanen |
P | joanen | joanen | joanem | joanen |
Adjectives
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | — | -en | -em | -es |
SF | -e | -e | -er | -er |
SN | — | — | -em | -es |
P | -e | -e | -em | -er |
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SM | -e | -en | -en | -en |
SF | -e | -en | -en | -en |
SN | -e | -e | -en | -en |
P | -en | -en | -em | -en |
Numerals
Number | Cardinal | Ordinal (all wk.) |
---|---|---|
0 | nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) | nuechtede |
1 | uen (str. adj. sg.) | ierste |
2 | twue (str. adj. pl.) | twuede |
3 | dröü (str. adj. pl.) | dridde |
4 | vöür | vöürde |
5 | vijf | vijfte |
6 | zechs | zechste |
7 | zöaven | zöavde |
8 | ächt | ächtede |
9 | nijn | nijde |
10 | tein | töüde |
11 | ellöaven | ellöavde |
12 | twealf | twealfte |
13 | dröütein | dröütöüde |
14 | vöürtein | vöürtöüde |
15 | vijftein | vijftöüde |
16 | zechstein | zechstöüde |
17 | zöaventein | zöaventöüde |
18 | ächtein | ächtöüde |
19 | nijntein | nijntöüde |
20 | tweintij | tweintijde |
30 | drijtij | drijtijde |
40 | vöürtij | vöürtijde |
50 | vijftij | vijftijde |
60 | zechstij | zechstijde |
70 | zöaventij | zöaventijde |
80 | ächtij | ächtijde |
90 | nijntij | nijntijde |
100 | hundred (str. noun n.) | hundredde |
1000 | duuzend (str. noun n.) | duuzende |
Verbs
Examples of strong verbs
Class 1
Infinitive | bijten | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | bijtend | ||||
Past participle | ibeten | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | bijte | bijte | buet | bete | |
2SI | bijtst | buetst | bijt | ||
3S | bijtet | buet | |||
P | bijtet | bijten | beten | beten | bijtet |
Class 2
Infinitive | kröüpen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | kröüpend | ||||
Past participle | ikroapen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | kröüpe | kröüpe | krüep | krope | |
2SI | krijpst | krüepst | kröüp | ||
3S | krijpt | krüep | |||
P | kröüpt | kröüpen | kropen | kropen | kröüpt |
Infinitive | bruuken | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | bruukend | ||||
Past participle | ibroaken | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | bruuke | bruuke | brüek | broke | |
2SI | brüükst | brüekst | bruuk | ||
3S | brüükt | brüek | |||
P | bruukt | bruuken | broken | broken | bruukt |
Infinitive | cöüzen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | cöüzend | ||||
Past participle | icoaren | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | cöüze | cöüze | cües | coze | |
2SI | cijst | cüest | cöüs | ||
3S | cijst | cües | |||
P | cöüst | cöüzen | coren | coren | cöüst |
Class 3
Infinitive | zeengen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zeengend | ||||
Past participle | izoongen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zeenge | zeenge | zaang | zoonge | |
2SI | zeengst | zaangst | zeeng | ||
3S | zeengt | zaang | |||
P | zeengt | zeengen | zoongen | zoongen | zeengt |
Infinitive | healpen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | healpend | ||||
Past participle | ihoalpen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | healpe | healpe | häälp | hoolpe | |
2SI | hilpst | häälpst | healp | ||
3S | hilpt | häälp | |||
P | healpt | healpen | hoolpen | hoolpen | healpt |
Infinitive | wöarpen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | wöarpend | ||||
Past participle | iwoarpen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | wöarpe | wöarpe | wäärp | wrope | |
2SI | wirpst | wäärpst | wöarp | ||
3S | wirpt | wäärp | |||
P | wöarpt | wöarpen | woorpen | woorpen | wöarpt |
Infinitive | föchten | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | föchtend | ||||
Past participle | ifochten | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | föchte | föchte | fächt | fächte | |
2SI | fechtest | fächtest | föcht | ||
3S | fechtet | fächt | |||
P | föchtet | föchten | fochten | fochten | föchtet |
Class 4
Infinitive | zeengen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zeengend | ||||
Past participle | izoongen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zeenge | zeenge | zaang | zoonge | |
2SI | zeengst | zaangst | zeeng | ||
3S | zeengt | zaang | |||
P | zeengt | zeengen | zoongen | zoongen | zeengt |
Class 5
Infinitive | zeengen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zeengend | ||||
Past participle | izoongen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zeenge | zeenge | zaang | zoonge | |
2SI | zeengst | zaangst | zeeng | ||
3S | zeengt | zaang | |||
P | zeengt | zeengen | zoongen | zoongen | zeengt |
=Class 6
Infinitive | zeengen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zeengend | ||||
Past participle | izoongen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zeenge | zeenge | zaang | zoonge | |
2SI | zeengst | zaangst | zeeng | ||
3S | zeengt | zaang | |||
P | zeengt | zeengen | zoongen | zoongen | zeengt |
Class 7
Infinitive | zeengen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zeengend | ||||
Past participle | izoongen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zeenge | zeenge | zaang | zoonge | |
2SI | zeengst | zaangst | zeeng | ||
3S | zeengt | zaang | |||
P | zeengt | zeengen | zoongen | zoongen | zeengt |
Irregular
Infinitive | wezen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | wezend | ||||
Past participle | iböün | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | öm | böü | wäs | wiere | |
2SI | ärt | wäst | böü | ||
3S | is | wäs | |||
P | zind | böün | wieren | wieren | böüt |
Infinitive | doun | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | dound | ||||
Past participle | idoun | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | dou | dou | döde | döde | |
2SI | deist | dödest | dou | ||
3S | deit | döde | |||
P | dout | doun | döden | döden | dout |
Infinitive | guen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | guend | ||||
