Scellan: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist|Thematic word lists]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist|Thematic word lists]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Phrasebook|Phrasebook]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Phrasebook|Phrasebook]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sketchbook|Sketchbook]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Sketchbook|Sketchbook]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sample sentences|218 sample sentences]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Periodic table|Periodic table]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Fia dlog dy Sgewlib (This page in Scellan)]]
[[Skellan/Skellan|Fia sfir dy Sgewlib (This page in Skellan)]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''a brits Eevo''
|nativename = að Eevo, a łynǿñ Eevo
|pronunciation=/ə ˈprits ˈɛivɔ/
|pronunciation={{small|Fyxoomian:}} piˈrits ˈaivɔ/<br/>{{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈə pɪˈrɪts ˈevɔ/
|region = Talma
|speakers=400 million
|date=13b0dd
|region = [[Talma]]
|familycolor=PfK
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Quame]]
|fam1= [[Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]  
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam3= Tigolic
|fam4= Tigolic
|fam4= Central Tigolic
|iso3=qee
|iso3=qee
|script=???
|script=Talmic script
|nation=Skella, Fyxoom, ...
|nation=Scella, Fyxoom, ...
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Skellan''' /skɛlən/ ''SKEL-ən'' (''Sgewlib'' /ˈskɛ̃ʟip/), in-universe often called '''Eevo''' /ˈeɪvoʊ/ ''AY-voh'' (natively /ˈɛivɔ/; from [[Tigol]] ''é-'' 'common' + ''bó'' 'language'), is a [[Talmic language]] belonging to the Tigolic branch. Skellan is modern [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]'s lingua franca, the third-most spoken language (after [[Hetmic]] and [[Sjowaázh]]) and the most spoken Quame language.
'''Scellan''' ''SKEL-ən'' (natively ''Sgewlib'' {{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈskœ̃ˁʟip/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈskɛːʟip/, [[Naeng]]: ''brits Scela''), in-universe often called '''Eevo''' ''AY-voh'' ({{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈaivɔ/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈevɔ/; from [[Tigol]] ''é-'' 'common' + ''bó'' 'language'), is a [[Talmic language]] belonging to the Tigolic branch. Scellan is modern [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]'s lingua franca, the third-most widely spoken language (after [[Hetomic]] and [[Clofabosin]]) and the most widely spoken Quame language. Its vocabulary has been influenced by many languages, most of all by [[Lakovic]] classical languages [[Naeng]] and [[Tseer]]. Typologically, Scellan is a mostly analytic, topic-prominent, head-initial, usually V2 language.


The beginning of the modern Skellan language, dated to ca. fT 1150dd (fT 1932), is often credited to the Skellan philosopher and poet Oovsari Vyhalv, who wrote his works in the new phonetic, Windermere-based orthography. Skellan lexicon has been heavily influenced by [[Windermere]] and [[Tseezh]]. The name ''Eevo'' refers to the fact that it had its origins as a Skellan koiné. Modern Skellan has been a living language for about 360 years, approximately 1932-2292 (1150dd-13b0dd). Typologically, Skellan is a mostly analytic, topic-prominent, head-initial, usually V2 language.
The genesis of the modern Scellan language, dated to ca. fT 1792, is often credited to the Scellan philosopher and poet Oovsari Vyhalv. Scellan constituted a rejection of Mărotłism which used [[Tigol]] as a liturgical language; it prefers to cognatize Tigol words rather than borrowing them directly. The name ''Eevo'' refers to its origins as a Scellan koiné. Modern Scellan has been a living language for about 500 years, approximately fT 1792-2292.


Skellan is official in the Talman nation of [[Verse:Tricin/Skella|Skella]] (''Sgewla'') /ˈskɛ̃ʟə/ ''SKELL-uh''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] [fəˈʃoʊm] ''fuh-SHOME'', and many other countries. In real life, it is one of the official languages of the Facebook group The Pitcairns, Also Bhutan, And Also Possibly Tannara Mòr.
Scellan is official in the [[Talma]]n nation of [[Verse:Hmøøh/Scella|Scella]] (''Sgewla'') ''SKEL-ə''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] ''fə-SHOME'', [[Verse:Hmøøh/Þrwhas|Þrwhas]] ''THROO-həs'', and many other countries.
 
Scellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise; the word for 'people, folk' is ''hmoob'', in fact), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Scottish Gaelic.
 
{{Eevo sidebar}}


Skellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise), English (especially Philadelphian English), Khmer, and Gaelic.
==Todo==
==Todo==
*Content-word-last word order (so possessive pronouns should be preposed)
* discourse particles (inspired by German and Korean); syntax similar to German
*Goal: Duolingo courses
* sR > hR (merging with fortis resonants)
Talmic vocab needs more b's and Cr-s
* good construction for future ipfv?
*Goal: Memrise courses
*"Reason, Compassion and Action"
*"Reason, Compassion and Action"
**Symbolized by Borromean rings?
**Symbolized by Borromean rings?
Line 43: Line 50:
*suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
*suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
**metals: -cis
**metals: -cis
*sgv/plv/col can be a feature of modern talma but not ancient talma
*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
*OEe sngl-, sngr- > sml-, smr-


*The "21 accents" of Skellan
*The "21 accents" of Scellan
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English
*Vowel changes before /χ/
*Vowel changes before /χ/
*Skellan word from a cognate of ''cathair'' 'flower' (can't use ''caþr'' because of th-fronting)
*positive anymore
*positive anymore
*HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns.
*HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns.
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*https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-vocabulary/top-1000-words/
*https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-vocabulary/top-1000-words/
*against, de-/dis-/un-
*against, de-/dis-/un-
*Merge postvocalic ''ŋ'' and postvocalic ''l''?
*Merge postvocalic ''ñ'' and postvocalic ''l''?
**No, but use llt > lt and make ''-l'' more common in Windermere
**No, but use llt > lt and make ''-l'' more common in Naeng
*oo/øø merger? They seem to largely be in complementary distribution except in open syllables.
*Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average
*Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average
*more nouns with -i
*more nouns with -i


''vee'', ''cyvah'', ''çeedi'', ''døll'', ''taiðl'', ''sdeŋg''/''sdehŋ'', ''sawvn'', ''melli'', ''dysið'', ''feeþl'', ''seehi'', ''çewv''
''vee'', ''cyvah'', ''çeedi'', ''døll'', ''sdeñg''/''sdehñ'', ''sawvn'', ''melli'', ''dysið'', ''feeþl'', ''seehi'', ''eela''


#''Ar ugairedh Jisráér gil Éigipt, suaradh Jalgóbh gil badhnedh gáth shlodhán;''
*replace Clofabic words with Tseer words
#''saedhaín Jaħúdhá le áthradh ú, Jisráér le fúichnedh ú.''
*ñ is pronounced the same as l, unless ñ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable
#''Ésrín ron fón minn, ag amaltín hú; fulmáín an Jardén ar blíon.''
**hñ is pronounced like ll in similar circumstances
#''Bídín na scaimhthe madh zsíograin; na glóna iadha, madh mbioltha.''
*Revise classical wdm loans (switch x and z, d ~ ð)
#''Tá naes, ae fón, bhfá n-amaltar? Ae Jardén, bhfá bhfuldar?''
*btw p t k in Wdm minor syllables as by- dy- gy- might be better
#''Ae scaimhthe, bhfá mbídes madh zsíograin; ae ghlóna iadha, madh mbioltha?''
#''Bróg ŋal an Mannar, ae luabh, ŋal Caemadh Jalgóbh,''
#''Ri bhforsaedhaín rú an óc le pasc, an ŋgorda le sálanadh eanŋ.''


*replace Clofabic words with Tseezh words
ceev (cébh or ceaf?), ainið, brawþ, heeg (séag)
*ŋ is pronounced the same as l, unless ŋ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable
**hŋ is pronounced like ll in similar circumstances
*Revise classical wdm loans (switch x and z, d ~ ð)


==TODO words==
==TODO words==
<!-- BLACKLIST: reeb/reep, fyg/fyc, xit/xid/zid/zit, cynd/cynt, harvi, yrma/irma -->
<!-- BLACKLIST: reeb/reep, fyg/fyc, xit/xid, cynd/cynt, harvi, yrma/irma -->
*Some way to say 'the X associated with each' or 'their respective X'
*to remain
*"to take"


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
===Phonological history===
===Phonological history===
*Voicing becomes aspiration.
*Voicing becomes aspiration.
*a > a
*a > a (CWdm ''aa'' often becomes ''ø'')
*á > aw
*á > aw
*ae, ái > ai
*ae, ái > ai
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**-ng > -m too
**-ng > -m too
*''aw'' > ''o'' in unstressed syllables or before clusters
*''aw'' > ''o'' in unstressed syllables or before clusters
*''Vġ'' > ''V''; ''ġ'' > ''j'' or ''i'' otherwise


===Grammatical history===
===Grammatical history===
Many of the most drastic changes from Old Skellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.
Many of the most drastic changes from Old Scellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.
*[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
*[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
*Loss of grammatical gender
*Loss of grammatical gender
*A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
*A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
*Old Skellan mutations were lost under the influence of Windermere.
*Old Scellan mutations were lost under the influence of Naeng.
*Development of split ergativity.
*Development of split ergativity.
*Development of topic-comment syntax, as in [[Snachian]].
*Development of topic-comment syntax.
*Smoothing of certain consonant clusters (e.g. -mn > -m, sŋl- > sml-)
*Smoothing of certain consonant clusters (e.g. -mn > -m, sñl- > hml-)


==Background==
==Background==
:''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Thensarian]], [[Tigol]], [[Middle Skellan]]''
:''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Tigol]], [[Scellan/Middle]]''


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Consonants===
===Consonants (''mosylisír'')===
Skellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 26 consonants.
Scellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial<br/><small>''mofysíñ''</small> !! Dental/Alveolar<br/><small>''mosybías''</small> !! Palatal<br/><small>''mojycléh''</small> !! Velar<br/><small>''mosgóñ''</small> !! Uvular<br/><small>''moçlyðóo''</small> !! Glottal<br/><small>''motyxág''</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
!colspan="2"|Nasal<br/><small>''mocryí''</small>
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' //
|  
|  
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/  
| '''ñ''' /ŋ/  
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!rowspan="2"|Plosive<br/><small>''bintybtéb''</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''b''' /p/
| '''b''' /p/
| '''d''' /t/
| '''d''' //
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /k/ ||  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /k/ ||  
Line 151: Line 146:
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''t''' //
| '''t''' /t̪ʰ/
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Affricate
!rowspan="2"|Affricate<br/><small>''bintsydá''</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /ts/
|rowspan="2"|'''ts''' /t̪s/
| ('''dzj''' /tʃ˭/)
| || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
 
| '''tx, tsj''' /tʃ/
| '''tx, tsj''' /tʃ/
| || ||  
| || ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Non-sibilant<br/><small>''binþyré''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/  
| '''f''' /f/  
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| || ||
| || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant<br/><small>''binsyréef''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' [ʒ] || ||  ||
| '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || ||  ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Resonant
!rowspan="2"| Resonant<br/><small>''binnydúañ''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
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;Notes
;Notes
*'''ŋ''' is the official transcription for /ŋ/, however '''ņ''' may be used for typing on Android keyboards.
* /t tʰ n ts/ are dental; /s z/ are often dentalized.
*If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/, then after vowels, and never voiced after obstruents.
*If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/. Voicing is less likely after vowels and liquids and never occurs after obstruents.
*Affricates /ts tʃ/ are aspirated but not as strongly as aspirated plosives.
*Aspiration is neutralized in coda; all plosives are unvoiced or all plosives are voiced, depending on the accent.
*Aspiration is neutralized in coda; all plosives are unvoiced or all plosives are voiced, depending on the accent.
*/r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
*/r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
*/ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
*/ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
*The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some conservative dialects.  
*The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some conservative dialects.  
**The reason L is a uvular consonant in most modern Talman languages is that uvular L started to be used in the prestige language [[Windermere]], though [[Qazhrian]] was the first Talman language to develop uvular L.
**Historical L is a uvular consonant in most modern Talman languages.
*/n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
*/n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
*Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ > /h/ after a vowel.
*Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ corresponds to /h/ after a vowel.
*/h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.
*/h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.
*/θ/ is often pronounced as [f] after a stressed vowel.
====/Cj/ sequences====
====/Cj/ sequences====
*/sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Skellan: ''Slysjon'' /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
*/sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Scellan: ''Slysjon'' /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
**In addition, ''zj dzj'' /ʒ dʒ(devoiced)/ is used in loanwords.
**In addition, ''zj dzj'' [ʒ tʃ˭] is used in loanwords.
*/ʟj/ is reduced to /j/ among younger speakers: e.g. ''çaljad'' 'window' /çaʟjət/ is pronounced [çajət], [çaːjət], or [çãjət].
*''lj'' /ʟj/ is viewed as a separate phoneme // by people who analyze nasal vowels as vowel + /ʟ/ and may be pronounced [ɲ] by some speakers.
 
