Qazhrian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(36 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{movedon}}
{{list subpages}}


[[Qazhrian/Lexicon]]
Talman Lakovic or isolate with mutations, inspired loosely by Welsh


{{Infobox language
q > l soft mutation
|image =
|imagesize =
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|creator= [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = Qazhrem, kje Lazhrem
|pronunciation= /ˈqaʒɾem/, /ce ˈʟaʒɾem/
|region = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|script=Talmic script for Qazhrian
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Qazhrian''' (/kɑːʒriən/ ''KAHZH-ree-uhn''; natively: ''Qazhrem'' /ˈqaʒɾem/ or  ''kje Lazhrem'' /ce ˈʟaʒɾem/) is a [[Talmic]] language spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Qazhra|Qazhra]] (from Thensarian ''Ȝactrasei''), a [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talman]] country. It is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers after [[Anbirese]], because most Qazhrian speakers reside in Cualuav.
 
Qazhrian is descended from central and southern dialects of [[Thensarian]].
==External history==
This language was originally called Benocian and was Romance- and Ashkenazi Hebrew-inspired, and it had a strong Portuguese flavor - almost a Portuguese gib. So I found it dissatisfying and decided to rework it, basing the aesthetic more on Albanian and Breton. The name "Qazhrian" is the name of one of Praimhín's old sketches.
 
==Ideas==
*Breton-ish but not too gibby. Get more palatal consonants.
*/ts, dz/ from Thensarian /θ ð/
**d and dz both lenite to z
*/q/ lenites intervocallically to /ʟ/; conversely, /ʟ/ > /q/ initially.
*/m/ does NOT lenite.
*''Qe!'' = a greeting
*sC- clusters are retained except sl-, sr- > fl-, fr-
 
==Diachronics==
*i ī u ū e o ē ō a ā e ae ao ei eo iu oe ui > i e ou u ë o ō ē a ō ai au e ou u e
 
==Phonology==
The following describes the prestige dialect spoken in Ħurighen.
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| '''nj''' /ɲ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/, '''c''' /ts/
| '''kj''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/, '''x''' /dz/
| '''gj''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/
| '''c'h''' /x/
| '''ħ''' /χ/
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''zh''' /ʒ/
| '''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''rr''' /r/
|
|
| '''l''' /ɴ̆~ʟ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
 
'''p''' is found in loanwords (e.g. from [[Windermere]]).
 
Auslautverhärtung operates for plosives and is reflected in the orthography: ''aqet'' /ˈaqet/ 'to jump; jump!' vs. ''aqedëv'' /aˈqedəv/ '[X] jumps'.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowels'''
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /y/
| '''ou''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ë''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ē''' /ɛ/
|
| '''ō''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''ai au''' /əi əu/; '''ië uë ouë''' /iə yə uə/ from loans
 
===Stress===
Stress is penultimate in native words, but always ultimate in loans.
 
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
Qazhrian has three types of mutations: soft, nasal, and hard.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Radical''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || q || ħ || b || d || x || z || gj || g
|-
| '''Soft''' || b || f || d || x || s || sh || gj || g || l || ħ || v || zh || z || z || y || gh
|-
| '''Nasal''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || l || ħ || m || n || x || z || nj || ng
|-
| '''Hard''' || p || f || sh || s || c || sh || kj || c'h || ħ || ħ || p || t || c || s || kj || k
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Radical''' || m || n || nj || w || rr || y
|-
| '''Soft''' || m || n || nj || w || r || y
|-
| '''Nasal''' || m || n || nj || w || rr || y
|-
| '''Hard''' || m || n || nj || gw || gr || gj
|}
 
Examples:
 
*The definite article ''kje-S'' triggers soft mutation.
*The relativizer ''re-N'' triggers nasal mutation.
*The complementizer ''yemm-H'' triggers hard mutation.
 
===Nouns===
Qazhrian lost grammatical gender and all nominal inflections except number and construct state.
 
There is no indefinite article. The definite article is ''kje'' (< ''φinom''), and it triggers the soft mutation:
*''tëzh'' /təʒ/ 'a child'; ''kje dëzh'' /ce dəʒ/ 'the child'
*''rronn'' /ron/ 'a man'; ''kje ronn'' /ce ɾon/ 'the man'
*''kavër'' /ˈkavəɾ/ 'a woman'; ''kje gavër'' /ce ˈgavər/ 'the woman'
*''qe'' 'peace' > ''aun kje le'' 'make peace'
 
Construct state is usually formed with ''-ët'' in the singular and ''-ëv'' in the plural:
*''tëzhët kje ronn'' /ˈtəʒət ce ɾon/ 'the man's child'
 
Plurals are always formed with ''-nj'' for nouns ending in vowels and ''-i'' for nouns ending in consonants.
 
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives lenite after definite nouns:
 
*''rronn garv'' 'a heavy man'; ''kje ronn gharv'' 'the heavy man'
*''kadër kjun xelem'' (flower blue beautiful) 'a beautiful blue flower', ''kje gadër gjun zelem'' 'the beautiful blue flower'
 
===Verbs===
There are finite verbs, but auxiliaries are also important. Most verbs have two principal parts at most.
 
:'''''Aqedëv kje nous mrēsh lel krok kje sauv zrōmëran.'''''
:/aˈqedəv ce nus mɾɛʃ ʟeʟ kɾok ce səuv zɾɔˈməɾan/
:jump-3P.NARR the fox brown quick over the dog lazy
:''The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.''
 
:'''''Rëv stiëvi bēs qōtsav de nec kjouganēr.'''''
:/ɾəv ˈstiəvi bɛs ˈqɔtsav de nets cuˈganɛɾ/
:AUX-3P.PRES idea-PL green color-without at sleep.VN furious-ADV
:''Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.''
 
Conjugation of ''aqet, aqedëv'' 'jump':
 
Infinitive; imperative: ''aqet''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 75px; "|
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st singular
! style="width: 75px; " | 2nd singular
! style="width: 75px; " | 3rd singular
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st plural exc.
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st plural inc.
! style="width: 75px; " | 2nd plural
! style="width: 75px; " | 3rd plural
|-
! style="" | Narrative
| aqedan
| aqeder
| aqedëv
| aqedem
| aqedent
| aqedëg
| aqedëv
|-
! style="" | Past
| aqedezj
| aqedëw
| aqedo
| aqedemër
| aqedentër
| aqedëgër
| aqedo
|-
! style="" | Future
| aqedōn
| aqedōr
| aqedō
| aqedōm
| aqedōnt
| aqedōg
| aqedō
|}
 
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 00:44, 9 August 2022

Pages with the prefix 'Qazhrian' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:

Talman Lakovic or isolate with mutations, inspired loosely by Welsh

q > l soft mutation

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qazhrian&oldid=287963"