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{{Infobox language
== Proto ==
|name=Weddish
{| class="bluetable"
|nativename=Weðisk
|+ Consonants of the Proto
|states=Wales
! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !!  Dorsal
|familycolor = Indo-European
|script        =  [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
|creator = [[User:Aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
}}
 
'''Weddish''' is a [[w:West Germanic language]] spoken by several small communities within [[w:Wales]].  Approximately 50,000 people speak Weddish as their L1.  It is of considerable interest to linguists and ethnographers, because of its complex history and unique place in the world.
 
Weddish appears to have begun as a dialect of [[w:Old Frisian]], which fell under the influence of its Welsh-speaking neighbors (unlike its Anglo-Saxon kin).  It was "conquered" by Jews in 1066, and "freed" by the [[w:Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290, and so returned to being under Welsh influence.
 
== Design Goals ==
''While I have taken elaborate pains to make Weddish appear naturalistic and give it a rich history, it is nevertheless an auxlang, designed for me to work on my philosophical ideas and methodologies of translations.  I welcome feedback and appreciate any advice you might give, but people are often surprised to find out my primary goal is not to avoid artificiality.''
 
''My goals are 1) anti-abstraction, 2) marking marriage, 3) lots of Hebrew, 4) close to English, 5) Welsh influence''
 
== Anthropology ==
=== Early Antiquity ===
Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian.  While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisia – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry.  While the differences are small, the evidence is clear.  Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts.  The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics.
 
Old Welsh (Proto-Brythonic) also gave Weddish is system of consonantal mutations.  Certain words and grammatical processes trigger regular changes in the first consonant of the ''next'' word.  This is also the only period where Latin words came into the language (until the modern, international terminology).
 
=== Late Antiquity ===
Some time in the eighth or ninth century, a charismatic leader supposedly brought the Weddish community into his quasi-Jewish cult.  He also introduced two key elements of the Basque language into Weddish: ergative-absolutive morphosyntax and animate-inanimate distinctions in noun phrases. 
 
=== 1066 ===
Will the arrival of William the Conqueror, ''actual'' Jews arrived from the Continent and called the Wedd's bluff.  Mandatory Hebrew schools were formed, and a similar situation to the rest of the U.K. developed for two centuries.  The elites and leaders spoke Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic.  The common folk spoke Weddish.
 
=== 1290 ===
When Edward I issued the edict of expulsion in 1290, the influence of external Jewry ceased, and all appearance of Judaism had to be removed from the public eye.  The Wedds had their own Domus Conversorum set up, and were allowed to create their own monastic order, where the vows of marriage were conjoined with the vows of holy orders.  Hebrew school continued in private, with Talmud and Maimonides studies ongoing for several more centuries.  Because they were not allowed to officiate over the Mass, Weddish "convents" avoided much of the accreting philosophy, and were among the hotbeds of Protestant theology, until the [[w:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]].
 
== Phonology ==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Nasal
! style="text-align: center;"|Labial
| m || n || || N
! Dental
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Post.
! style="text-align: center;"|Velar
! style="text-align: center;"|Uvular
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasals
! Stop
! v<sup>+</sup>
| p b || t d || k g || q ʔ
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
! Sibilant
| {{IPA|m̥}}
| f || s z || || x
|
| {{IPA|n̥}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ̊}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Obstr.
! Fricative
! v<sup>+</sup>
| þ || ł ɮ || || h
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA|g}}
|
|
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t͡θ}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA|k}}
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fric.
! v<sup>+</sup>
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|ð}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| || || ||
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|θ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|  
| {{IPA|χ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Trills
! Rhotic
! v<sup>+</sup>
| || r   ɻ || ||
|
|  
| {{IPA|r}}
| || || ||  
|-
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
! Approximant
|
| || j || w
|
| {{IPA|r̥}}
| || || ||  
|-
! rowspan="2" | Approx.
! v<sup>+</sup>
| {{IPA|w}}
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ç}}
| || ||
|-
! v<sup>-</sup>
| {{IPA|ʍ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɬ}}
| {{IPA|j}}
| || ||
|}
|}
Weddish consonants primarily center around a voiced-unvoiced contrast.  Several sounds do not occur in the lexical forms of words, but are nevertheless common as the result of consonant mutation.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:right;"
 