===Vowels (''motryłáj'')===
todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/?


===Vowels===
The vowel inventory of Scellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Scellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents such as Standard Fyxoomian; these vowels are written with ''l'' or ''ñ'' in the Scellan orthography).
The vowel inventory of Skellan is also fairly large. Skellan also has diphthongs, and nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents; these vowels are written ''l'' or ''ŋ'' in the Skellan orthography)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Oral vowels
|+Oral vowels
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i, iaj''' /i/
| '''i, iaj''' /i~əi/
| '''u''' /y/
| '''u''' /y~əy/
|
| '''w''' /u~əu/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ee''' /e~ai/
| '''øø''' /ø~ay/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''w''' /u/
| '''oo''' /o~au/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
Line 243: Line 253:
|-
|-
! style="" |Diphthongs
! style="" |Diphthongs
|colspan="4"| /ai ui au ɛu iu yu ɛi œy ɔu iə yə uə/
|colspan="4"| /ai~oi ui au~ɛu ɛu iu iə yə uə/
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Nasal vowels
|+Nasal vowels
|-
|-
Line 275: Line 285:
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Diaereses can be used on the second member of a vowel cluster to distinguish them from diphthongs.


====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====
The diphthongs are written as follows:
The diphthongs are written as follows:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Phoneme
Line 299: Line 307:
|-
|-
|/iu/
|/iu/
|''iw, ił, iał''
|''iw, ił, iał, uł, uał''
|-
|/yu/
|''uł, uał''
|-
|-
|/ɛɪ/
|/ɛi/
|''ee, ej, eej''
|''ee, ej, eej''
|-
|-
Line 324: Line 329:


====Nasal vowels====
====Nasal vowels====
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized (/ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [ĩˤ ỹˤ ũˤ ẽˤ ø̃ˤ ʌ̃ˤ õˤ ɛ̃ˤ ãˤ ɔ̃ˤ]) or diphthongized (say, /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ ɛ̃ ã/ = [iw̃ yw̃ uɔ̃ ew̃ øw̃ əw̃ ɛw̃ œw̃]). Certain, "non-nasal" accents realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linked" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linked and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. "Non-nasal" accents, such as the Standard (Alcvean) Scellan accent, realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linking" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linking and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].
 
/õ/ may merge with either /ũ/ or /ɔ̃/ depending on the accent.
 
/ə̃/ may be merged with either /ɔ̃/ or /ø̃/ in many accents. In unstressed syllables, /ə̃/ and /ɔ̃/ often merge to [ɔ̃].


This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:
This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Phoneme
Line 337: Line 338:
|-
|-
|/ã/
|/ã/
|''al, ail, , aiŋ''
|''al, ail, , aiñ''
|-
|-
|/ɛ̃/
|/ɛ̃/
|''el, ewl, ''
|''el, ewl, ''
|-
|-
|/ẽ/
|/ẽ/
|''eel, eeŋ''
|''eel, eeñ''
|-
|-
|/ĩ/
|/ĩ/
|''il, ial, iwl, , iaŋ, iwŋ''
|''il, ial, iwl, , iañ, iwñ''
|-
|-
|/ø̃/
|/ø̃/
|''øl, øøl, øŋ, øøŋ''
|''øl, øøl, øñ, øøñ''
|-
|-
|/ỹ/
|/ỹ/
|''ul, ual, , uaŋ''
|''ul, ual, , uañ''
|-
|-
|/ɔ̃/
|/ɔ̃/
|''ol, awl, , awŋ''
|''ol, awl, , awñ''
|-
|-
|/õ/
|/õ/
|''ool, wil, ooŋ, wiŋ''
|''ool, wil, ooñ, wiñ''
|-
|-
|/ũ/
|/ũ/
|''wl, wal, , waŋ''
|''wl, wal, , wañ''
|-
|-
|/ə̃/
|/ə̃/
|''yl, '', syllabic ''l'' or ''ŋ''
|''yl, '', syllabic ''l'' or ''ñ''
|}
|}


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===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Windermere loans have final stress.
Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Naeng loans have final stress.


The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.
The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.


===Intonation===
===Intonation===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in Skella do not use this pattern.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in Scella do not use this pattern.


*The topic noun phrase rises in pitch at the end.
*Topic noun phrases and subordinate clauses start low and gradually rise in pitch.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focused word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focused word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
*/z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
*/z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
*In native (Talmic) words, the non-English initial clusters are hm, hn, , mn, ml, mr, vn, vl, vr, sr, , sgl, sgr, , tl, dl, þŋ, þl, ðl, cn, ŋr, sml, smr, hml, hmr. Many more initial clusters are allowed in Windermere loanwords.
*The allowed initial clusters in native (Talmic) vocabulary are listed by type below (some clusters may be listed more than once):
*Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Germanic or Greek.
**Cl: bl, vl, fl, dl, ðl, tl, þl, gl, cl, ml, sgl, hml
**Cr: br, vr, fr, dr, ðr, tr, þr, gr, cr, mr, ñr, sgr, hmr, hñr
**Cn: vn, tn, þn, gn, cn, hn
**sC: sb, sd, sg, sgl, sgr
**hC: hm, hn, , hml, hmr, hñr
*In Tseer loans, many more initial clusters may be allowed.
*Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Irish or Welsh.
 
===Phoneme frequency===
b d g > p t c; v ð j > þ ç


===Accents===
===Accents===
:''Main article: [[Skellan/Accents]]''
:''Main article: [[Scellan/Accents]]''


===Pronouncing Skellan words in English===
===Pronouncing Scellan words in English===
*An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Skellan clusters that English lacks.
*An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Scellan clusters that English lacks.
*Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
*Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
**/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
**/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
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*/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
*/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
*Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə ɔɪ/
*Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə ɔɪ/
*Vowels before r
*Vowels before R and L are as expected
*vowels before l
**Note that ''w'' is ''always'' a vowel!


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
[[File:Scellan script.png|thumbnail|500px|Scellan alphabet]]
Scellan is written in the version of the Talmic alphabet, which is related to the Talman Naeng script. The Scellan alphabet has 30 letters.
Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)
Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)


The letters ''l'' and ''ŋ'' are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables.
The letters ''l'' and ''ñ'' are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables.


The sequences ''çm, çn, çŋ, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, hŋ, ll, rr'' in most modern Skellan dialects, except that ''çm, çn, çŋ, çr'' are [xm, xn, xŋ, xr] in dialects that have [x] for ''ç''.
The sequences ''çm, çn, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, ll, rr'' in most modern Scellan accents, except that ''çm, çn, çr'' are [xm, xn, xr] in accents that have [x] for ''ç''. ''çł'' is also usually pronounced [hw].


In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled ''b d g'', but the future tense suffix is always spelled ''-t''.
In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled ''b d g'', but the future tense suffix is always spelled ''-t''.
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*⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
*⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
*<nowiki>:</nowiki> = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)
*<nowiki>:</nowiki> = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)
*' = used for abbreviations (reflected in our transcription, e.g. ''Sg' '' = M(r)s. from ''Sgwir'')


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Skellan uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:
Scellan uses a base-10 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:
 
ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
 
duodecimal point: :
 
1728's separator: · (optional)


Examples:
ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
decimal point: :


π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ... or ɺ:ıɴħɴɔкħкɺкʋıɴ...
1000's separator: · (optional)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Skellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender and no construct state.
Scellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender, no case, and no number inflection on nouns.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.


Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.
Scellan preserves the [[Tigol]] tense system very well, but most of the forms have been replaced with analytic forms and particles. The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Scellan as well as the regular forms for each in terms of principal parts (PRES = present stem; INF = infinitive; PST = past participle); These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. ''Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree.'' 'I have been eating for three days.'


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Scellan tense system
|-
! |
! |Past
! |Present
! |Future
! |Imperative
|-
! style="" |Imperfective
|past imperfect<br/>''jo PRES''
|present<br/>''PRES''
|future I<br/>''???''
|imperative I<br/>''PRES (im)!''
|-
! style="" |Perfective
| simple past<br/>''PST'' (regularly ''PRES-in'')
| ''-''
| future II<br/>''PRES-t''
| imperative II<br/>''PRES-t (im)!''
|-
! style="" |Progressive
| past progressive<br/>''fað dy INF, fady INF''
| present progressive<br/>''dy INF''
| future progressive<br/>''fahd ___ dy INF''
| imperative progressive<br/>''fahd dy INF, fahdy INF!''
|-
! style="" |Perfect
| past perfect<br/>''fað tynd VN, fand VN''
| present perfect<br/>''tynd VN''
| future perfect<br/>''so fa tynd VN, so fand VN''
| imperative perfect<br/>''fa tynd VN! fand VN!''
|}
====Imperative====
====Imperative====
The imperative is formed with ''im [VERB]'' (from "now VERB"). The ''im'' is not used when the verb is preceded by ''ðelláws'' 'please'.
The imperfective imperative has the same form as the imperfective future. The perfective imperative is simply the bare verb.


Cohortative: ''[VERB] gwm'', ''[VERB] wm'' (from "VERB with us.EXC")
The direct object, if there is one, goes behind the faulty accusative ''ym''.


:'''''Tar gwm helt na llawm rreem.'''''
The cohortative is formed by using the particle ''gw'' after the verb.
 
:'''''Tar gw helt na llawm rreem.'''''
:go COH plant DET.PL seed today
:go COH plant DET.PL seed today
:''Let's go plant the seeds today.''
:''Let's go plant the seeds today.''


====Present====
====Present====
The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwŋ, mol naw tlaw'' means "Teacher, I thank you".
The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw iar'' means "Teacher, I thank you".


This is often replaced by the progressive in casual speech.
Archaic Scellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:


Archaic Skellan (still used in historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!(inanimate)!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (animate)!!you (polite)!!impersonal
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!(inanimate)!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (animate)!!you (polite)!!impersonal
|-
|-
|''-an''||''-ir''||''-ab''||''-e''||''-0''||''-em''||''-ad''||''-ah''||''-að''||''-ah''||''-av''
|''-an''||''-ir''||''-ab''||''-e''||''-0''||''-ev''||''-ad''||''-ag''||''-að''||''-ag''||''-av''
|}
|}


====Conditional====
====Conditional====
The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old Skellan past subjunctive.
The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old Scellan past subjunctive.
 
The conditional must be used when using the word ''matósg'' 'almost' in the past tense.


====Imperfect====
====Imperfect====
The imperfect uses the particle ''go''.
The imperfect uses the particle ''jo''.
 
====Progressive/Stative====
====Progressive/Stative====
To form the progressive, the particle ''dy'' is used before the verb.  
To form the progressive, the particle ''dy'' is used before the verb.  


Verbs referring to emotional states also use the progressive. For example, ''Dy ell naw'r'' means "I love you."
Unlike in English, verbs referring to emotional states also use the progressive in the present tense. For example, ''Dy ell naw'r'' means "I love you," and ''Dy faiðin naw cwig tyn tamranáls ny coo.'' 'I am happy because my son has graduated.'


====Preterite====
====Preterite====
The preterite uses the ergative particle ''w''. This particle is conflated with ''ry'' in some nonstandard dialects, which often use ergative syntax in all tenses.
The preterite is used to describe completed actions. It used to be ergative in Middle Eevo, but since lost its ergativity.
*''Iantin naw.'' = I slept.
*''Iantin naw.'' = I slept.
*''Vesin w naw na ahdyn.'' = I painted the pictures.
*''Vesin naw na ahdyn.'' = I painted the pictures.


