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| [[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]] | | #redirect [[Quame languages]] |
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| '''Proto-Quihum''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of all [[Quihum languages]]. It's inspired by Salish languages and Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Ancient Wiebian]], [[Thensarian]], and [[Naquian]].
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| ==Todo==
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of scholars. Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Coronal
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| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>central</small>
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| ! |<small>lateral</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''*m'''
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| | '''*n'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*p'''
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| | '''*t'''
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| | '''*k'''
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| | '''*kʷ'''
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| | '''*q'''
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| | '''*qʷ'''
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| | '''*ʔ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*b'''
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| | '''*d'''
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| | '''*g'''
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| | '''*gʷ'''
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*pʼ'''
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| | '''*tʼ'''
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| | '''*kʼ'''
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| | '''*kʷʼ'''
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| | '''*qʼ'''
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| | '''*qʷʼ'''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | '''*s'''
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| | '''*ł''' /ɬ/
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| | '''*š'''
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| | '''*x'''
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| | '''*xʷ'''
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| | '''*x̌''' /χ/
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| | '''*h'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | '''*c''' /ts/
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| | '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''*dᶻ''' /dz/
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| | '''*λ''' /dɮ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
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| | '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
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| ! colspan="2" |Resonant
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| | '''*r'''
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| | '''*l'''
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| | '''*y''' /j/
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| | '''*γ''' /ɣ/
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| | '''*w'''
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| | '''*ʕ'''
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| | '''*ʕʷ'''
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''*i ī'''
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| | '''*u ū'''
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''*ē'''
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| | '''*ə'''
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''*a *ā'''
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| |}
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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| Stress was phonemic.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Rules:
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| *When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Typology===
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| The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
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| Roots:
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| *''ł-x̌ʷ'' = 'be'
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| *''x̌-nʼ'' = 'live'
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| *''k-p'' = 'eat'
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| **''Haft'' < kapdxʷ could mean 'bread'
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| *''ƛ-y'' = 'grab, capture'
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| **Wb. ''Seime'' = hand < ''ŝīmō'' < ''ƛəy-m-aʔ''
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| **Wb. ''Sette'' = property < ''ŝedō'' < ''ƛyədxʷ'' (**ƛy-dxʷ)
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| *''n-kʷ'' = 'up'
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| *''q-x̌'' = 'accompany'
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| Ablaut grades
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| *''a''-grade: present tense
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| *''i''-grade: preterite tense
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| *''ə''-grade: verbal noun
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| *''u''-grade
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| *''∅''-grade: verbal noun; many derived stems
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| **e.g. Wiebian ''mit'' 'if, given that' < ''meiten'' 'give'
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| ===Determiners===
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| The characteristic inflection of determiners could be a relic of an older word order where prepositions were inserted between an adjective and the following noun (cf. ''magnā cum laude'').
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| ===Nominals===
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| Collectives were formed by reduplication (like the plural in Salish languages).
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| Plural: ''káwʼqs'' 'raven' > ''káwʼkəwʼqs'' or ''kəwʼkáwʼqs'' 'ravens, all ravens' (the former is thought to be the older form)
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
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| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
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| *Aspects: present, preterite, stative
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| *Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
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| ====TAM affixes====
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| *''-x'' - 2sg imperative
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| **{{recon|''miydx''}} = 'give!'
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| ===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
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| Subject markers:
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| *1sg: -n
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| *2sg: -y'
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| *3sg.m: -m
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| *3sg.f: -cm
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| *3sg.n: -0
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| *1pl.ex: -məʔ
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| *2pl: -skʷ
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| *3pl: -ƛ
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| Object markers:
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| *1sg: n-
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| *2sg: l'-
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| *3 (animate): b-
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| *3 (neuter): k-
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| *1pl.ex: m-
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| *1pl.in: d-
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| *2pl: c'-
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| ==Some etymologies==
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| *1: *x̌əmʼ; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
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| **''kʷíx̌əmʼ'' or ''kʷix̌ə́mʼ''?
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| *2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
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| *3: *nadᶻg
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| *4: *λawpʼ
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| *5: *calił
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| *6: *sta-x̌əmʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
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| *7: *nʼəxʷd
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| *8: *lx̌ʷdᶻitʼ
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| *9: *pʼalʼgʷ
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| *10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
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| *step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
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| *stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
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| *water: *yənqʷʼ
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| *day: *m’ul
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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