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| [[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]] | | #redirect [[Quame languages]] |
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ. Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the [[Kammalic languages|Kammalic]] branch is the most innovative. '''m n l r''' could be syllabic.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Coronal
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| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>central</small>
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| ! |<small>lateral</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*m'''
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| | '''*n'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | '''*mʼ''' /mˀ/
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| | '''*nʼ''' /nˀ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*p'''
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| | '''*t'''
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| | '''*k'''
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| | '''*kʷ'''
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| | '''*q'''
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| | '''*qʷ'''
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| | '''*ʔ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*b'''
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| | '''*d'''
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| | '''*g'''
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| | '''*gʷ'''
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| | '''*ɢ'''
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| | '''*ɢʷ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*pʼ'''
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| | '''*tʼ'''
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| | '''*kʼ'''
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| | '''*kʷʼ'''
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| | '''*qʼ'''
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| | '''*qʷʼ'''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | '''*s'''
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| | '''*ł''' /ɬ/
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| | '''*x'''
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| | '''*xʷ'''
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| | '''*x̌''' /χ/
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| | '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
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| | '''*h'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*c''' /ts/
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| | '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*z''' /dz/
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| | '''*λ''' /dɮ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
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| | '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Resonant
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*l'''
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| | '''*y''' /j/
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| | '''*w'''
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | '''*lʼ''' /lˀ/
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| | '''*yʼ''' /jˀ/
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| | '''*wʼ''' /wˀ/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| Unlike many of its descendants, Proto-Pfeuno-K'aitian had a 4-vowel system /i u ə a/ with no vowel length.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''*i'''
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| | '''*u'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''*ə'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''*a'''
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| |}
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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| No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in PQ.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Typology===
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| The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
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| The morphological form of a typical PQ word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
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| ===Nominals===
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| PQ did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
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| *5 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, predicative
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| *2 genders: masculine, feminine
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| *3 numbers: singular, dual, plural
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| Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages) or by suffixes.
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| ====Declension====
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| Masculine sg: nom. ''-0''
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| *-0, -a, -ə, -i, -u, uncommonly -ā, -ī, -ū
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| Feminine sg: nom. ''-x̌''
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| *-ax̌, -əx̌ > -ā
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| *-ix̌, -āx̌ > -ē
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| *-ux̌ > -ō
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| *-īx̌ > -ī
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| *-ūx̌ > -ū
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| *-Cx̌ > -Ca
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| Dual: nom. ''-x̌ur''
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| Plural: ''kawʼqs'' 'raven' > ''kakawʼqs''?
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ''bi-'': transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
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| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
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| *Aspects: present, preterite, stative
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| *Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
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| *Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
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| *Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
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| ====Ablaut grades====
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| *present: a-grade
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| *preterite: i-grade
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| *stative: zero-grade?
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| *verbal noun: u-grade
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| ====TAM affixes====
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
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| *''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Naquian, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
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| *''-eʔ'': stative affix
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| ===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-nʔe''
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| |''-moz''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-toz''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-zʔe''
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| |''''
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| |''-li''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-h''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| ||''-woz''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-z''
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| ||''-toz''
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| |}
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *{{angbr|''l''}} - ???
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| *{{angbr|''r''}} - ???
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| ==Some etymologies==
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| *1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
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| *2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
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| *3: *nazg-
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| *4: *λawpʼ-
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| *5: *calił
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| *6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
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| *7: *yʼəxʷd
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| *8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
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| *9: *pʼagʷz
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| *10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur
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| *step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
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| *stone: *ƛʼecqʷa
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| *water: *yənʼq
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| *day: *m’ul
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| ==Making r's==
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| *Pfeunic: l', s (conditionally), z, n'
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| *Talmic: intervocalic z, ł, n'
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| *Kammalic: y', l', z
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| ==Sample text==
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| On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
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| [[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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