|+ '''Vowels of Weddish'''
{| class="bluetable"
! colspan="9"|Vowel phonemes
|+ Vowels of the Proto
|-
! !! Front !! !! Back
!  
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| {{IPA|ɪi}}
| i ī || || u ū
| {{IPA|ɨː}}
| {{IPA|ʊu}}
|-
|-
! Near-high
! Mid
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| || ǝ ||
|
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
! High-mid
|
| {{IPA|ǝ}}
| {{IPA|oʊ}}
|-
! Low-mid
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
| {{IPA|ʌ}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| {{IPA|æ}}
| || a ā ||
| {{IPA|aː}}
|
|}
|}


Weddish vowels are most easily characterized a six-vowel system: the typical five, plus a central vowel.  They all occur in "long" and "short" versions, though (as in English) those terms are used colloquially, and not as linguists mean them.
no vowel hiatus


There are also many diphthongs, as in Welsh: '''eu''', '''ei''', '''au''', '''ai''', '''oi''', '''ui''', and the palatalized '''iu''', '''ie''', '''ia'''.
was SOV
=== Orthography ===
== Now ==
Weddish is written with the letters of Hebrew abjad and the "points" (Hebrew niqqud). Romanization is unheard of, apart from our linguistics literature.
Super-fusional=polysynthetic
* z --> ʃ
* ɮ --> č
* ɻ --> ɚ
* ? --> ø
<pre>
  m  n  ŋ        ܡo    ܢo    ܥ              MNŊ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.  PBTDKGQ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo    ܙo    ܚo    (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
  θ̼  ɬ  t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo    ܨo    ܗo      þ   Ł  Č  H
      r  l              ݍo    ܠo              R  L
      j  w              ܝo      ܘo              Y W
</pre>


{{Template:Improvesection}}
<pre>
i=j    u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
e=h    o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄
</pre>
==== Diphthongs ====
First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ). 


=== Phonotactics ===
Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3.  Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short).  This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.
{{Template:Improvesection}}


=== Morphophonology ===
yes gemination
Mutation
=== Nouns ===
{{Template:Improvesection}}
Genders: three big groups, with five in the last
# Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, '''O Righteousness''', '''God of Love''', '''Geometry in the Mind of God'''
# Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, '''True Man=Adam''', '''table-ness''', some angels
# Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
## People - man, woman, spiritual beings
## Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
## Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
## Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
## Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns
Numbers: there are three
# Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
# Paucal - a few, some, a couple
# Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural


<br clear="both" />
{| class="bluetable"
|+ '''Prefixes'''
! !! Eternal !! Form !! Person !! Animal !! Beast !! Seed !! Rock
|-
! S
| rowspan="3" | š(a)-
| ??
| ??
| ??
| ??
| ??
| rowspan="3" | ??
|-
! P
<!-- Eternal //-->
| rowspan="2" | ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| rowspan="2" | ?
|-
! C
<!-- Eternal//-->
|
|
|
<!--Seed//-->
<!--Rock//-->
|}
Case: there are three -- '''suffixes'''
# Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
# Accusative: -(u)L
# Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o


Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders.  There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C


