|
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
(73 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Infobox language
| | '''Zarḍenlaṇḍs''' /ˈzaʀɖəlaɳʈs/ (name to be changed; Thedish: ''Sardenlandьsk'') is an Ingvaeonic language spoken in Lõis's Sardinia and Corsica. It's from a separate branch from English and Frisian. |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| |
| |name = Modern Hebrew
| |
| |nativename = {{heb|עברית}}<br/>''ngivrith''
| |
| |pronunciation = [ŋivˈriθ]
| |
| |region = Europe
| |
| |setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
| |
| |states =
| |
| |speakers =
| |
| |date = 2015
| |
| |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
| |
| |fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
| |
| |fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| |
| |fam3=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]
| |
| |fam4=[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
| |
| |script=[[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{heb|עברית תקנית}}, [ŋivˈriθ tʰakˈniθ]) is a standardized lect of Modern Hebrew in [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has undergone major grammatical simplifications from Biblical Hebrew. | | It's a member of the Sardinian sprachbund along with Thedish, Sardinian and Kyravar Mazhi, and has a dental-retroflex distinction. The main source of retroflexion in Zardenlands is from a consonant shift where Proto-Ingvaeonic þ d became d ḍ. |
| | |
| <!--
| |
| | |
| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| |
| | |
| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| |
| | |
| -->
| |
| | |
| ==Todo==
| |
| *''sjålôm'' = 'hello'
| |
| *''birtzônkhå/-êkh/-khem'' = 'please' (lit. 'with your will')
| |
| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- Example categories/headings:
| |
| | |
| Goals
| |
| Setting
| |
| Inspiration
| |
| | |
| -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
| |
| | |
| Vowel inventory
| |
| Consonant inventory
| |
| Syllable structure
| |
| Stress
| |
| Intonation
| |
| | |
| -->
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Orthography===
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="2"|Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="3"|Stop
| |
| !<small>plain</small>
| |
| | '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || || || || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>tense</small>
| |
| | || '''tt''' /t˭/ || '''ts''' /ts˭/ || || || '''cc''' /k˭/|| '''' ''' /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || || || || '''g''' /g/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| || || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="2"| Resonant
| |
| | || || '''r''' /r/ || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Vowels===
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vowel !! IPA
| |
| |-
| |
| | a || /a/
| |
| |-
| |
| | e || /ɛ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | ey || /ɛɪ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | eo || /ə/
| |
| |-
| |
| | i || /i/
| |
| |-
| |
| | o || /ɔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | ow|| /ɔw/
| |
| |-
| |
| | u || /u/
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| ====Stress====
| |
| ====Intonation====
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| ===Morphophonology===
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| |
|
| |
| Nouns
| |
| Adjectives
| |
| Verbs
| |
| Adverbs
| |
| Particles
| |
| Derivational morphology
| |
|
| |
| -->
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| The Biblical Hebrew declension system with state, number and possession is mostly preserved. BH's declension system with complex stem changes have been regularized into a system with three principal parts (modulo regular phonetic alterations such as "CəC > CC when a suffix is added"):
| |
| # the absolute singular,
| |
| # the absolute plural,
| |
| # the construct singular stem (formed by removing any feminine -ath ending).
| |
|
| |
| The definite article ''ha-'' is added to any noun phrase even if it would violate traditional construct state rules.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |''caleov'' (m.) - 'dog'
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Absolute
| |
| |''caleov''||''ceolovim''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Construct
| |
| |''caleov''||''calvey''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg possessor
| |
| |''calvi''||''calvay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.m possessor
| |
| |''calvcho''||''calváycho''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.f possessor
| |
| |''calvech''||''calvaych''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.m possessor
| |
| |''calvow''||''calvov''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.f possessor
| |
| |''calvo''||''calváyho''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1pl possessor
| |
| |''calvénu''||''calváynu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl.m possessor
| |
| |''calvchem''||''calveychem''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl.f possessor
| |
| |''calvchen''||''calveychen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl.m possessor
| |
| |''calvom''||''calveyhem''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl.f possessor
| |
| |''calvon''||''calveyhen''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" |''beorocho'' (f.) - 'greeting'
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px;"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Absolute
| |
| |''beorocho''||''beorochowth''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Construct
| |
| |''bircath''||''bircowth''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1sg possessor
| |
| |''bircothi''||''bircowthay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.m possessor
| |
| |''bircothcho''||''bircowtháycho''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2sg.f possessor
| |
| |''bircothech''||''bircowthaych''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.m possessor
| |
| |''bircothow''||''bircowthov''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3sg.f possessor
| |
| |''bircotho''||''bircowtháyho''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1pl possessor
| |
| |''bircothénu''||''bircowtháynu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl.m possessor
| |
| |''bircothchem''||''bircowtheychem''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2pl.f possessor
| |
| |''bircothchen''||''bircowtheychen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl.m possessor
| |
| |''bircothom''||''bircowtheyhem''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3pl.f possessor
| |
| |''bircothon''||''bircowtheyhen''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Adjectives have two principal parts as in Tiberian Hebrew:
| |
| # the masculine singular;
| |
| # the feminine singular stem (formed by removing -o from the masculine plural), also used in the plural.