====Perfect====
====Perfect====
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The perfect is being used more and more commonly for any past event, especially in Fyxoomian Eevo.
The perfect is being used more and more commonly for any past event, especially in Fyxoomian Eevo.


Example: ''Tynd iant naw sdawb pug.'' = I have slept for 6 [Trician] hours. (sdawb pug = 6 hours continuously?)
Example: ''Tynd iant naw sdawb pug.'' = I have slept for 6 [Hmøøhian] hours. (sdawb pug = 6 hours continuously?)
=====Syntax=====
=====Syntax=====
Perfect: ''tynd VERB SUBJECT''
Perfect: ''tynd VERB SUBJECT''
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Perfect progressive: ''tynd fa dy VERB SUBJECT''
Perfect progressive: ''tynd fa dy VERB SUBJECT''


Pluperfect: ''go tynd VERB SUBJECT''
Pluperfect: ''jo tynd VERB SUBJECT''


====Future imperfective====
====Future imperfective====
The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old Skellan. It is used for:
The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old Scellan. It is used for:


* events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
* events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
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====Future perfective====
====Future perfective====
The future perfective tense is formed with ''hly'' + VERB. It is used for:
The future perfective tense is formed with ''so'' + VERB. It is used for:
*a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
*a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
*future events with a known definite time point
*future events with a known definite time point
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====Jussive====
====Jussive====
The jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix ''-or''. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.
Normally the jussive is formed by using the complementizer ''emb'' before the clause:
 
:'''''Ir le tic jyvad llyn! Emb asgarni ir dia jovi!'''''
:2SG be how_much hate DAT.1SG COMP die_of_thirst 2SG in-SPEC desert
:''I hate you so much! I hope you die of thirst in the desert!''
 
The morphological jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix ''-or''. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.


:'''''cehnor dy car'''''
:'''''cehnor dy car'''''
:''if one wishes'' (fixed expression)
:''if one wishes'' (fixed expression)


:'''''Fohor a cliam slahah , coþ...'''''
:'''''n forr e dyb cliam slahah, coþ n dyb cliam xlor.'''''
:be-JUSS number counting [variable], then
:n be.JUSS it is_a number counting, then n is_a number real
:''Let ''n'' be/If ''n'' is a natural number, then...''
:''Let ''n'' be a natural number. Then n is a real number.''


===Copula===
===Copula===
The copula is the most irregular verb in Skellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used.
The copula is the most irregular verb in Scellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used.
 
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Skellan uses a collective-singulative-plurative system. Number is marked with determiners, not by affixes:
Scellan nouns do not inflect, even for number. For specific nouns, number is marked using articles and combined forms of determiners and possessive pronouns.


*''a(ð)'' for singulative
===Pronouns===
*''na'' for plurative
The direct pronouns are used as pronominal topics, subject markers and objects.
*''bo'' for collective
 
When no determiner is used, it signifies collective by default.
 
Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). The collective of an abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstraction. For example, the collective ''bo fosgu'' means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative ''a fosgu'' means 'a valiant deed'; the plurative ''na fosgu'' means 'valiant deeds'.
 
Collective nouns are referred to with plural pronouns.


===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|
!colspan=2|
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!impersonal
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!impersonal
|-
|-
!|Direct
!rowspan=2|Direct
|''naw, no''||''(h)iar, jar, 'r''||''(h)ab''||''(h)ee''||''(h)e''||''awb''||''gwad''||''swad''||''(h)awr''||''car''
!|neutral
|''naw, no''||''iar, ir, 'r''||''ob, o''||''ee''||''ñe, e''||''awv''||''gwad''||''swad''||''awr''||''car''
|-
!|emphatic
|''nawña''||''iarña''||''obña''||''eeña''||''ñeña''||''awvña''||''gwadña''||''swadña''||''awrña''||''-''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!rowspan=2|Possessive
|''ryn''||''res''||''reb''||''ree''||''ryŋ''||''rib''||''reg''||''red''||''rer''||''ry çar''
!|sg.
|''cy''||''ho''||''''||''ih''||''''||''ob''||''of''||''os''||''id''
|rowspan=2|''...ry car''
|-
|-
!|Genitive (emphatic)
!|pl.
|''rynda''||''resda''||''rebda''||''reeda''||''ryŋda''||''ribda''||''refda''||''rehda''||''reða''||''ry bewmav''
|''cyn''||''hon''||''in''||''in''||''in''||''om''||''onf''||''ons''||''ind''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!rowspan=2|Dative
|''llyn''||''lles''||''lleb''||''llee''||''llyŋ''||''llib''||''lleg''||''lled''||''ller''||''lly çar''
!|neutral
|''llyn''||''lles''||''lleb''||''llee''||''llyñ''||''lliv''||''lleg''||''lled''||''ller''||''lly çar''
|-
!|emphatic
|''llynña''||''llesña''||''llebña''||''lleeña''||''llyña''||''llivña''||''llegña''||''lledña''||''llerña''||''-''
|}
|}


The forms ''no'' and ''ir'', '' 'r'' are casual forms.
*The forms ''no'' and ''ir'' are casual forms used in some dialects.
*''iar'' is commonly pronounced ''jyr''.
*'''r'' is commonly used after a vowel.
*''øø(ña)'' with inflected forms ''øð, lløø(ña)'' is by far the usual gender-neutral neopronoun.


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
Skellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:
Scellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:
# near me, but not near you
# near me, but not near you
# near us (inclusive)
# near us (inclusive)
# near you, but not near me
# near you, but not near me
# distal: far from both you and me
# distal: far from both you and me
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! width="10%"|
! width="10%"|
! width="11%"|Near 1
! width="11%"|Near 1
Line 583: Line 637:
|''fi''
|''fi''
|''ce''
|''ce''
|''ŋe''
|''ñe''
|''ti'' (preposed)
|''ti'' (preposed)
|''-''
|''-''
|''baw'' (preposed)
|''baw'' (preposed)
|
|''am lleh''
|''zens'' (preposed)
|''zens'' (preposed)
|-
|-
Line 594: Line 648:
|''fes''
|''fes''
|''ces''
|''ces''
|''ŋes''
|''ñes''
|''taw''
|''taw''
|''twm satn''
|''twm satn''
|
|
|
|''satn leh''
|''zens satn''
|''zens satn''
|-
|-
Line 605: Line 659:
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|  
|''-''
|''tua''  
|''tua''  
|''twm lias''
|''twm lias''
|''-''
|''por''
|''-''
|''am lleh''
|''niltua''
|''am lieh''
|-
|-
!Place
!Place
Line 616: Line 670:
|''enah''
|''enah''
|''cah''
|''cah''
|''ŋah''
|''ñah''
|''þlawd''
|''þlawd''
|
|
|
|''arjavo''
|
|''lawd leh''
|''nillawd''
|''nillawd''
|-
|-
!Source
!Source
|  
|''mylli''
|
|''enylli''
|
|''cylli''
|
|''ñylli''
|
|''tylli''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''ylli leh''
|''nilli''
|-
|-
!Destination
!Destination
Line 638: Line 692:
|''enahd''
|''enahd''
|''cahd''
|''cahd''
|''ŋahd''
|''ñahd''
|''tahd''
|''tahd''
|
|
|
|
|
|''lly lawd leh''
|''niltahd''
|''niltahd''
|-
|-
!Time
!Time
|colspan="2"|''sada''
|colspan="2"|''sada''
|colspan="2"|''ŋyv''
|colspan="2"|''ñyv''
|''ihd''
|''ihd''
|''fuat''
|''fuat''
|''botín''
|''botín''
|
|''roc leh''
|''niltin''
|''niltin''
|-
|-
Line 658: Line 712:
|''siar''
|''siar''
|''ciar''
|''ciar''
|''ŋiar''
|''ñiar''
|''tiar''
|''tiar''
|
|
|
|
|
|''darð leh''
|''niltiar''
|''niltiar''
|-
|-
!Quantity
!Quantity
|
|''medac''
|
|''fedac''
|  
|''cedac''
|
|''ñadac''
|''tic'' (how many); ''ticar'' (how many-th)
|''tic'' (how many); ''ticar'' (how many-th)
|
|
|
|
|
|''urus leh''
|
|
|-
|-
!Reason
!Reason
|
|
|''cwig''
|
|
|
|
|
|''tols''
|''tin''
|
|
|
|
|
|''dwihnin leh''
|
|
|}
|}
====Demonstratives with number====
====Demonstratives with number====
The demonstrative adjectives ''mi, fi, ce, ŋe'' combine with number markers ''a/að, na'' as follows:
The demonstrative adjectives ''mi, fi, ce, ñe'' combine with number markers ''a/að, na'' as follows:
*''mia/mið, min''
 
*''fia/fið, fin''
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
*''cee/ceð, cin''
|-
*''ŋee/ŋeð, ŋin''
!|
!sg.!!pl.
|-
!|''mi''
|''mið/mia''||''min''
|-
!|''fi''
|''fið/fia''||''fin''
|-
!|''ce''
|''cee/ceð''||''cen''
|-
!|''ñe''
|''ñee/ñeð''||''ñen''
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding ''dy'' before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.
Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding ''dy'' before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.
====Degree====
====Degree====
Eevo has lost the Tigol reduplicated comparative and ''-us'' superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language.
Unlike other Talmic languages, Eevo has lost the Tigol comparative and superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language.
*''føs X'' = comparative
*''frøs X'' = comparative (from Tigol ''for·ois'' 'to go over')
*''nuab X'' = superlative
*''snuab X'' = superlative (from Classical Wdm. superlative ''snüüp'')
*''llaw X'' = very
*''llaw X'' = very
*''jal X'' = too X
*''jal X'' = too X
*''X-vor'' = suffective ('X enough')


A few adjectives have suppletive comparative and superlative forms:
A few adjectives have suppletive comparative, superlative and suffective forms:
*''slawb'' 'good': ''cøll'' 'better', ''cøllws'' 'best'
*''slawb'' 'good': ''cølly'' 'better', ''cøllws'' 'best', ''cnawr'' 'good enough'
*''orð'' 'big': ''diwma'' 'bigger', ''diwmws'' 'biggest'
*''orð'' 'big': ''jwm'' 'bigger', ''jwmt'' 'biggest'
*''ŋelan'' 'far': ''yŋí'' 'farther', ''yŋíws'' or ''nuab yŋí'' 'farthest' (from [[Windermere]] ''ăngi'' 'to surpass')
*''dum'' 'far': ''ytñí'' 'farther', ''ytñít'' or ''snuab ytñí'' 'farthest' (from [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]] ''ătngi'' 'having surpassed, farther')
*''øør'' 'many': ''ram'' 'more', ''ramt'' 'most'
*''ñawð'' 'few': ''broost'' 'less', ''broosws'' 'least'


====Construct adjectives====
'Than' is translated as ''raw''.
An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing ''-að''. Construct adjectives are chiefly used in literary Skellan; it also survives in some fixed expressions and prepositions. For example, ''deljað'' is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').


Construct adjectives are also used in constructions like ''noosað ers'' 'easy to learn'.
====Construct state====
An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing ''-að''. Construct adjectives are mainly used in constructions like ''hnoosað ers'' 'easy to learn', and ''lloosað fiah'' 'red-eyed'. In addition they survive in some fixed expressions and prepositions.
*''deljað'' is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').
*''gruað'' means "devoid of, lacking"
*''segað'' means "free of"
 
=== Discourse particles ===
 
==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[Scellan/Syntax]]''
 
==Vocabulary==
Scellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Scellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from [[Naeng]], [[Tseer]], or other languages (especially [[Naquian]], [[Swuntsim]], [[Ciètian]], [[Anbirese]],  [[Häskä]], [[Nurian]], [[Netagin]]). This gives Scellan a rich array of synonyms.
===Layers===
* Core Skellic + dialectal doublets
* Classical and Middle Naeng loans
* Classical Tseer loans
* Naquic loans (from trade)
* Other loans from trade
* recently incorporated isoglosses from Proto-Quame, Proto-Talmic or Tigol
 
Domains that commonly use Windermero-Eevo:
*generic learned words
*music
*philosophy and religion
*politics, law
Domains that commonly use Tseero-Eevo:
*"fancier" learned words
*theater, narrative
*basic geometry, arithmetic, algebra and number theory
*medicine, sciences
 
Direct reborrowings from Tigol are restricted to Mărotłist religious terminology; it is much more common to cognatize Tigol or other Talmic languages.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
Noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.
Native noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.