== Morphology ==
Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed.  Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences.  The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.
{{Classmeter/2
|Name=Weddish
|NativeName =ודסק
|Type=fusional


|Alignment = Ergative-Absolutive
=== Verbs ===
|adjective     = final
_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment.  Verbs are marked for
|adposition    = final
# (if transitive) object person slot
|adverb        = mixes
# (optional) applicative slot
|article        = initial
## ''passive''
|relativeclause = final
## ''mediopassive''
|nounclause    = initial
## benefactive
## instrumental
## locative
## comitative
# (optional) noun-incorporation slot
# lexical verb, which inflects for
## subject person
##* there 12 of these!
## aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
### continuous
### aorist (perfective)
### future (irrealis)
## evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
### direct
### hearsay
### inferential
### ''imperative/cohortative/optative''
# (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)".  These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations
## <pre>        : Continuous Aorist     Irrealis</pre>
## <pre>Not one  : present.  past.      subjunctive.</pre>
## <pre>ye old be: pres. cont past cont.  conditional</pre>
## <pre>ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.</pre>
## <pre>old have : perfect.  plurperf.  fut. perf.</pre>
# (optional) indirect object person slot
# (optional) negation slot


|order=SVO
Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)
|Tonal = no
=== Syntax ===
|Declined = yes
Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.
|Conjugated = yes
=== Derivation ===
|Genders = 3
_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian.  It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language. 


| Case=yes
There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, ''to hate''.  The lexical form is BóLeM.  Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive
| Number=yes
==== Direct ====
| Definiteness=no
<!-- The direct aorist is basically o-e+suffix, call it the Poel //-->
| Gender=yes
<!-- The direct continuous is basically prefix+i-e //->
<!-- The direct subjunctive is basically o-infix-a //-->


| Voice=no
{| class="bluetable"
| Mood=no
|+ BóLeM
| Person=yes
!
| Tense=no
! colspan="3" | Aorist
| Aspect=yes
! colspan="3" | Continuous
! colspan="3" | Subjunctive
|-
! !! sg !! pauc !! collect !! sg !! pauc !! collect
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''oÞ
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iQ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iM
|-
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''oS || '''B'''ó'''LM'''oŊe
|-
! 2
| '''B'''o'''L'''éY'''M''' || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''rĦ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iN
|-
! 3E
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''L'''e'''M'''
|-
! 3F
| '''B'''o'''LM'''ŕPoŠ
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''aŠe
|-
! 3P
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iŁ || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ŁeY || '''B'''o'''L'''Łé'''M'''uW
|-
! 3A
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''KoŊ || '''B'''o'''L'''ŕŊ'''M'''o || '''B'''o'''LM'''oŊ
|-
! 3B
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''ČeT || '''B'''o'''LM'''eTu || '''B'''o'''LM'''rÇ
|-
! 3S
| '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ZrŽ
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''rŽ


|Phonology=90
|-
|NounCases=50
! 3R
|NounDef=75
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''o'''L'''í'''M'''ÞiM
|NounNumbers=50
|}
|NounGender=75
==== Hearsay ====
|VerbPerson=75
<!-- The hearsay aorist is basically þ+i-u+suffix //-->
|VerbNumber=50
<!-- The hearsay continuous is basically prefix+þ+i-r //->
|VerbAspect=50
<!-- The hearsay subjunctive is basically þa+infix-u //-->
|VerbTense=80
|VerbMood=30
|VerbVoice=40
|AdjCase=80
|AdjNumber=70
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=20
|AdjSuperlative=20
|Supine=30
|Gerund=70
|Participle=50
|Infinitive=50
|Modality=10
|Words=1000
}}


=== Pronouns ===
==== Inferential ====
Weddish pronouns are split in two groups.  The 1st and 2nd person are nominative-accusative.  The third person pronouns are ergative-absolutive.
<!-- The inferential aorist is basically :a-e-suffix //-->
<!-- The inferential continuous is basically prefixr:-e //->
<!-- The inferential subjunctive is basically :a-infix-r //-->


==== 1st and 2nd ====
==== Imperative ====
{{Template:Improvesection}}
<!-- The imperative aorist is basically aorist direct pared down//-->
 
<!-- The imperative continuous is basically continuous direct pared down//->
==== 3rd ====
{{Template:Improvesection}}
 
==== Wh-words ====


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
It is important to be aware of case, number, and gender (animacy) when dealing with Weddish nouns.
Base noun form: aBLuM
 
