Loshi: Difference between revisions
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===Setting=== | ===Setting=== | ||
Loshi (Loshi: | Loshi (Loshi: Lëzi /lɛʃi/) is a Locian language spoken primarily in Loshaithe (Loshi: Lëzéd /lɛˈʃɛːð/), being the official language of the country. It's closest relatives are its sister language Rozian, and its daughter language Irocian. Loshi is spoken by roughly 10-12 million people in Loshaith alone, with another 5 million speakers in its extended territories who use the language for business and commerce. | ||
===Typology=== | ===Typology=== | ||
Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. ( | Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (''okán'' "egg" is animate, but ''níoki'' "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: ''äk'' can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, and | Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian. | ||
====Alphabet==== | ====Alphabet==== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Letter !! Name | ! Letter !! Name !! IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a || Ani | | a || Ani || [ɐ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | á || Á || [ɑː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | b || Bani || [pˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | g || Gani || [kˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | d || Däni || [tˀ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | e || Eni || [e] | ||
|- | |||
| é || É || [ɛː] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | i || Ini || [i] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | í || Í || [iː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | k || Kani || [k] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | l || Laz || [ɫ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | n || Ná || [n] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | m ||Má || [m] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | o || Oni || [ɔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | p || Pá || [p] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | s || Sani || [s] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | t || Tá || [t] | ||
|- | |||
| u || U || [uː] | |||
|- | |||
| z ||Zani || [ʃ] | |||
|- | |||
| ä || Äni || [ɛ] | |||
|- | |||
| ë || Ëni || [ɛ] | |||
|} | |} | ||
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1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ]. | 1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ]. | ||
*: | *: '''kunkuz''' /kunkuʃ/ = [kuŋkuʃ] | ||
*: | *: '''ztunk''' /ʃtunx/ = [ʃtuŋx] | ||
*: | *: '''bangod''' /pˀankˀɔd/ = [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð] | ||
*: | *: '''ljäsáng''' /ʎɛˈsɑːnkˀ/ = [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ] | ||
2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː]. | 2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː]. | ||
*: | *:'''nikutlëz''' /niˈkutlɛʃ/ = [ɲiˈkutlɛʃ] | ||
*: | *: '''mínot''' /ˈmiːnɔt/ = [ˈmiːmɔθ] | ||
3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively. | 3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively. | ||
*: '' | *: '''loknag''' /lɔknakˀ/ [ɫɔx.nɐɣ] | ||
*: '' | *: '''mip''' /mip/ = [miɸ] | ||
*: '' | *: '''ztát''' /ʃtɑːt/ = [ʃtɑːθ] | ||
*: '' | *: '''äkid''' /ɛkitˀ/ = [ɛkið] | ||
*: '' | *: '''lokáb''' /lɔkɑːpˀ/ = [ɫɔˈkɑːβ] | ||
4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively. | 4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively. | ||
*: '' | *: '''egig''' /ekˀikˀ/ = [ekˀiʝ] | ||
*: '''tatik''' /tɐtik/ = [tɐtiç] | |||
5. /s/ is realized as [f] before [ɔ u] | |||
*: '' | *: '''subu''' /supˀu/ = [fupˀu] | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Latest revision as of 03:39, 4 September 2019
Introduction
Setting
Loshi (Loshi: Lëzi /lɛʃi/) is a Locian language spoken primarily in Loshaithe (Loshi: Lëzéd /lɛˈʃɛːð/), being the official language of the country. It's closest relatives are its sister language Rozian, and its daughter language Irocian. Loshi is spoken by roughly 10-12 million people in Loshaith alone, with another 5 million speakers in its extended territories who use the language for business and commerce.
Typology
Loshi is a primarily agglutinative language with some synthetic tendencies. Nouns decline for 11 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Possessive, Instrumental), 3 numbers (Singular, Dual, and Plural), and can be either animate or inanimate. Animacy is primarily semantically based, however the semantic reasoning is not always intuitive to L2 speakers. (okán "egg" is animate, but níoki "claw" is inanimate), and it can be used to distinguish meaning: äk can mean either "human, person, individual", or "body, corpse, cadaver" depending on whether it is declined as animate or inanimate. Verbs decline for aspect, mood, person, number, and animacy. Morphologically verbs behave in a very agglutinative fashion, with each category pairing with a single morpheme.
Phonology
Orthography
Loshi uses a variant of the Latin Alphabet, standardized with inspirations from German and Hungarian.
Alphabet
| Letter | Name | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a | Ani | [ɐ] |
| á | Á | [ɑː] |
| b | Bani | [pˀ] |
| g | Gani | [kˀ] |
| d | Däni | [tˀ] |
| e | Eni | [e] |
| é | É | [ɛː] |
| i | Ini | [i] |
| í | Í | [iː] |
| k | Kani | [k] |
| l | Laz | [ɫ] |
| n | Ná | [n] |
| m | Má | [m] |
| o | Oni | [ɔ] |
| p | Pá | [p] |
| s | Sani | [s] |
| t | Tá | [t] |
| u | U | [uː] |
| z | Zani | [ʃ] |
| ä | Äni | [ɛ] |
| ë | Ëni | [ɛ] |
Consonants
| Categories | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | |||
| Stop | /p /pˀ/ | /t/ /tˀ/ | /k/ /kˀ/ | |||
| Fricative | [f] [v] | [θ] [ð] | /s/ | /ʃ/ | [ç] [ʝ] | /x/ [ɣ] |
| Lateral | /l/ | /ʎ/ |
Allophony
1. /n/ is realized as [ŋ] before /k/ or /x/ and [ŋˀ] before /kˀ/, but [ŋ] before [ɣ].
- kunkuz /kunkuʃ/ = [kuŋkuʃ]
- ztunk /ʃtunx/ = [ʃtuŋx]
- bangod /pˀankˀɔd/ = [pˀɐŋˀkˀɔð]
- ljäsáng /ʎɛˈsɑːnkˀ/ = [ʎɛˈsɑːŋɣ]
2. /n/ is realized as [m] before [ɔ uː p ɸ] and as [ɲ] before [i iː].
- nikutlëz /niˈkutlɛʃ/ = [ɲiˈkutlɛʃ]
- mínot /ˈmiːnɔt/ = [ˈmiːmɔθ]
3. /p t k pˀ tˀ kˀ/ in coda position are realized as [ɸ θ x β ð ɣ], respectively.
- loknag /lɔknakˀ/ [ɫɔx.nɐɣ]
- mip /mip/ = [miɸ]
- ztát /ʃtɑːt/ = [ʃtɑːθ]
- äkid /ɛkitˀ/ = [ɛkið]
- lokáb /lɔkɑːpˀ/ = [ɫɔˈkɑːβ]
4. Following /i iː/, /k kˀ/ are realized as [ç ʝ], respectively.
- egig /ekˀikˀ/ = [ekˀiʝ]
- tatik /tɐtik/ = [tɐtiç]
5. /s/ is realized as [f] before [ɔ u]
- subu /supˀu/ = [fupˀu]