The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.
The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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! rowspan="4"|To...
! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
! Noun
| ''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-id'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative; Tseezh)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ni-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-)<br/>''bah-'' (sub-)<br/>''ŋal-'' 'before'<br/>''tynd-'' 'after'
| ''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative; Tseer)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ia-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-)<br/>''bah-'' (sub-)<br/>''ñal-'' 'before'<br/>''tynd-'' 'after'<br/>''-arn'' (collective)
| ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)
| ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)
| ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X)
| ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X)
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Verb
! Verb
| ''so-'' (verbing nouns)
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''so-''<br/>''fra-'' or ''fr-''
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''ee-'' (co-, with)<br/>''for-'' (causative)<br/>''fw-'' (back, re-)<br/>''gol-'' (up)<br/>''oc-'' (from, out)<br/>''ro-'' (down)<br/>''so-'' (towards)<br/>''sen-'' (well)<br/>''mi-'' (mis-)
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''dy-'' (in)<br/>''ee-'' (co-, with)<br/>''fra-'' or ''fr-'' (causative)<br/>''fw-'' (back, re-)<br/>''gol-'' (up)<br/>''oc-'' (from, out)<br/>''ro-'' (down)<br/>''so-'' (towards)<br/>''sen-'' (well)<br/>''mi-'' (mis-)<br/>''go-'' (de-, dis-)
|  
| ''fra-'' or ''fr-''
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Adjective
! Adjective
| ''-ahd''<br/>''-on''<br/>''-ib''<br/>''-ín'' (Netagin)<br/>''-ol'' (Clofabic)<br/>''-flen''
| ''-ahd''<br/>''-on''<br/>''-ib''<br/>''-ín'' (Netagin)<br/>''-ol''<br/>''-flen''
| ''-i''<br/>''-in'' (-ee)<br/>''-go,'' (-able, but ergative)
| ''-i''<br/>''-in'' (-ee)<br/>''-gon, -jon'' (-able, but ergative)
| ''di-'' (non-)<br/>''er-'' (un-)
| ''di-'' (non-)<br/>''er-'' (un-)
|  
|  
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====Nouns====
====Nouns====
*''-i'' is a frozen diminutive suffix.
*''-i'' is a frozen diminutive suffix.
*''-id'' is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
*''-'' is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
*''-ló'' is a Windermere augmentative suffix.
*''-ló'' is a Naeng augmentative suffix.
*''-wr'' is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
*''-wr'' is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
*''mi-'' is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''mi-'' is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
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**''hylłiarclíam'' means 'number theory'.
**''hylłiarclíam'' means 'number theory'.
*''-óm'' is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
*''-óm'' is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
*''-'' is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).  
*''-'' is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).  
**''britswŋ'' means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from ''brits'' 'to speak; speech'.
**''birítswñ'' means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from ''biríts'' 'to speak; speech'.
**''trovihwŋ'' means 'vegetarian' (from ''trovih'' 'vegetarianism').
**''trovihwñ'' means 'vegetarian' (from ''trovih'' 'vegetarianism').
**''sbwiþwŋ'' means '<i>sbwiþ</i> player'. (A ''sbwiþ'' is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
**''sbwiþwñ'' means '<i>sbwiþ</i> player'. (A ''sbwiþ'' is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
*''-fen'' is another "agent" suffix, like ''-wŋ'', but of Clofabic origin.
*''nw-'' is a Naeng agentive suffix.
*''nw-'' is a Windermere agentive suffix.
*''-u'' (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
*''-u'' (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
*''-lan'' is another abstract noun suffix.
*''-lan'' is another abstract noun suffix.
*''-ad'' is a common noun suffix, from Thensarian ''-sdos''.
*''-ad'' is a common noun suffix.
*''peñ-'' = 'X-to-be'; from Naeng future tense particle ''peng''
*''-yn'' is an instrumental suffix.
*''-dá'' = good, eu- (from Tseer ''da'' ~ Naeng ''to'')


====Phrasal nouns====
====Phrasal nouns====
Skellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.
Scellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.


*beð ry (part of) = component
*beð ry (part of) = component
Line 784: Line 888:


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Old Skellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Skellan.  
Old Scellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Scellan.  
*''for-'' (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Skellan.
*''fr(a)-'' (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Scellan.
*''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''ru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'.
*''ru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'.
 
*''as-'' has the following meanings:
** achievement of a desired result
** killing or dying
** get by X-ing (like German er-, very productive)
** X one's way to... (used with a directional prefix)
====Phrasal verbs====
====Phrasal verbs====
Skellan has phrasal verbs like English does.
Scellan has phrasal verbs like English does.


====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
*''-mell'' = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich')
*''-mell'' = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich')
*''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
*''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
*''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Skellan compound adjectives of the form ''X-fheileán'' (from ''feil'' 'name' + ''-án'' adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Skellan car "human" + -flen).
*''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Scellan compound adjectives of the form ''X-fheileán'' (from ''feil'' 'name' + ''-án'' adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Scellan car "human" + -flen).
*''-gon'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feŋggom'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feŋg'' 'die'.
*''-jon'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feñgjon'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feñg'' 'die'.
*''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Windermere]] adjectival suffix.
*''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Naeng]] adjectival suffix.
*''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin.
*''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin.
*''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Skellan -án (itself from Thensarian ''-aħnam'', Proto-Talmic ''*-aʁnəm'').
*''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Scellan -án (itself from Thensarian ''-aħnam'', Proto-Talmic ''*-aʁnəm'').
*''-vað'' '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
*''-vað'' '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
*''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid''
*''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid''
*''-wid'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' via Windermere ''-oyd''
*''-wid'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' via Naeng ''-oyd''
*''mee-'' = multi-
*''mee-'' = multi-
*''do-'' = uni-, mono-
*''do-'' = uni-, mono-


==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[Skellan/Syntax]]''
==Vocabulary==
Skellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Skellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from [[Windermere]], [[Tseezh]], or other languages (especially [[Qazhrian]], [[Anbirese]], [[Häskä]], [[Tsrovesh]], [[Nurian]]). This gives Skellan a rich array of synonyms.
===Place name morphemes===
===Place name morphemes===
*''-ve'' 'city, town'
*''-ve'' 'city, town'
*''-døø'' 'valley'
*''-døø'' 'valley'
*''-has''
*''-has'' (country names)
*''-sgyb'' 'mountain'
*''-oog'' 'rock'


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Miscellaneous===
:'''''A brew emb pyduþ lleg, twm ñe emb xaðjon ñe taw pyduþ lleg sa, llysáin emb deljað e taw pyduþ lleg sa.'''''
:''The reason we hope is not that what we hope for is likely, but that what we hope for is worth it.''
===A biology abstract===
''Sloomañ awv a ñwdah yliñ-manoñg-lwtab iñtytseb rið prynel TSP3 dy ''Sigatføñxys batnyñtxar''. TSP3 ...''
measure we.EX SPEC folding (cell-owner-nucleus) (do-nucleus) of-SPEC gene TSP3 in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encode it kinase receptor bind to protezine, located LOC SPEC.PL microsporella cytotubular of-SPEC.SG ribosome quanticular, and malfunction TSP3 believe IMPERS widely COMP-COP SPEC source cancer cybothrotic. in this-SG essay prove 1PL.EX LOC use test double_blind Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ COMP...
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.856) in the hypotrellome of a healthy Bruchorium cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
===If not now, when?===
:'''''Hinén geeb o, "I twm nawña llyn, tua a fahd llyn? Ah il naw diráð llynña, naw tua naw? As i twm sada, ihd?" (Pirgéj Avóoþ, 1′14″)'''''
:''Hillel says, "If I am not for me, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? And if not now, when?" (Pirkei Avot, 1:14)''
===Declaration of Independence===
:''Arm, hylrygéen's çipóoj faiðlan''
:Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness
===Featured banner===
===Featured banner===
:'''''Fia brits go rosgáiþin ŋe ciwr.'''''
:'''''Fia łynǿñ go rogóhdin car ym ñe ciwr.'''''
:''This language was once featured.
:''This language was once featured.


:'''''Nai vwiþ ry binsiþlóom hylłavéem, hylbocylisdód, as hylprynées bintomáj ryŋ, tynd smis car lly rosgáiþ ŋe.'''''
:'''''Nai vøhd ry binsiþlóom hylłavéem, hylbocylisdód, as hylprynées bintomáj ryñ, tynd cmil car lly rogóhd ñe.'''''
:''Thanks (lit. by the grace of) to its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities (variety of uses), it has been voted as featured.''
:''Thanks to (lit. by the grace of) its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities (variety of uses), it has been voted as featured.''


===Ode to Joy===
===Ode to Joy===
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'''Crofdaig lly Bial'''
'''Crofdaig lly Bial'''


Ai Bial, nert eryŋ ry swm,
Ai Bial, nert eryñ ry swm,
Juah gyl Snawhasewl,
Juah gyl Hnawhasewl,
Asgyrr awb, smogin nai sdu,
Asgyrr awb, hmogin nai sdu,
Ai bas ___, awþdiaba res!
Ai bas xyñol, ho awþdiaba!
...
...
...
...
Line 932: Line 1,056:


===Apology, first clause===
===Apology, first clause===
:''Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall ry na ___ ryn swad, twm caid llyn...''  
:''Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall na nwmyłléj ryn ja swad, twm cwllyn lly oclah...''  
:/tiər ai bo am aþɛnə ə tʰənt arkiəχ rə ___ rən suət, mau kʰait χən/
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [tʰiəɾ, ai am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt aɾˈkiəχ numəwˈʟɛi ɾən jə suət, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
:how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect RY PL accuser GEN.1SG 2PL, NEG knowledge DAT.1SG
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [tʰiːɾ, æː bɔ ʁ̃‿am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt ar̥ˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟe ɾən jə suːt, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
:how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect COM PL accuser GEN.1SG with 2PL, NEG can.1SG to deduce
:How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell...
:How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell...


===RWBY opening monologue===
===RWBY opening monologue===
[check this later, what are the right numbers to use and when can they be omitted?]
:SALEM: ''Hulafa.''
:SALEM: ''Hulafa.''
:/ˈhyʟəfə/
:/ˈhyʟəfə/
Line 945: Line 1,068:
:SALEM: Legends.
:SALEM: Legends.


:SALEM: ''Vønd forllóþin pes hiŋg.''
:SALEM: ''Vønd frallóþin pes hiñg.''
:/vœnt fɔɾˈχɔθin pɛs hiŋk/
:/vœnt fɾəˈχɔθin pɛs hiŋk/
:story scatter-PST.PART across time
:story scatter-PST.PART across time
:SALEM: Stories scattered through time.
:SALEM: Stories scattered through time.


:SALEM: ''Swal damol a huðas am dy entsybytsẃal na fosgu ry øøl as llypsid, as gønd ab ŋwar dy ciar noos, emb dyb soltyn gwad, odosméd ry ymdáł røsandin.''
:SALEM: ''Swal damol a hugas am dy entsybytsẃal na fosgu ry øøl as llypsid, as gønd ab ñwar dy ciar noos, emb dyb orjyn gwad, odotamés ry ymdáł røsandin.''
:/suʟ ˈtamɔʟ ə ˈhyðəs am tə ɛntsəpəˈtsuʟ nə ˈfɔsky ɾə œʟ əs ˈχəpsit, əs kœnt əp ŋuəɾ tə kiəɾ nɔus, ɛmp təp ˈsɔ̃tən kuət, ɔtɔsˈmɛt ɾə əmˈtaw ˈɾœsəntin/
:/suʟ ˈtamɔʟ ə ˈhygəs am tə ɛntsəpəˈtsuʟ nə ˈfɔsky ɾə œʟ əs ˈχəpsit, əs kœnt əp ŋuəɾ tə kiəɾ nɔus, ɛmp təp ˈoɾjən kuət, ɔtɔthaˈmɛs ɾə əmˈtaw ˈɾœsəntin/
:quite wont SG species human in recount PL story PL valiant_deed of hero and villain, and lose 3SG.M thought ADV so easy, that is_a remnant 1PL.INC, byproduct, of past forget-PST.PART
:quite wont SG species human in recount PL story PL valiant_deed of hero and villain, and lose 3SG.M thought ADV so easy, that is_a remnant 1PL.INC, byproduct, of past forget-PST.PART
:SALEM: Mankind has grown quite fond of recounting the exploits of heroes and villains, forgetting so easily that we are remnants, byproducts, of a forgotten past.
:SALEM: Mankind has grown quite fond of recounting the exploits of heroes and villains, forgetting so easily that we are remnants, byproducts, of a forgotten past.