==== Animacy ====
Vowel vs consonant ending ... sometimes
 
==== Number ====
Singular vs. Plural, but also antinomic vs. dual
 
==== Genitive ====
Animate vs '''dǝ-'''
 
==== Dative ====
Prepositions '''to'''
 
==== Ergative ====
'''-k'''
 
 
=== Determiners ===
==== Articles ====
==== Anarthrous ====
==== Quantifiers ====
==== Others ====
 
== Clauses ==
=== Verbs ===
=== Adnominals ===
=== Adverbials ===
 
== Numerals ==
 
== Lexicography ==

Latest revision as of 14:49, 22 January 2024

Proto

Consonants of the Proto
Labial Dental Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n N
Stop p b t d k g q ʔ
Sibilant f s z x
Fricative þ ł ɮ h
Rhotic r ɻ
Approximant j w


Vowels of the Proto
Front Back
High i ī u ū
Mid ǝ
Low a ā

no vowel hiatus

was SOV

Now

Super-fusional=polysynthetic

  • z --> ʃ
  • ɮ --> č
  • ɻ --> ɚ
  • ? --> ø
  m   n   ŋ        ܡo    ܢo     ܥ              MNŊ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.   PBTDKGQ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo     ܙo     ܚo     (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
  θ̼   ɬ   t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo     ܨo    ܗo      þ   Ł  Č   H
      r   l               ݍo     ܠo              R  L
      j   w               ܝo      ܘo              Y  W

 i=j     u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
 e=h     o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
 ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄

Diphthongs

First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ).

Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3. Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short). This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.

yes gemination

Nouns

Genders: three big groups, with five in the last

  1. Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, O Righteousness, God of Love, Geometry in the Mind of God
  2. Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, True Man=Adam, table-ness, some angels
  3. Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
    1. People - man, woman, spiritual beings
    2. Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
    3. Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
    4. Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
    5. Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns

Numbers: there are three

  1. Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
  2. Paucal - a few, some, a couple
  3. Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural
Prefixes
Eternal Form Person Animal Beast Seed Rock
S š(a)- ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
P ? ? ? ? ?
C

Case: there are three -- suffixes

  1. Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
  2. Accusative: -(u)L
  3. Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o

Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders. There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C

Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed. Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences. The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.

Verbs

_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are marked for

  1. (if transitive) object person slot
  2. (optional) applicative slot
    1. passive
    2. mediopassive
    3. benefactive
    4. instrumental
    5. locative
    6. comitative
  3. (optional) noun-incorporation slot
  4. lexical verb, which inflects for
    1. subject person
      • there 12 of these!
    2. aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
      1. continuous
      2. aorist (perfective)
      3. future (irrealis)
    3. evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
      1. direct
      2. hearsay
      3. inferential
      4. imperative/cohortative/optative
  5. (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)". These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations 
    1.          : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis
    2. Not one  : present.   past.       subjunctive.
    3. ye old be: pres. cont past cont.  conditional
    4. ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.
    5. old have : perfect.   plurperf.   fut. perf.
  6. (optional) indirect object person slot
  7. (optional) negation slot

Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)

Syntax

Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.

Derivation

_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian. It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language.

There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, to hate. The lexical form is BóLeM. Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive

Direct

BóLeM
Aorist Continuous Subjunctive
sg pauc collect sg pauc collect
1 BóLMoÞ BóLMiQ BóLMiM
BóLMoS BóLMoŊe
2 BoLéYM BoLéMrĦ BóLMiN
3E BóLeM
3F BoLMŕPoŠ BóLMaŠe
3P BóLMiŁ BoLéMŁeY BoLŁéMuW
3A BoLeMKoŊ BoLŕŊMo BoLMoŊ
3B BoLeMČeT BoLMeTu BoLMrÇ
3S BoLéMZrŽ BóLMrŽ
3R BoLíMÞiM

Hearsay

Inferential

Imperative

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