Past participle | iguen | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | gue | gue | öüde | öüde | |
2SI | giest | öüdest | gue | ||
3S | giet | öüde | |||
P | guet | guen | öüden | öüden | guet |
Examples of weak verbs
Infinitive | loven | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | lovend | ||||
Past participle | iloovd | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | love | love | loovde | loovde | |
2SI | loofst | loovdest | loof | ||
3S | looft | loovde | |||
P | looft | loven | loovden | loovden | looft |
Infinitive | häbben | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | häbbend | ||||
Past participle | ihäd | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | häbbe | häbbe | hädde | hädde | |
2SI | häst | häddest | hääf | ||
3S | hät | hädde | |||
P | häbt | häbben | hädden | hädden | häbt |
Infinitive | zecgen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | zecgend | ||||
Past participle | izaaid | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | zecge | zecge | zaaide | zaaide | |
2SI | zaaist | zaaidest | zaai | ||
3S | zaait | zaaide | |||
P | zecget | zecgen | zaaiden | zaaiden | zecget |
Infinitive | libben | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | libbend | ||||
Past participle | ilivd | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | libbe | libbe | livde | livde | |
2SI | lööfst | livdest | lööf | ||
3S | lööft | livde | |||
P | libt | libben | livden | livden | libt |
Examples of preterite-present verbs
Infinitive | kunnen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | kunnend | ||||
Past participle | ikuud | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | kan | kunne | kuude | kuude | |
2SI | kanst | kuudest | kun | ||
3S | kan | kuude | |||
P | kunnen | kunnen | kuuden | kuuden | kunt |
Conjugated like kunnen is junnen "to grant, gift".
Infinitive | willen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | willend | ||||
Past participle | iwoald | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | wil | wille | woalde | woalde | |
2SI | wilst | woaldest | wil | ||
3S | wil | woalde | |||
P | willen | willen | woalden | woalden | wilt |
Infinitive | scolen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | scolend | ||||
Past participle | iscoald | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | scäl | scöle | scoalde | scoalde | |
2SI | scälst | scoaldest | scool | ||
3S | scäl | scoalde | |||
P | scolen | scölen | scoalden | scoalden | scoolt |
Infinitive | uegen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | uegend | ||||
Past participle | juecht | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | ueg | uege | uechte | uechte | |
2SI | uegst | uechtest | ueg | ||
3S | ueg | uechte | |||
P | uegen | uegen | uechten | uechten | uegt |
Infinitive | weten | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | wetend | ||||
Past participle | iwist | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | wuet | wete | wiste | wiste | |
2SI | wuetst | wetest | weet | ||
3S | wuet | wiste | |||
P | weten | weten | wisten | wisten | wet |
Infinitive | inogen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | inogend | ||||
Past participle | inocht | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | inäg | inöge | inochte | inochte | |
2SI | inägst | inochtest | inoog | ||
3S | inäg | inochte | |||
P | inogen | inögen | inochten | inochten | inoogt |
Infinitive | maain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | maaind | ||||
Past participle | imecht | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | maai | maai | mechte | mechte | |
2SI | maaist | mechtest | maai | ||
3S | maai | mechte | |||
P | maain | maain | mechten | mechten | maait |
Infinitive | dogen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | dogend | ||||
Past participle | idocht | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | düeg | döge | dochte | dochte | |
2SI | düegst | dochtest | doog | ||
3S | düeg | dochte | |||
P | dogen | dögen | dochten | dochten | doogt |
Infinitive | mouten | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | moutend | ||||
Past participle | imoust | ||||
Present | Past | Imperative | |||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive | ||
1S | mout | moute | mouste | mouste | |
2SI | moutst | moustest | mout | ||
3S | mout | mouste | |||
P | mouten | mouten | mousten | mousten | moutet |
Syntax
Vocabulary
Time - Tijd
English | Voltch |
---|---|
spring | lengten |
summer | zomer |
fall | häärvest |
winter | weenter |
English | Voltch |
---|---|
Sunday | ierstendaai |
Monday | twuedendaai |
Tuesday | driddendaai |
Wednesday | vöürdendaai |
Thursday | vijftendaai |
Friday | zechstendaai |
Saturday | zöavedendaai |
English | Voltch |
---|---|
day | daai |
dawn | daging |
morning | moargen |
noon | middaai |
afternoon | äftermiddaai |
evening | ieven |
dusk | nechting |
night | necht |
midnight | midnecht |
English | Voltch |
---|---|
second | zekoond |
minute | minuute |
hour | tijm |
day | daai |
week | weke |
month | mound |
season | jüertijd |
year | jüer |
English | Voltch |
---|---|
now | nuu |
then | don |
recently, a short time ago, just | zuenuu |
earlier | räder |
soon, shortly | zoun |
later | zijd; läter |
always | zemblen |
often | often |
sometimes | wijlen |
rarely | zealden |
never | niever |
ever | iever |
still, yet | jijt |
already | ier |
today | toudaai |
tonight | tounecht |
yesterday | jirstendaai |
last night | jirstennecht |
tomorrow | toumoargen |
before yesterday | ierjirstendaai |
two nights ago | ierjirstennecht |
after tomorrow | oavermoargen |
this week | disse weke |
last week | lätste weke |
next week | nichste weke |
Colours - Düeges
English | Voltch |
---|---|
white | wijt |
grey | grij |
black | zwäärt |
red | rüed |
orange | orancge |
brown | bruun |
yellow | jöale |
green | grein |
blue | blöü |
pink | rueze |
purple | poorper |
golden | göölden |
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...