:SALEM: ''Am – sŋøøin ab gyl a Si – go cleðn, øøvr, as esginað ŋadl ab.''
:SALEM: ''Am – hñøøin ab gyl a Si – jo cleðn, øøvr, as esginað ñadl ab.''
:/am – ˈsŋœyin ap kəʟ ə si – kɔ ˈkʟɛðn̩, ˈœyvr̩, əs ˈɛskinəð ˈŋatəʟ ap/
:/am – ˈsŋœyin ap kəʟ ə si – kɔ ˈkʟɛðn̩, ˈœyvr̩, əs ˈɛskinəð ˈŋatəʟ ap/
:human be.born-PST.PART 3SG.M from SG Dust IMPF strong, wise, and rich-CST gifts 3SG.M
:human be.born-PST.PART 3SG.M from SG Dust IMPF strong, wise, and rich-CST gifts 3SG.M
:SALEM: Man, born from Dust, was strong, wise and resourceful.  
:SALEM: Man, born from Dust, was strong, wise and resourceful.  


:SALEM: ''Ah ab dy smøøh erlóhyn a go sŋøøin reb.''
:SALEM: ''Ah ab dy hmøøh erlóhyn a jo hñøøin reb.''
:but 3SG.M in world pitiless A IMPF be.born-PST.PART RY.3SG.M
:but 3SG.M in world pitiless A IMPF be.born-PST.PART RY.3SG.M
:SALEM: But he was born into an unforgiving world.  
:SALEM: But he was born into an unforgiving world.  


:SALEM: ''Sohaðin a maslan eróbasgon, bo mocnía ry bimblasóoð, mocnía Grim, w hawr fiah ar Am as baw blygasu reb.''
:SALEM: ''Sohaðin a maslan eróbasjon, bo mocnía ry bimblasóoð, mocnía Grim, w hawr fiah ar Am as baw blygasu reb.''
:fix-PST.PART  SG darkness inevitable, COL creature of destruction, creature G. ERG 3PL eye on man and all creation 3SG.M
:fix-PST.PART  SG darkness inevitable, COL creature of destruction, creature G. ERG 3PL eye on man and all creation 3SG.M
:SALEM: An inevitable darkness, creatures of destruction, the creatures of Grimm, set their sights on Man and all of his creations.  
:SALEM: An inevitable darkness, creatures of destruction, the creatures of Grimm, set their sights on Man and all of his creations.  


:SALEM: ''Go sŋawrand min pirúaf, as dewhyn go vriþ a maslan lly fwltáwm a hylhyþús ŋai ryb Am llyð errah.''
:SALEM: ''Jo hñawrand min pirúaf, as dewhyn jo vriþ a maslan lly fwltáwm a hylhyþús ñai ryb Am llyð errah.''
:IMPF clash this.PL force, and seemingly IMPF intent SG darkness to return SG existence brief of man to-SG nothingness
:IMPF clash this.PL force, and seemingly IMPF intent SG darkness to return SG existence brief of man to-SG nothingness
:SALEM: These forces clashed and it seemed that darkness was intent on returning Man's brief existence to the Void.
:SALEM: These forces clashed and it seemed that darkness was intent on returning Man's brief existence to the Void.


:SALEM: ''Dyb tuahad, oos a nert cellws ry þus a solyŋ lly oðyŋẃð a roféelah, as nai joor, rrawbin a þwðilás, a forŋádlu, as a hylþwłyðép bo Am llyfós na garjol lly esnam a çrumi.''
:SALEM: ''Dimbehd, oos a nert cellws ry þus a solyñ lly oðyñẃð a roféelah, as nai joor, rrawbin a þwðilás, a frañádlu, as a hylþwłyðép bo Am llyfós na garjol lly esnam a çrumi.''
:[however], even SG spark small-SUP of hope A enough to ignite SG change, and with course, carry-PST.PART 3PL ERG SG passion, SG giftedness, and SG ingenuity toward tools to balance SG table
:[however], even SG spark small-SUP of hope A enough to ignite SG change, and with course, carry-PST.PART 3PL ERG SG passion, SG giftedness, and SG ingenuity toward tools to balance SG table
:SALEM: However, even the smallest spark of hope is enough to ignite change, and in time, Man's passion, resourcefulness and ingenuity led them to the tools that would help even the odds.  
:SALEM: However, even the smallest spark of hope is enough to ignite change, and in time, Man's passion, resourcefulness and ingenuity led them to the tools that would help even the odds.  


:SALEM: ''Mia ras a go fial a dy paloþreh "a Si". Nai þi a devna a moxíaf, rwvin Am øþ meŋ a maslan, as dy isír ysli, divin lleed, biniŋcymẃax, as dy comol, arm.''
:SALEM: ''Mia ras a jo fial a dy paloþreh "a Si". Nai þi a devna a moxíaf, rwvin Am øþ meñ a maslan, as dy isír ysli, divin lleed, biniñcymẃax, as dy comol, arm.''
:
:
:SALEM: This power was appropriately named "Dust". Nature's wrath in hand, Man lit their way through the darkness and in the shadow's absence came strength, civilization and, most importantly, life.  
:SALEM: This power was appropriately named "Dust". Nature's wrath in hand, Man lit their way through the darkness and in the shadow's absence came strength, civilization and, most importantly, life.  


:SALEM: ''Ah oos bar ennynéelws a cregi as feŋg dy lawðah.''
:SALEM: ''Ah oos bar ennynéelws a cregi as feñg dy lawðah.''
:but even light brilliant-SUP A flicker and die [eventually]
:but even light brilliant-SUP A flicker and die [eventually]
:SALEM: But even the most brilliant lights eventually flicker and die.  
:SALEM: But even the most brilliant lights eventually flicker and die.  
Line 988: Line 1,111:
:SALEM: And when they are gone, darkness will return.  
:SALEM: And when they are gone, darkness will return.  


:SALEM: ''Ŋyv im simynd na nwfiþlóŋ red, im dyfían plesit llia smøøh red ŋi maint red, ah im broos fiah... dy lleed twm sobt swad a huv.''
:SALEM: ''Ñyv im simynd na nwfiþlóñ red, im dyfían plesit llia hmøøh red ñi maint red, ah im broos fiah... dy lleed twm sobt swad a huv.''
:thus IMP prepare PL defender RY.2PL, IMP raise monument for.SG world RY.2PL as pleasure RY.2PL, but IMP put eye... in strength not find-FUT 2PL SG victory
:thus IMP prepare PL defender RY.2PL, IMP raise monument for.SG world RY.2PL as pleasure RY.2PL, but IMP put eye... in strength not find-FUT 2PL SG victory
:SALEM: So you may prepare your guardians, build your monuments to a so-called free world, but take heed... there will be no victory in strength.
:SALEM: So you may prepare your guardians, build your monuments to a so-called free world, but take heed... there will be no victory in strength.


:OZPIN: ''Ah a huv ar plaŋ dy sahn fan cryfía a sobt awb ŋe, sahn røsandin w hiar dy føhnas: sahn rosvi a lias føs cell's huslanon.
:OZPIN: ''Ah a huv ar plañ dy sahn fan cryfía a sobt awb ñe, sahn røsandin w hiar dy føhnas: sahn rosvi a lias føs cell's huslanon.
:but SG victory [perhaps] in thing COMP simple A find-FUT 1PL.EX it, thing forget-PST.PART ERG 2SG in long_time: thing require SG soul COMP small and honest
:but SG victory [perhaps] in thing COMP simple A find-FUT 1PL.EX it, thing forget-PST.PART ERG 2SG in long_time: thing require SG soul COMP small and honest
:OZPIN: But perhaps victory is in the simpler things that you've long forgotten: things that require a smaller, more honest soul.
:OZPIN: But perhaps victory is in the simpler things that you've long forgotten: things that require a smaller, more honest soul.


===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Bo am rygéen as þur nai hyltlás as zin awr gyl sŋøø. Awr sodláwmin nai hylynfyþín as binþoçúr awr, ŋyþ beð rer a þwrynúf hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.''
:''Bo am hñøø awr rygéen as þur nai hyltsybás as zin. Awr lawr fyójin nai hylynbyþín as bintoçẃr, ceeda beð rer a tynsé hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.''
:DET.COL human free and equal INS dignity-COL and right-COL 3PL from be_born. 3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood
:DET.COL human be_born 3PL free and equal INS dignity and right. 3PL COP-3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood
:All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


Line 1,004: Line 1,127:
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_0AMRr5opg NileRed: Making Anisole]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_0AMRr5opg NileRed: Making Anisole]


:''Depanjẃn, ry givolín pnaþafol tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.''
:''Depanjẃn, ry givolín binþafól tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.''
:Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.  
:Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.  


:''Twm øør bo bintxynóv tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ŋi bannẃts lly bisçǿð as efataþol að txynób car e.''
:''Twm øør bo bintxynóv tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ñi bannẃts lly bisçǿð as swvreþol að txynób car e.''
:Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.
:Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.


Line 1,016: Line 1,139:


===From a manifesto===  
===From a manifesto===  
:''Bo slawb ys dy bo hŋyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a heþál?''
:''Slawb es dy bo hñyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a derþál ñe?''
:COL good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [psχaup əs tə bɔ ŋɔ̃ˁ mauɾ səˈvisi, pɔ fɛht œ̃ˁʁ̃əp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuːɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθãˁ ŋɛ]
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [sχɑup əs tə bɔ ŋ̊ɔ mɑuɾ səˈvɪsɪ, pɔ fɛht ˈoːʁəp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθɑː ŋɛ]
:good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside 3PL
:Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?
:Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?


:''Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ryŋ.''
:''Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ñe.''
:nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [iə, tə ʁ̃uːm hiəɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstɛɪvi ŋɛ]
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [iː, tə ʁum hiːɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstevɪ ŋɛ]
:nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell it
:Nay, it dwells within thyself.
:Nay, it dwells within thyself.


==Miscellany==
===From Zompist===
===Poetry===
I room llyð am cail as twm lly in srawol, as sgoð ob cail lly mi diraþ nai binsymrua emb beð mi lly brehn as tymiseeþ ym hnawb ðav çawlþ, sec fahað ñe sñiamflen? Ter, hegn dyb tałswñg jytiþwn ry binzycþia ñe! Jahanor að am ñi nwþyvwr desranin nai broosws, nai taw arm ob ar as ambosg ob llyð øltu. Ñyv, sy mocynzin es rofeel ñe i geeb naw "glawð" dy zam "am"?
Skellan poetry traditionally uses rhyme. In modern poetry, alliteration is often used instead (cf. [[Tsjoen]] poetry).
-- ne-Zim
 
If a man has food and his neighbor has none, and he gives him food only on the condition that his neighbor ceaselessly beg and abase himself, would this be honorable? No, it is only a pathetic case of exploitation! Let the man work as a paid laborer at least, that he might stand on his feet and care for a family. Now does your judgment change if I say “god” instead of “man”?
—ne-Zim
 
==Poetry==
Rhyming poetry is often said to be from [[Naeng/Classical|Naeng]] and [[Tseer/Classical|Tseer]] influence, as poetry in these languages tend to use rhyme. This supplanted ___ used in Tigol poetry. Eevo uses stress-accentual meters like trochaic/iambic/dactylic meters: the iambic pentameter is common as in English.