| |
|
| |
| *''godhowl'' = big (ms)
| |
| *''geodhowlo'' = big (fs)
| |
| *''geodhowlim'' = big (mp)
| |
| *''geodhowlowth'' = big (fp)
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| The verb has been drastically simplified, using verbal nouns in lieu of traditional conjugated verbs. The possessor of a verbal noun is usually its direct object.
| |
| *paal: Peo3iLo
| |
| *nifal: hiPPo3Luth
| |
| *piel: Pi33ul, Pa33oLo
| |
| *hifil: heP3eyL, haP3oLo
| |
| *hitpael: hithPa33Luth
| |
| :'''''Ha yaleodh beo sjeyno.'''''
| |
| :''The child is sleeping.''
| |
|
| |
| :'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilath dásjeo.'''''
| |
| :''The cow eats grass.'' (< ''The cow is at eating of grass.'')
| |
|
| |
| :'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilothow.'''''
| |
| :''The cow eats it.'' (< ''The cow is at its eating.'')
| |
| ===Other predicate constructions===
| |
| :'''''Yeysj rangeov ngeolay.'''''
| |
| :''I'm hungry.'' (lit. ''There is hunger on me.'')
| |
|
| |
| ===Pronouns and prepositions===
| |
| Subject pronouns fuse with tense, voice and negatives to form a copula (usually placed after the subject):
| |
|
| |
| Present affirmative:
| |
| *1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: ni, to, te, (hu), (hi), 'ónu, 'atem, 'aten, heym, heyn
| |
| Present negative:
| |
| *1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: 'eyni/'eynéni, 'eyncho, 'eyneych, 'eynow, 'eyno, 'eynénu, 'eynchem, 'eynchen, 'eynom, 'eynon
| |
| Past imperfect affirmative:
| |
| *yíthi, yítho, yíthe, yo, tho, yínu, yíthem, yíthen, yu
| |
| Past imperfect negative:
| |
| *lowyíthi, lowyítho, ...
| |
| Future/subjunctive affirmative:
| |
| *eye, tito, tiyi, yiye, tiye, niye, tiyu, tiyu, yiyu, tiyéno
| |
| Future negative:
| |
| *low eye, low tito, low tiyi, ...
| |
|
| |
| The auxiliary verb ''ccah'' can be used to indicate the passive (similar to ''cael'' in Welsh):
| |
| *past: ccáhti, ccáhto, ccaht, ccah, cceoho, ccáhnu, ccáhtem, ccáhten, cceohu
| |
| *present: cceah ni, cceah 'ato, ...? (should the lowcceah be uninflected?)
| |
| *future: eccah, ticcahto, ticceohi, yiccah, ticcah, ...
| |
|
| |
| An example of a passive sentence:
| |
| :{{heb|רות קחה הכאה מכדור שלג.}}
| |
| :'''''Ruth cceoho haco'o mi cadur sjáleogh.'''''
| |
| :''Ruth was hit by a snowball.'' (< 'Ruth took a hitting from a snowball.')
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Numbers===
| | As in Standard Dutch, but with the addition of '''ṭ ḍ ṇ ḷ''' /ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ/. /s z/ have allophones [ʂ ʐ] around retroflexes. [ʀ] is preferred for /r/. |
| ''ahad, sjtajim, sjolowsj, arbang, hamesh, shesh, sjavang, sjmowneo, tesjang, ngeseor'' | |
|
| |
|
| ''howseor X'' ("lack of X"): "negative X"
| | ==Nouns== |
| | Zardenlands has two grammatical genders like Dutch and Swedish: common and neuter. |
|
| |
|
| ==Syntax== | | ==Adjectives== |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Example texts== | | ==Verbs== |
| ==Other resources== | | dental-retro alternations |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| | ===Class 1=== |
| | *lijden, leeḍ, geleḍen = to suffer (minimal pair with leiḍen = to lead) |
| | *strijden, streeḍ, gestreḍen = to fight (by analogy) |
| | *schijnen, scheeṇ, gescheṇen 'shine, seem' |
| | ===Class 2=== |
| | *vriezen, vroor, gevroren = to freeze |
|
| |
|
| <!-- Template area -->
| | ===Class 4a=== |
| | *biṇḍen, boṇḍ, geboṇḍen = to bind, to tie |
|
| |
|
| | ==Sample text== |
| | ''Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheiḍ en reṭṭen geboren. Zij zijn begiftigḍ meṭ verstaṇḍ en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broeḍerschap te geḍragen.'' |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Jokelangs]] |
| [[Category:Languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Lõis]] | |
| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
| |