|
|
(55 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Wortebouch (Lexicon)]]<br/>
| | "Broad-slender Persian" |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| |
| | |
| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
| |
| | |
| Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
| |
| | |
| ''Cl'' = /Cw/?
| |
| | |
| ''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/
| |
| | |
| ''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''dr'' = /z/
| |
| | |
| ''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
| |
| *''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
| |
| | |
| ''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun'' = /o~oʊ/
| |
| | |
| ''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/
| |
| | |
| ''eu'' = /y/
| |
| | |
| ''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/
| |
| | |
| ''i'' = /ə/
| |
| | |
| ''î, in'' = /i/
| |
| | |
| ''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/
| |
| | |
| ''û'' = /u/
| |
| | |
| Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
| |
| | |
| ==Todo==
| |
| Some sentences:
| |
| *''Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz.'' [əx p˭jɛx fu də løb un də has]
| |
| *''Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ?'' [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
| |
| *''Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung.'' [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju siŋ iŋwijuŋ]
| |
| *''Ez git an mir Hunger.'' [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
| |
| *''Hwaz ist'z daz ez ?'' [w̥as itas əs] "What is it?"
| |
| Sound changes:
| |
| *"pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening
| |
| | |
| Some words:
| |
| *''de Deaumout'' /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility, submission
| |
| **''deaumoutig'' /døy.moʊ.ti/ = meek, humble
| |
| *''de Hnacken'' /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
| |
| *''nein'' /neɪŋ/ = no; ''neau'' /nø/ = not
| |
| *''denken'' /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
| |
| *''de Stein'' /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
| |
| *''de Schlange'' /l̥aŋ/ = snake
| |
| *''de Himel'' /hi.məl/ = sky
| |
| *''d'Eauligheit'' /ø.li.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
| |
| **''eaulig'' /ø.li/ = eternal
| |
| *''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
| |
| *''de Schneau'' = snow
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}).
| |
| ===Orthography===
| |
| | |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
| |
| |+'''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
| |
| ! colspan="2"|
| |
| !Labial
| |
| !Dental
| |
| !Alveolar
| |
| !Palatal
| |
| !Velar
| |
| !Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2"|Nasal
| |
| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| |/m̊/
| |
| |colspan="2"|/n̊/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>voiced</small>
| |
| |/m/
| |
| |colspan="2"|/n/
| |
| |/ɲ/
| |
| |/ŋ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3"|Stop
| |
| ! | <small>plain</small>
| |
| |/pʰ/
| |
| |/tʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |/tɕʰ/
| |
| |/kʰ/
| |
| |rowspan="3"|/ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>tense</small>
| |
| |/p˭/
| |
| |/t˭/
| |
| |
| |
| |[tɕ˭]
| |
| |/k˭/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>voiced</small>
| |
| |/b/
| |
| |/d/
| |
| |
| |
| |/d͡ʑ/
| |
| |/g/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="3"|Fricative
| |
| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| |/f/
| |
| |/θ/
| |
| |/s/
| |
| |/ʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |rowspan="3"|/h/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>voiced</small>
| |
| |[v]
| |
| |[ð]
| |
| |/z/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |/sʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2"|Approximant
| |
| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| |/w̥/
| |
| |/l̥/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>voiced</small>
| |
| |/w/
| |
| |/l/
| |
| |
| |
| |/j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| */h/ may be written as either {{angbr|''h''}} or {{angbr|''ch''}}; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.
| |
| | |
| The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:
| |
| | |
| *diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
| |
| *monophthongs otherwise?
| |
| | |
| The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.
| |
| | |
| It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.
| |
| | |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| ====Stress====
| |
| ====Intonation====
| |
| | |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| ===Morphophonology===
| |
| ====Liaison====
| |
| ====Alternations upon suffixation====
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Indefinite article:
| |
| *''a, az, et'' /ə, əs, əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl)
| |
| | |
| Definite article:
| |
| *''de/d', dez, deu'' /də, dəs, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)
| |
| | |
| Common nouns: ''-0/-e, -er''
| |
| *''de Frau, deu Frauer'' /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
| |
| *''de Hrabe, deu Hraber'' /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'
| |
| | |
| Neuter nouns: ''-0, -e''
| |
| *''dez Kind, deu Kinde'' /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'
| |
| | |
| Neuter n-stem nouns: ''-e, -en''
| |
| *''dez Name, deu Namen'' /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'
| |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
| |
| *''Er stark.'' /e t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' (cf. [[Venetian Hebrew]] spoken in the vicinity.)