*Stress based meters
*Piyyut meters
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Hmøøh]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Welsh]]

Latest revision as of 22:57, 18 June 2023

Thematic word lists
Phrasebook
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Swadesh list
218 sample sentences
Names
Fia dlog dy Sgewlib (This page in Scellan)

Scellan
að Eevo, a łynǿñ Eevo
Pronunciation[Fyxoomian: /ə piˈrits ˈaivɔ/
Scellan (Alcvean): /ˈə pɪˈrɪts ˈevɔ/]
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Hmøøh
Native speakers400 million (13b0dd)
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Tigolic
      • Central Tigolic
        • Scellan
Official status
Official language in
Scella, Fyxoom, ...
Language codes
ISO 639-3qee
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Scellan SKEL-ən (natively Sgewlib Fyxoomian: /ˈskœ̃ˁʟip/; Scellan (Alcvean): /ˈskɛːʟip/, Naeng: brits Scela), in-universe often called Eevo AY-voh (Fyxoomian: /ˈaivɔ/; Scellan (Alcvean): /ˈevɔ/; from Tigol é- 'common' + 'language'), is a Talmic language belonging to the Tigolic branch. Scellan is modern Hmøøh's lingua franca, the third-most widely spoken language (after Hetomic and Clofabosin) and the most widely spoken Quame language. Its vocabulary has been influenced by many languages, most of all by Lakovic classical languages Naeng and Tseer. Typologically, Scellan is a mostly analytic, topic-prominent, head-initial, usually V2 language.

The genesis of the modern Scellan language, dated to ca. fT 1792, is often credited to the Scellan philosopher and poet Oovsari Vyhalv. Scellan constituted a rejection of Mărotłism which used Tigol as a liturgical language; it prefers to cognatize Tigol words rather than borrowing them directly. The name Eevo refers to its origins as a Scellan koiné. Modern Scellan has been a living language for about 500 years, approximately fT 1792-2292.

Scellan is official in the Talman nation of Scella (Sgewla) SKEL-ə. It is also de facto official in Fyxoom fə-SHOME, Þrwhas THROO-həs, and many other countries.

Scellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise; the word for 'people, folk' is hmoob, in fact), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Scottish Gaelic.


Todo

  • discourse particles (inspired by German and Korean); syntax similar to German
  • sR > hR (merging with fortis resonants)

Talmic vocab needs more b's and Cr-s

  • good construction for future ipfv?
  • Goal: Memrise courses
  • "Reason, Compassion and Action"
    • Symbolized by Borromean rings?
  • might have more talmic than expected
  • suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
    • metals: -cis
  • How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
  • The "21 accents" of Scellan
  • (Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like french fries or English horn in English
  • Vowel changes before /χ/
  • positive anymore
  • HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns.
  • Add the new words to wordlist
  • https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-vocabulary/top-1000-words/
  • against, de-/dis-/un-
  • Merge postvocalic ñ and postvocalic l?
    • No, but use llt > lt and make -l more common in Naeng
  • Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average
  • more nouns with -i

vee, cyvah, çeedi, døll, sdeñg/sdehñ, sawvn, melli, dysið, feeþl, seehi, eela

  • replace Clofabic words with Tseer words
  • ñ is pronounced the same as l, unless ñ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable
    • hñ is pronounced like ll in similar circumstances
  • Revise classical wdm loans (switch x and z, d ~ ð)
  • btw p t k in Wdm minor syllables as by- dy- gy- might be better

ceev (cébh or ceaf?), ainið, brawþ, heeg (séag)

TODO words

Diachronics

Phonological history

  • Voicing becomes aspiration.
  • a > a (CWdm aa often becomes ø)
  • á > aw
  • ae, ái > ai
  • aei > ee
  • ao, aoi > øø
  • e, ei > e
  • é > ee
  • éi > oi > wa
  • eó, éu > ew
  • ai, i, io > y
  • í, oí, uí > i
  • iu > y
  • iú > iw
  • o > o
  • oi > ø
  • ó > oo
  • ói, ua > wa
  • u > w
  • ui > ø
  • ú > u /y/
  • úi > wi
  • rb, rd, rg > /rv, rð, rj/
  • -n > -m after aw, ew, iw, oo, øø w, u
    • -ng > -m too
  • aw > o in unstressed syllables or before clusters
  • > V; ġ > j or i otherwise

Grammatical history

Many of the most drastic changes from Old Scellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.

  • Tigol nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
  • Loss of grammatical gender
  • A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
  • Old Scellan mutations were lost under the influence of Naeng.
  • Development of split ergativity.
  • Development of topic-comment syntax.
  • Smoothing of certain consonant clusters (e.g. -mn > -m, sñl- > hml-)

Background

See also: Talmic languages, Tigol, Scellan/Middle

Phonology

Consonants (mosylisír)

Scellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.

→ PoA
↓ Manner
Labial
mofysíñ
Dental/Alveolar
mosybías
Palatal
mojycléh
Velar
mosgóñ
Uvular
moçlyðóo
Glottal
motyxág
Nasal
mocryí
m /m/ n /n̪/ ñ /ŋ/
Plosive
bintybtéb
unaspirated b /p/ d /t̪/ g /k/
aspirated p /pʰ/ t /t̪ʰ/ c /kʰ/
Affricate
bintsydá
unaspirated ts /t̪s/ (dzj /tʃ˭/)
aspirated tx, tsj /tʃ/
Non-sibilant
binþyré
unvoiced f /f/ þ /θ/ ç /ç/ ll /χ/ h /h/
voiced v /v/ ð /ð/ j /j/
Sibilant
binsyréef
unvoiced s /s/ x, sj /ʃ/
voiced z /z/ zj /ʒ/
Resonant
binnydúañ
unvoiced rr /r̥/
voiced ł /w/ r /r/ l /ʟ/
Notes
  • /t tʰ n ts/ are dental; /s z/ are often dentalized.
  • If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/. Voicing is less likely after vowels and liquids and never occurs after obstruents.
  • Affricates /ts tʃ/ are aspirated but not as strongly as aspirated plosives.
  • Aspiration is neutralized in coda; all plosives are unvoiced or all plosives are voiced, depending on the accent.
  • /r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • /ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
  • The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some conservative dialects.
    • Historical L is a uvular consonant in most modern Talman languages.
  • /n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
  • Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ corresponds to /h/ after a vowel.
  • /h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.

/Cj/ sequences

  • /sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Scellan: Slysjon /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
    • In addition, zj dzj [ʒ tʃ˭] is used in loanwords.
  • lj /ʟj/ is viewed as a separate phoneme /j̃/ by people who analyze nasal vowels as vowel + /ʟ/ and may be pronounced [ɲ] by some speakers.

Vowels (motryłáj)

todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/?

The vowel inventory of Scellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Scellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents such as Standard Fyxoomian; these vowels are written with l or ñ in the Scellan orthography).

Oral vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i, iaj /i~əi/ u /y~əy/ w /u~əu/
Mid ee /e~ai/ øø /ø~ay/ y /ə/ oo /o~au/
Open e /ɛ/ ø /œ/ a /a/ o /ɔ/
Diphthongs /ai~oi ui au~ɛu ɛu iu iə yə uə/

Nasal vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close /ĩ/ /ỹ/ /ũ/
Mid /ẽ/ /ø̃/ /ə̃/ /õ/
Open /ɛ̃/ /ã/ /ɔ̃/


Diphthongs

The diphthongs are written as follows:

Phoneme Spellings
/ai/ ai, aj
/ui/ wi, wj, oj, waj
/au/ aw, ał
/ɛu/ ew, eł, eeł
/iu/ iw, ił, iał, uł, uał
/ɛi/ ee, ej, eej
/œy/ øø
/ɔu/ oo, oł
/iə/ ia
/yə/ ua
/uə/ wa

Nasal vowels

The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. "Non-nasal" accents, such as the Standard (Alcvean) Scellan accent, realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linking" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linking and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].

This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:

Phoneme Spellings
/ã/ al, ail, añ, aiñ
/ɛ̃/ el, ewl, eñ
/ẽ/ eel, eeñ
/ĩ/ il, ial, iwl, iñ, iañ, iwñ
/ø̃/ øl, øøl, øñ, øøñ
/ỹ/ ul, ual, uñ, uañ
/ɔ̃/ ol, awl, oñ, awñ
/õ/ ool, wil, ooñ, wiñ
/ũ/ wl, wal, wñ, wañ
/ə̃/ yl, yñ, syllabic l or ñ

After stressed syllables, unstressed /a/ and unstressed /ə/ are merged to /ə/.

Stress

Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Naeng loans have final stress.

The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.

Intonation

Scellan has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in Scella do not use this pattern.

  • Topic noun phrases and subordinate clauses start low and gradually rise in pitch.
  • In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focused word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
  • In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
  • In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.

Phonotactics

  • /z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
  • The allowed initial clusters in native (Talmic) vocabulary are listed by type below (some clusters may be listed more than once):
    • Cl: bl, vl, fl, dl, ðl, tl, þl, gl, cl, ml, sgl, hml
    • Cr: br, vr, fr, dr, ðr, tr, þr, gr, cr, mr, ñr, sgr, hmr, hñr
    • Cn: vn, tn, þn, gn, cn, hn
    • sC: sb, sd, sg, sgl, sgr
    • hC: hm, hn, hñ, hml, hmr, hñr
  • In Tseer loans, many more initial clusters may be allowed.
  • Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Irish or Welsh.

Phoneme frequency

b d g > p t c; v ð j > þ ç

Accents

Main article: Scellan/Accents

Pronouncing Scellan words in English

  • An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Scellan clusters that English lacks.
  • Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
    • /χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
  • /ʀ~ʁ/ → /l/
  • Coda /h/ should be deleted.
  • /p t k/ → /b d g/, but:
    • /sp st sk/ → /sp st sk/
    • /hp ht hk/ hb hd hg → /p t k/
    • Word-finally, pronounce b d g as /p t k/.
  • /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
  • Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə ɔɪ/
  • Vowels before R and L are as expected

Orthography

Scellan alphabet

Scellan is written in the version of the Talmic alphabet, which is related to the Talman Naeng script. The Scellan alphabet has 30 letters.

Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)

The letters l and ñ are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables.

The sequences çm, çn, çl, çr are pronounced identically to hm, hn, ll, rr in most modern Scellan accents, except that çm, çn, çr are [xm, xn, xr] in accents that have [x] for ç. çł is also usually pronounced [hw].

In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled b d g, but the future tense suffix is always spelled -t.

Punctuation

  • | = period
  • . = comma
  • ₂ = strong comma
  • ᑉ = question mark
  • + = exclamation point
  • - = hyphen
  • ~ = ellipsis
  • ⸗ = semicolon
  • ᕑ = colon
  • ⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
  • : = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)
  • ' = used for abbreviations (reflected in our transcription, e.g. Sg' = M(r)s. from Sgwir)

Numerals

Scellan uses a base-10 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:

ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

decimal point: :

1000's separator: · (optional)

Morphology

Scellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender, no case, and no number inflection on nouns.

Verbs

Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.

Scellan preserves the Tigol tense system very well, but most of the forms have been replaced with analytic forms and particles. The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Scellan as well as the regular forms for each in terms of principal parts (PRES = present stem; INF = infinitive; PST = past participle); These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree. 'I have been eating for three days.'

Scellan tense system
Past Present Future Imperative
Imperfective past imperfect
jo PRES
present
PRES
future I
???
imperative I
PRES (im)!
Perfective simple past
PST (regularly PRES-in)
- future II
PRES-t
imperative II
PRES-t (im)!
Progressive past progressive
fað dy INF, fady INF
present progressive
dy INF
future progressive
fahd ___ dy INF
imperative progressive
fahd dy INF, fahdy INF!
Perfect past perfect
fað tynd VN, fand VN
present perfect
tynd VN
future perfect
so fa tynd VN, so fand VN
imperative perfect
fa tynd VN! fand VN!

Imperative

The imperfective imperative has the same form as the imperfective future. The perfective imperative is simply the bare verb.

The direct object, if there is one, goes behind the faulty accusative ym.

The cohortative is formed by using the particle gw after the verb.

Tar gw helt na llawm rreem.
go COH plant DET.PL seed today
Let's go plant the seeds today.

Present

The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, Duvwñ, mol naw iar means "Teacher, I thank you".

Archaic Scellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:

I you (sg.) he she (inanimate) we (exc.) we (inc.) you (pl.) they (animate) you (polite) impersonal
-an -ir -ab -e -0 -ev -ad -ag -að -ag -av

Conditional

The conditional uses the suffix . It continues the Old Scellan past subjunctive.

