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| [[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]] | | #redirect [[Quame languages]] |
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| The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Ancient Wiebian]], Thensarian, Naquian and Boot Polish.
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| ==Todo==
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| [http://interiorsalish.com/nselxcinresources.html Nsəlxcin Resources]
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| *ablaut patterns
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| **combine with stress shifting rules?
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| *determiner endings
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| *verbs
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| *derivational morphology
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| *idea: tk, tq > sk, sq
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| *there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
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| *''-əlx'' is gibby
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| *''-p'' could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
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| *Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
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| ===Morphemes===
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| *''sta='' = more
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| *''-s'' = verbal noun
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| **Thensarian infinitive ''-s'';
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| **Wiebian verbal noun ''-s''
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| *''-x'' = 2sg imperative
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| *''-aʔ, -ix'' = nominal affixes?
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| **Wiebian ''-e'', ''<sup>U</sup>-e''
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| *''-lx'' = place nouns?
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| **Wiebian ''-er''
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| **Thensarian ''-ly-m''?
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| *''ʔal'' and ''ʔalʼ'' 'at, near' as variants
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| **Wiebian ''er'' 'for' and Thensarian ''ar'' 'and'
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| *''t-'' = (interrogative morpheme)
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| **Wiebian ''das'' words
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| **Thensarian ''tis'' 'who' and ''tas'' 'what'
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| *''kʷ-'' = we, our (inc); emphatic; also 'here' (inc)?
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| **the ''kʷi'' in ''kʷix̌əmʼ''?
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| **Wiebian ''was'' words
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| **Thensarian ''cis'' 'this man' (sounds like Clofab ''cesin''!)
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| *''nikt-s'' = 'thing' (< carry)?
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| **Tíogall ''ní'' 'thing; not' < Thn. ''nīs'' (idem)
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| **Wiebian ''nicht, nichts'' 'indeed'
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| *''kastʼ'' = 'accompany'
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| **Wiebian ''Heste'' 'wife'
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| *''əyn'' = determiner
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| **Wiebian ''ein'' (article)
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| *''hay!'' = vocative
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| **Wiebian ''ei''
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ by Sjawu Panzux, and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.<ref>Panzux, Sj. ''Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham''</ref> Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Coronal
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| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>central</small>
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| ! |<small>lateral</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*m'''
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| | '''*n'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | '''*mʼ''' /mˀ/
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| | '''*nʼ''' /nˀ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*p'''
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| | '''*t'''
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| | '''*k'''
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| | '''*kʷ'''
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| | '''*q'''
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| | '''*qʷ'''
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| | '''*ʔ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*b'''
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| | '''*d'''
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| | '''*g'''
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| | '''*gʷ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*pʼ'''
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| | '''*tʼ'''
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| | '''*kʼ'''
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| | '''*kʷʼ'''
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| | '''*qʼ'''
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| | '''*qʷʼ'''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | '''*s'''
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| | '''*ł''' /ɬ/
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| | '''*x'''
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| | '''*xʷ'''
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| | '''*x̌''' /χ/
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| | '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
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| | '''*h'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*c''' /ts/
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| | '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*z''' /dz/
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| | '''*λ''' /dɮ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
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| | '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Resonant
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*l'''
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| | '''*y''' /j/
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| | '''*w'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | '''*lʼ''' /lˀ/
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| | '''*yʼ''' /jˀ/
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| | '''*wʼ''' /wˀ/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''*i'''
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| | '''*u'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''*ə'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''*a'''
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| |}
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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| Stress was phonemic.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
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| Rules:
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| *When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Typology===
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| The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades.
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| ===Determiners===
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| Should have some syncretism
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| can spam laryngeals and clusters
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| *r < PQ nʼ, wʼ, lʼ, l (+clusters)
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| *m < PQ m, mʼ (+clusters)
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| *n < PQ n (+clusters)
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| *s < PQ tʼ, s, c, cʼ
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| *e < PQ laryngeals, -p, -i
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| *-0 < PQ -0, -p, -a, -ə
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''Ahn'' 'father' - masculine
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| ! Indef. nom.
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| | ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
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| |-
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| ! Def. nom.
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| | ''ein Ahn'' || '' einer Ahn''
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| ! Indef. acc.
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| | ''ein Ahn'' || ''einer Ahn''
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| ! Def. acc.
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| | ''einem Ahn'' || ''eines Ahn''
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| ! Indef. gen.
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| | ''einem Ahn'' || ''eines Ahn''
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| |-
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| ! Def. gen.
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| | ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''Mahl'' 'mother' - feminine
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| ! Indef. nom.
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| | ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
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| ! Def. nom.
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| | ''eine Mahl'' || '' einen Mahl''
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| ! Indef. acc.
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| | ''eine Mahl'' || ''einen Mahl''
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| |-
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| ! Def. acc.
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| | ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
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| |-
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| ! Indef. gen.
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| | ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
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| |-
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| ! Def. gen.
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| | ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
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| |}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''Ŧeib'' 'chalice' - neuter
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| ! Indef. nom.
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| | ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
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| ! Def. nom.
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| | ''einem Ŧeib'' || '' eines Ŧeib''
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| ! Indef. acc.
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| | ''einem Ŧeib'' || ''eines Ŧeib''
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| ! Def. acc.
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| | ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
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| |-
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| ! Indef. gen.
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| | ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
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| |-
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| ! Def. gen.
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| | ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
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| |}
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| ===Nominals===
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| Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages).
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| Plural: ''kawʼqs'' 'raven' > ''kəkáwʼqs''
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ''bi-'': transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
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| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
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| *Aspects: present, preterite, stative
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| *Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
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| *Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
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| *Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
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| ====Ablaut grades====
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| *present: a-grade
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| *preterite: i-grade
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| *stative: zero-grade?
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| *verbal noun: u-grade
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| ====TAM affixes====
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| *''-x'' - 2sg imperative
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| ===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
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| Subject markers:
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| *1sg: -n
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| *2sg: -y'
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| *3sg.m: -m
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| *3sg.f: -c
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| *3sg.n: -0
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| *1pl.ex: -maʔ
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| *2pl: -tkʷ
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| *3pl: -ti
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| Object markers:
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| *1sg: n-
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| *2sg: l'-
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| *3 (animate): b-
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| *3 (neuter): k-
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| *1pl.ex: m-
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| *1pl.in: d-
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| *2pl: c'-
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| ==Some etymologies==
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| *1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
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| **''kʷíx̌əmʼ'' or ''kʷix̌ə́mʼ''?
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| *2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
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| *3: *nazg-
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| *4: *λawpʼ-
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| *5: *calił
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| *6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
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| *7: *nʼəxʷd
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| *8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
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| *9: *pʼalʼgʷ
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| *10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
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| *step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
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| *stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
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| *water: *yənqʷʼ
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| *day: *m’ul
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| ==Sample text==
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| On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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