| |
| *''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Like Yiddish, Allemañisch uses past participles instead of simple past forms in the past tense; however the auxiliary ''sîn'' was lost unlike in our timeline's German or Yiddish.
| |
| | |
| Infinitive:
| |
| *''machen'' /maxu/
| |
| | |
| Imperative:
| |
| *''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [no number distinction]
| |
| *''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
| |
| | |
| Present simple:
| |
| *''ich mache'' /əx max/
| |
| *''du maches'' /du max/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez machet'' /eː max/
| |
| *''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
| |
| *''irl machet'' /il max/
| |
| *''deul machent'' /dyl max/
| |
| | |
| Present progressive:
| |
| *''ich bî machen''
| |
| *''du bî machen''
| |
| *''er bî machen''
| |
| *''wir bî machen''
| |
| *''irl bî machen''
| |
| *''deul bî machen''
| |
| | |
| Past:
| |
| *''ich ha gemachet'' /əx hagəmax/
| |
| *''du has gemachet'' /du hak˭əmax/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez hat gemachet'' /eː hak˭əmax/
| |
| *''wir hans gemachet'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
| |
| *''irl hat gemachet'' /il hak˭əmax/
| |
| *''deul hant gemachet'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/
| |
| | |
| Future tense:
| |
| *''ich will machen, du willt machen, ...''
| |
| Question marker: ''ist'z daz'' = /it˭as/ (e.g. ''Ist'z daz du leaubes mir ?'' /it˭as t˭u løp mi/ 'Do you love me?')
| |
| | |
| Inversion for questions is allowed for pronominal subjects only: e.g. ''Leaubes-du mir ?'' /løp t˭u mi/
| |
| *''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
| |
| *''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
| |
| *''leaubet-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
| |
| *''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
| |
| *''leaubet-irl'' /løptil/
| |
| *''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/
| |
| | |
| The past tense auxiliary ''han'' is inverted as follows:
| |
| *''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
| |
| *''has-du'' /hat˭u/
| |
| *''hat-er'' /hate/, ''hat-eu'' /haty/, ''hat-ez'' /hatis/
| |
| *''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
| |
| *''hat-irl'' /hatil/
| |
| *''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/
| |
| | |
| The verb ''nêmen'' 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:
| |
| *''ich nême'' /əx nɛm/
| |
| *''du nimes'' /du nim/
| |
| *''er nimet'' /e nim/
| |
| *''wir nêmons'' /wi nɛmu/
| |
| *''irl nêmet'' /il nɛm/
| |
| *''deul nêment'' /dyl nɛm/
| |
| | |
| The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense.
| |
| ====Class 1 strong verbs====
| |
| Infinitive:
| |
| *''bîzen'' /bisu/ 'to bite'
| |
| | |
| Imperative:
| |
| *''bîze !'' /bis/
| |
| | |
| Present simple:
| |
| *''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
| |
| *''du bîzes'' /du bis/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez bîzet'' /eː bis/
| |
| *''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
| |
| *''irl bîzet'' /il bis/
| |
| *''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/
| |
| | |
| Past:
| |
| *''ich ha gebizet'' /əx hagəbəs/
| |
| *''du has gebizet'' /du hak˭əbəs/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez hat gebizet'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
| |
| *''wir hans gebizet'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
| |
| *''irl hat gebizet'' /il hak˭əbəs/
| |
| *''deul hant gebizet'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
| |
| ====Class 2 strong verbs====
| |
| Infinitive:
| |
| *''fleaugen'' /føgu/ 'to fly'
| |
| | |
| Imperative:
| |
| *''fleauge !'' /føg/
| |
| | |
| Present simple:
| |
| *''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
| |
| *''du fleauges'' /du føg/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez fleauget'' /eː føg/
| |
| *''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
| |
| *''irl fleauget'' /il føg/
| |
| *''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/
| |
| | |
| Past:
| |
| *''ich ha gefloget'' /əx hagəfɔg/
| |
| *''du has gefloget'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez hat gefloget'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
| |
| *''wir hans gefloget'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
| |
| *''irl hat gefloget'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
| |
| *''deul hant gefloget'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
| |
| | |
| ====Class 3 strong verbs====
| |
| Infinitive:
| |
| *''trinken'' /tɕiŋku/ 'to drink'
| |
| | |
| Imperative:
| |
| *''trinke !'' /tɕiŋk/
| |
| | |
| Present simple:
| |
| *''ich trinke'' /əx tɕiŋk/
| |
| *''du trinkes'' /du tɕiŋk/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez trinket'' /eː tɕiŋk/
| |
| *''wir trinkons'' /wiː tɕiŋku/
| |
| *''irl trinket'' /il tɕiŋk/
| |
| *''deul trinkent'' /dyl tɕiŋk/
| |
| | |
| Past:
| |
| *''ich ha getrunket'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
| |
| *''du has getrunket'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
| |
| *''er/seu/ez hat getrunket'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
| |
| *''wir hans getrunket'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
| |
| *''irl hat getrunket'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
| |
| *''deul hant getrunket'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
| |
| ====Class 4 strong verbs====
| |
| Infinitive:
| |
| *''sterben'' /t˭eːbu/ 'to die'
| |
| | |
| Imperative:
| |
| *''sterbe !'' /t˭eːb/
| |
| | |
| Present simple:
| |
| *''ich sterbe''
| |
| *''du sterbes'' (no stem vowel change unlike in German)
| |
| *''er/seu/ez sterbet''
| |
| *''wir sterbons''
| |
| *''irl sterbet''
| |
| *''deul sterbent''
| |
| | |
| Past:
| |
| *''ich ha gestorbet''
| |
| *''du has gestorbet''
| |
| *''er/seu/ez hat gestorbet''
| |
| *''wir hans gestorbet''
| |
| *''irl hat gestorbet''
| |
| *''deul hant gestorbet''
| |
| | |
| ====Copula====
| |
| The copula is ''wesen'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.
| |
| | |
| Inverted copula:
| |
| *''em-ich'' = /eməx/
| |
| *''eres-du'' = /it˭u/
| |
| *''ist-er'' = /it˭e/
| |
| *''eront-wir'' = /ʊŋwi/
| |
| *''eret-irl'' = /it˭il/
| |
| *''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/
| |
| | |
| Past tense copula:
| |
| | |
| *''ich was''
| |
| *''du wast''
| |
| *''er was''
| |
| *''wir wârons''
| |
| *''irl wâret''
| |
| *''deul wârent''
| |
| | |
| Inverted:
| |
| | |
| *''was-ich'' /wasəx/
| |
| *''was-du'' /wast˭u/
| |
| *''was-er'' /wase/
| |
| *''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
| |
| *''wâret-irl'' /waɪjil/
| |
| *''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| The personal pronouns are as follows:
| |
| | |
| (The 2pl and 3pl nominative forms ''irl'' and ''deul'' are etymologically from ''*ir alliu'' 'you all' and ''*diu alliu'' 'they all'.)
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 'he' || 'she' || 'it' (n.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! nom.
| |
| | ''ich''<br/>/əx/ || ''du''<br/>/du/ || ''er''<br/>/e/ || ''seu''<br/>/sy/
| |
| |rowspan="2"| ''ez''<br/>/is, əs/ || ''wir''<br/>/wi/ || ''irl''<br/>/il/ || ''deul''<br/>/dyl/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! obj.
| |
| | ''mir''<br/>/mi/ || ''dir''<br/>/di/ || ''im''<br/>/iŋ/ || ''ir''<br/>/i/ || ''uns''<br/>/us/ || ''euch''<br/>/yx/ || ''deim''<br/>/deɪŋ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! poss.
| |
| | ''mîn''<br/>/miŋ/ || ''dîn''<br/>/diŋ/
| |
| |colspan="3"| ''sîn''<br/>/siŋ/ || ''unser''<br/>/usi/ || ''eucher''<br/>/yxi/ || ''deir''<br/>/de/
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *In questions that use inversion, ''eu'' /y/ is used instead of ''seu''.
| |
| | |
| ''mîn, dîn, sîn'' are inflected as follows:
| |
| *sg. common ''mîn'' /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter ''mîz'' /mis~mi.ð‿-/, pl. ''mîne'' /min/
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} is SVO (not V2) and zero-copula.
| |
| ===Negation===
| |
| The negative particle ''neau'' /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:
| |
| | |
| *''Ich haze dir neau.'' /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
| |
| *''Ez neau grauz genoug.'' /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."
| |
| | |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| ''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nêment begâben mit Verstand und Gewizen und ûf deim zu benêmen zu einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''
| |
| | |
| /al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix aŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ fit˭aŋʔ u gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu θu enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/
| |
| | |
| ==Other resources==
| |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- Template area -->
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
| |
| [[Category:Languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Germanic languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
| |