The conditional must be used when using the word matósg 'almost' in the past tense.

Imperfect

The imperfect uses the particle jo.

Progressive/Stative

To form the progressive, the particle dy is used before the verb.

Unlike in English, verbs referring to emotional states also use the progressive in the present tense. For example, Dy ell naw'r means "I love you," and Dy faiðin naw cwig tyn tamranáls ny coo. 'I am happy because my son has graduated.'

Preterite

The preterite is used to describe completed actions. It used to be ergative in Middle Eevo, but since lost its ergativity.

  • Iantin naw. = I slept.
  • Vesin naw na ahdyn. = I painted the pictures.

Perfect

The perfect, formed by placing tynd 'after' before the verb (often shortened to tyn or tn'), is used for:

  • an event in the immediate past
  • an event that occurred in the past and is relevant to the present
    • an event that occurred regularly in the past with a cumulative effect on the present

The perfect is being used more and more commonly for any past event, especially in Fyxoomian Eevo.

Example: Tynd iant naw sdawb pug. = I have slept for 6 [Hmøøhian] hours. (sdawb pug = 6 hours continuously?)

Syntax

Perfect: tynd VERB SUBJECT

Perfect progressive: tynd fa dy VERB SUBJECT

Pluperfect: jo tynd VERB SUBJECT

Future imperfective

The future imperfective uses the -t affix inherited from Old Scellan. It is used for:

  • events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
  • events that will happen some time in the future, but whose time or outcome is not yet known or determined.

Future perfective

The future perfective tense is formed with so + VERB. It is used for:

  • a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
  • future events with a known definite time point
  • outcomes which are likely or certain to occur.

Jussive

Normally the jussive is formed by using the complementizer emb before the clause:

Ir le tic jyvad llyn! Emb asgarni ir dia jovi!
2SG be how_much hate DAT.1SG COMP die_of_thirst 2SG in-SPEC desert
I hate you so much! I hope you die of thirst in the desert!

The morphological jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix -or. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.

cehnor dy car
if one wishes (fixed expression)
n forr e dyb cliam slahah, coþ n dyb cliam xlor.
n be.JUSS it is_a number counting, then n is_a number real
Let n be a natural number. Then n is a real number.

Copula

The copula is the most irregular verb in Scellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used.

Nouns

Scellan nouns do not inflect, even for number. For specific nouns, number is marked using articles and combined forms of determiners and possessive pronouns.

Pronouns

The direct pronouns are used as pronominal topics, subject markers and objects.

I you (sg.) he she it we (exc.) we (inc.) you (pl.) they impersonal
Direct neutral naw, no iar, ir, 'r ob, o ee ñe, e awv gwad swad awr car
emphatic nawña iarña obña eeña ñeña awvña gwadña swadña awrña -
Possessive sg. cy ho ih ob of os id ...ry car
pl. cyn hon in in in om onf ons ind
Dative neutral llyn lles lleb llee llyñ lliv lleg lled ller lly çar
emphatic llynña llesña llebña lleeña llyña llivña llegña lledña llerña -
  • The forms no and ir are casual forms used in some dialects.
  • iar is commonly pronounced jyr.
  • 'r is commonly used after a vowel.
  • øø(ña) with inflected forms øð, lløø(ña) is by far the usual gender-neutral neopronoun.

Demonstratives

Scellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:

  1. near me, but not near you
  2. near us (inclusive)
  3. near you, but not near me
  4. distal: far from both you and me
Near 1 Near 1+2 Near 2 Distal Interrogative Negative Every/All Some Any Other
Adjective mi fi ce ñe ti (preposed) - baw (preposed) am lleh zens (preposed)
Thing mes fes ces ñes taw twm satn satn leh zens satn
Person - - - - tua twm lias por am lleh am lieh
Place mah enah cah ñah þlawd arjavo lawd leh nillawd
Source mylli enylli cylli ñylli tylli ylli leh nilli
Destination mahd enahd cahd ñahd tahd lly lawd leh niltahd
Time sada ñyv ihd fuat botín roc leh niltin
Manner/Kind miar siar ciar ñiar tiar darð leh niltiar
Quantity medac fedac cedac ñadac tic (how many); ticar (how many-th) urus leh
Reason cwig tols dwihnin leh

Demonstratives with number

The demonstrative adjectives mi, fi, ce, ñe combine with number markers a/að, na as follows:

sg. pl.
mi mið/mia min
fi fið/fia fin
ce cee/ceð cen
ñe ñee/ñeð ñen

Adjectives

Adjectives behave like verbs in that they can take tense clitics. However, imperative constructions must use fa + ADJECTIVE.

Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.

Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding dy before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.

Degree

Unlike other Talmic languages, Eevo has lost the Tigol comparative and superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language.

  • frøs X = comparative (from Tigol for·ois 'to go over')
  • snuab X = superlative (from Classical Wdm. superlative snüüp)
  • llaw X = very
  • jal X = too X
  • X-vor = suffective ('X enough')

A few adjectives have suppletive comparative, superlative and suffective forms:

  • slawb 'good': cølly 'better', cøllws 'best', cnawr 'good enough'
  • orð 'big': jwm 'bigger', jwmt 'biggest'
  • dum 'far': ytñí 'farther', ytñít or snuab ytñí 'farthest' (from Classical Naeng ătngi 'having surpassed, farther')
  • øør 'many': ram 'more', ramt 'most'
  • ñawð 'few': broost 'less', broosws 'least'

'Than' is translated as raw.

Construct state

An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing -að. Construct adjectives are mainly used in constructions like hnoosað ers 'easy to learn', and lloosað fiah 'red-eyed'. In addition they survive in some fixed expressions and prepositions.

  • deljað is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').
  • gruað means "devoid of, lacking"
  • segað means "free of"

Discourse particles

Syntax

Main article: Scellan/Syntax

Vocabulary

Scellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Scellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from Naeng, Tseer, or other languages (especially Naquian, Swuntsim, Ciètian, Anbirese, Häskä, Nurian, Netagin). This gives Scellan a rich array of synonyms.

Layers

  • Core Skellic + dialectal doublets
  • Classical and Middle Naeng loans
  • Classical Tseer loans
  • Naquic loans (from trade)
  • Other loans from trade
  • recently incorporated isoglosses from Proto-Quame, Proto-Talmic or Tigol

Domains that commonly use Windermero-Eevo:

  • generic learned words
  • music
  • philosophy and religion
  • politics, law

Domains that commonly use Tseero-Eevo:

  • "fancier" learned words
  • theater, narrative
  • basic geometry, arithmetic, algebra and number theory
  • medicine, sciences

Direct reborrowings from Tigol are restricted to Mărotłist religious terminology; it is much more common to cognatize Tigol or other Talmic languages.

Derivational morphology

Native noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.

The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.

From...
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
To... Noun -wñ (agentive)
-os (instrument)
-ið (diminutive)
-óm (augmentative; Tseer)
-emb (female suffix)
ia- (non-)
ir- (un-)
bah- (sub-)
ñal- 'before'
tynd- 'after'
-arn (collective)
-ah (verbal noun)
-ev (verbal noun)
-wñ (agentive)
-os (instrument)
-vih (abstract noun)
hal-(abstract noun)
-u (abstract noun)
-igi (one characterized by X)
Verb ar- (applicative)
as- (telic)
so-
fra- or fr-
ar- (applicative)
as- (telic)
dy- (in)
ee- (co-, with)
fra- or fr- (causative)
fw- (back, re-)
gol- (up)
oc- (from, out)
ro- (down)
so- (towards)
sen- (well)
mi- (mis-)
go- (de-, dis-)
fra- or fr-
Adjective -ahd
-on
-ib
-ín (Netagin)
-ol
-flen
-i
-in (-ee)
-gon, -jon (-able, but ergative)
di- (non-)
er- (un-)
Adverb -

Nouns

  • -i is a frozen diminutive suffix.
  • -ið is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
  • -ló is a Naeng augmentative suffix.
  • -wr is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
  • mi- is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
  • hylłiar- is a prefix meaning 'study of X'. Stress falls on the word which the prefix attaches to.
    • hylłiarclíam means 'number theory'.
  • -óm is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
  • -wñ is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).
    • birítswñ means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from biríts 'to speak; speech'.
    • trovihwñ means 'vegetarian' (from trovih 'vegetarianism').
    • sbwiþwñ means 'sbwiþ player'. (A sbwiþ is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
  • nw- is a Naeng agentive suffix.
  • -u (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
  • -lan is another abstract noun suffix.
  • -ad is a common noun suffix.
  • peñ- = 'X-to-be'; from Naeng future tense particle peng
  • -yn is an instrumental suffix.
  • -dá = good, eu- (from Tseer da ~ Naeng to)

Phrasal nouns

Scellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.

  • beð ry (part of) = component
  • hmawg dy (word at) = subject of the conversation
  • hmawg lly (word for) = support, endorsememt

Verbs

Old Scellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Scellan.

  • fr(a)- (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Scellan.
  • mi- is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.
  • ru- is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'.
  • as- has the following meanings:
    • achievement of a desired result
    • killing or dying
    • get by X-ing (like German er-, very productive)
    • X one's way to... (used with a directional prefix)

Phrasal verbs

Scellan has phrasal verbs like English does.

Adjectives

  • -mell = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich')
  • er- is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
  • -flen /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean -tapta and Japanese -rashii: it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Scellan compound adjectives of the form X-fheileán (from feil 'name' + -án adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Scellan car "human" + -flen).
  • -jon is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. feñgjon 'mortal, human (flowery)' < feñg 'die'.
  • jy- (jyn- before C) is a Naeng adjectival suffix.
  • -ol /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin.
  • -on is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Scellan -án (itself from Thensarian -aħnam, Proto-Talmic *-aʁnəm).
  • -vað '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
  • -wd = from Tigol -óid
  • -wid = from Tigol -óid via Naeng -oyd
  • mee- = multi-
  • do- = uni-, mono-

Place name morphemes

  • -ve 'city, town'
  • -døø 'valley'
  • -has (country names)
  • -sgyb 'mountain'
  • -oog 'rock'

Sample texts

Miscellaneous

A brew emb pyduþ lleg, twm ñe emb xaðjon ñe taw pyduþ lleg sa, llysáin emb deljað e taw pyduþ lleg sa.
The reason we hope is not that what we hope for is likely, but that what we hope for is worth it.

A biology abstract

Sloomañ awv a ñwdah yliñ-manoñg-lwtab iñtytseb rið prynel TSP3 dy Sigatføñxys batnyñtxar. TSP3 ...

measure we.EX SPEC folding (cell-owner-nucleus) (do-nucleus) of-SPEC gene TSP3 in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encode it kinase receptor bind to protezine, located LOC SPEC.PL microsporella cytotubular of-SPEC.SG ribosome quanticular, and malfunction TSP3 believe IMPERS widely COMP-COP SPEC source cancer cybothrotic. in this-SG essay prove 1PL.EX LOC use test double_blind Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ COMP...

We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.856) in the hypotrellome of a healthy Bruchorium cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.

If not now, when?

Hinén geeb o, "I twm nawña llyn, tua a fahd llyn? Ah il naw diráð llynña, naw tua naw? As i twm sada, ihd?" (Pirgéj Avóoþ, 1′14″)
Hillel says, "If I am not for me, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? And if not now, when?" (Pirkei Avot, 1:14)

Declaration of Independence

Arm, hylrygéen's çipóoj faiðlan
Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness

Featured banner

Fia łynǿñ go rogóhdin car ym ñe ciwr.
This language was once featured.
Nai vøhd ry binsiþlóom hylłavéem, hylbocylisdód, as hylprynées bintomáj ryñ, tynd cmil car lly rogóhd ñe.
Thanks to (lit. by the grace of) its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities (variety of uses), it has been voted as featured.

Ode to Joy

Crofdaig lly Bial

Ai Bial, nert eryñ ry swm,
Juah gyl Hnawhasewl,
Asgyrr awb, hmogin nai sdu,
Ai bas xyñol, ho awþdiaba!
...
...
Baw am swlýnda lly eegað
cah, þlawd sdeevi a sderr ciwmon res.

Ode to Joy

Joy, beautiful spark of the gods,
Daughter from Elysium,
We enter, drunk with fire,
Heavenly One, thy sanctuary!
Your magic binds again
What convention strictly divides;
All people become brothers,
Where your gentle wing abides.

Who has succeeded in the great attempt,
To be a friend's friend,
Whoever has won a lovely woman,
Add his to the jubilation!
Indeed, who calls even one soul
Theirs upon this world!
And whoever never managed, shall steal himself
Weeping away from this union!

All creatures drink of joy
At nature's breast.
Just and unjust
Alike taste of her gift;
She gave us kisses and the fruit of the vine,
A tried friend to the end.
[Even] the worm has been granted sensuality,
And the cherub stands before God!

Gladly, as His heavenly bodies fly
On their courses through the heavens,
Thus, brothers, you should run your race,
Joyful, like a hero going to conquest.

You millions, be embraced.
This kiss is for all the world!
Brothers, above the starry canopy
There must dwell a loving Father.
Do you fall in worship, you millions?
World, do you know your creator?
Seek him in the heavens
Above the stars must He dwell.

An die Freude

Freude, schöner Götterfunken,
Tochter aus Elysium,
Wir betreten feuertrunken,
Himmlische, dein Heiligtum!
Deine Zauber binden wieder
Was die Mode streng geteilt;
Alle Menschen werden Brüder
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.

Wem der große Wurf gelungen
Eines Freundes Freund zu sein;
Wer ein holdes Weib errungen
Mische seinen Jubel ein!
Ja, wer auch nur eine Seele
Sein nennt auf dem Erdenrund!
Und wer's nie gekonnt, der stehle
Weinend sich aus diesem Bund!

Freude trinken alle Wesen
An den Brüsten der Natur;
Alle Guten, alle Bösen
Folgen ihrer Rosenspur.
Küsse gab sie uns und Reben,
Einen Freund, geprüft im Tod;
Wollust ward dem Wurm gegeben
und der Cherub steht vor Gott.

Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen
Durch des Himmels prächt'gen Plan
Laufet, Brüder, eure Bahn,
Freudig, wie ein Held zum siegen.

Seid umschlungen, Millionen!
Diesen Kuß der ganzen Welt!
Brüder, über'm Sternenzelt
Muß ein lieber Vater wohnen.
Ihr stürzt nieder, Millionen?
Ahnest du den Schöpfer, Welt?
Such' ihn über'm Sternenzelt!
Über Sternen muß er wohnen.


Apology, first clause

Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall na nwmyłléj ryn ja swad, twm cwllyn lly oclah...
Fyxoomian: [tʰiəɾ, ai bɔ am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt aɾˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟɛi ɾən jə suət, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
Scellan (Alcve): [tʰiːɾ, æː bɔ ʁ̃‿am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt ar̥ˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟe ɾən jə suːt, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect COM PL accuser GEN.1SG with 2PL, NEG can.1SG to deduce
How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell...

RWBY opening monologue

SALEM: Hulafa.
/ˈhyʟəfə/
legend
SALEM: Legends.
SALEM: Vønd frallóþin pes hiñg.
/vœnt fɾəˈχɔθin pɛs hiŋk/
story scatter-PST.PART across time
SALEM: Stories scattered through time.
SALEM: Swal damol a hugas am dy entsybytsẃal na fosgu ry øøl as llypsid, as gønd ab ñwar dy ciar noos, emb dyb orjyn gwad, odotamés ry ymdáł røsandin.
/suʟ ˈtamɔʟ ə ˈhygəs am tə ɛntsəpəˈtsuʟ nə ˈfɔsky ɾə œʟ əs ˈχəpsit, əs kœnt əp ŋuəɾ tə kiəɾ nɔus, ɛmp təp ˈoɾjən kuət, ɔtɔthaˈmɛs ɾə əmˈtaw ˈɾœsəntin/
quite wont SG species human in recount PL story PL valiant_deed of hero and villain, and lose 3SG.M thought ADV so easy, that is_a remnant 1PL.INC, byproduct, of past forget-PST.PART
SALEM: Mankind has grown quite fond of recounting the exploits of heroes and villains, forgetting so easily that we are remnants, byproducts, of a forgotten past.
SALEM: Am – hñøøin ab gyl a Si – jo cleðn, øøvr, as esginað ñadl ab.
/am – ˈsŋœyin ap kəʟ ə si – kɔ ˈkʟɛðn̩, ˈœyvr̩, əs ˈɛskinəð ˈŋatəʟ ap/
human be.born-PST.PART 3SG.M from SG Dust IMPF strong, wise, and rich-CST gifts 3SG.M
SALEM: Man, born from Dust, was strong, wise and resourceful.
SALEM: Ah ab dy hmøøh erlóhyn a jo hñøøin reb.
but 3SG.M in world pitiless A IMPF be.born-PST.PART RY.3SG.M
SALEM: But he was born into an unforgiving world.
SALEM: Sohaðin a maslan eróbasjon, bo mocnía ry bimblasóoð, mocnía Grim, w hawr fiah ar Am as baw blygasu reb.
fix-PST.PART SG darkness inevitable, COL creature of destruction, creature G. ERG 3PL eye on man and all creation 3SG.M
SALEM: An inevitable darkness, creatures of destruction, the creatures of Grimm, set their sights on Man and all of his creations.
SALEM: Jo hñawrand min pirúaf, as dewhyn jo vriþ a maslan lly fwltáwm a hylhyþús ñai ryb Am llyð errah.
IMPF clash this.PL force, and seemingly IMPF intent SG darkness to return SG existence brief of man to-SG nothingness
SALEM: These forces clashed and it seemed that darkness was intent on returning Man's brief existence to the Void.
SALEM: Dimbehd, oos a nert cellws ry þus a solyñ lly oðyñẃð a roféelah, as nai joor, rrawbin a þwðilás, a frañádlu, as a hylþwłyðép bo Am llyfós na garjol lly esnam a çrumi.
[however], even SG spark small-SUP of hope A enough to ignite SG change, and with course, carry-PST.PART 3PL ERG SG passion, SG giftedness, and SG ingenuity toward tools to balance SG table
SALEM: However, even the smallest spark of hope is enough to ignite change, and in time, Man's passion, resourcefulness and ingenuity led them to the tools that would help even the odds.
SALEM: Mia ras a jo fial a dy paloþreh "a Si". Nai þi a devna a moxíaf, rwvin Am øþ meñ a maslan, as dy isír ysli, divin lleed, biniñcymẃax, as dy comol, arm.
SALEM: This power was appropriately named "Dust". Nature's wrath in hand, Man lit their way through the darkness and in the shadow's absence came strength, civilization and, most importantly, life.
SALEM: Ah oos bar ennynéelws a cregi as feñg dy lawðah.
but even light brilliant-SUP A flicker and die [eventually]
SALEM: But even the most brilliant lights eventually flicker and die.
SALEM: As tev octlúast awr, a maslan a forrit.
and when vanish-FUT 3PL, darkness A return-FUT
SALEM: And when they are gone, darkness will return.
SALEM: Ñyv im simynd na nwfiþlóñ red, im dyfían plesit llia hmøøh red ñi maint red, ah im broos fiah... dy lleed twm sobt swad a huv.
thus IMP prepare PL defender RY.2PL, IMP raise monument for.SG world RY.2PL as pleasure RY.2PL, but IMP put eye... in strength not find-FUT 2PL SG victory
SALEM: So you may prepare your guardians, build your monuments to a so-called free world, but take heed... there will be no victory in strength.
OZPIN: Ah a huv ar plañ dy sahn fan cryfía a sobt awb ñe, sahn røsandin w hiar dy føhnas: sahn rosvi a lias føs cell's huslanon.
but SG victory [perhaps] in thing COMP simple A find-FUT 1PL.EX it, thing forget-PST.PART ERG 2SG in long_time: thing require SG soul COMP small and honest
OZPIN: But perhaps victory is in the simpler things that you've long forgotten: things that require a smaller, more honest soul.

UDHR, Article 1

Bo am hñøø awr rygéen as þur nai hyltsybás as zin. Awr lawr fyójin nai hylynbyþín as bintoçẃr, ceeda beð rer a tynsé hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.
DET.COL human be_born 3PL free and equal INS dignity and right. 3PL COP-3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Að øøm Depanjẃn (Making Anisole)

NileRed: Making Anisole

Depanjẃn, ry givolín binþafól tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.
Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.
Twm øør bo bintxynóv tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ñi bannẃts lly bisçǿð as swvreþol að txynób car e.
Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.
Eenand naw nai møø a depaniẃn lly øøm tawtn arbóin cosgarjẃn, ry cnee ciab tyr navta raw agl vallib e.
I plan to use the anisole to make something called anethole, which is 13 times sweeter than regular sugar.

The reaction that we'll be doing to make the anisole is called the Williamson ether synthesis, and I'll cover the mechanism later on in the video. In terms of chemicals, we have four major reagents: sodium metal, methyl iodide, phenol and methanol. We'll also need some sodium hydroxide, some dry calcium chloride, and some dichloromethane for the workup. To start things off, I added 150 mL of dry methanol to a round bottom flask. Once I'm done adding the methanol, I then move on to preparing the sodium metal. Before the sodium metal can be used, we first have to clean off the mineral oil that it was stored in, and then we have to chop it up into smaller pieces. Using a knife I took out a reasonably-sized chunk, and I tried to wipe away as much oil as I could using a paper towel. When I felt like most of the oil had been removed, I dropped the sodium into a beaker. I fill the beaker with toluene until the sodium is covered. Mineral oil is soluble in toluene, so this is just an added step to get rid of as much of the oil as possible. Using my very rusted knife, I try to agitate things as best as I can. After something like a minute, I felt like it had been washed decently enough, so I took it out and placed it on some paper towel. Now for the slightly more fun part where we get to cut the sodium and weigh out about 8 grams. Using my knife, I cut away some moderately-sized pieces and I place them on the scale. The freshly cut sodium is nice and silver, but it very quickly tarnishes. Once about 8 grams are weighted out, I put the sodium to the side and remove the scale. The sodium metal that is left over that we don't need is placed back under mineral oil for storage. Coming back to the round-bottom flask with the methanol in it, I go ahead and dump in all of the sodium. You can see that the sodium reacts quite vigorously immediately after being added. The reaction is going to heat the methanol to its boiling point, and a lot is going to boil off, so it's very important to have a high-efficiency condenser.

From a manifesto

Slawb es dy bo hñyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a derþál ñe?
Fyxoomian: [psχaup əs tə bɔ ŋɔ̃ˁ mauɾ səˈvisi, pɔ fɛht œ̃ˁʁ̃əp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuːɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθãˁ ŋɛ]
Scellan (Alcve): [sχɑup əs tə bɔ ŋ̊ɔ mɑuɾ səˈvɪsɪ, pɔ fɛht ˈoːʁəp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθɑː ŋɛ]
good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside 3PL
Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?
Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ñe.
Fyxoomian: [iə, tə ʁ̃uːm hiəɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstɛɪvi ŋɛ]
Scellan (Alcve): [iː, tə ʁum hiːɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstevɪ ŋɛ]
nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell it
Nay, it dwells within thyself.

From Zompist

I room llyð am cail as twm lly in srawol, as sgoð ob cail lly mi diraþ nai binsymrua emb beð mi lly brehn as tymiseeþ ym hnawb ðav çawlþ, sec fahað ñe sñiamflen? Ter, hegn dyb tałswñg jytiþwn ry binzycþia ñe! Jahanor að am ñi nwþyvwr desranin nai broosws, nai taw arm ob ar as ambosg ob llyð øltu. Ñyv, sy mocynzin es rofeel ñe i geeb naw "glawð" dy zam "am"? -- ne-Zim

If a man has food and his neighbor has none, and he gives him food only on the condition that his neighbor ceaselessly beg and abase himself, would this be honorable? No, it is only a pathetic case of exploitation! Let the man work as a paid laborer at least, that he might stand on his feet and care for a family. Now does your judgment change if I say “god” instead of “man”? —ne-Zim

Poetry

Rhyming poetry is often said to be from Naeng and Tseer influence, as poetry in these languages tend to use rhyme. This supplanted ___ used in Tigol poetry. Eevo uses stress-accentual meters like trochaic/iambic/dactylic meters: the iambic pentameter is common as in English.