Brusing/Middle: Difference between revisions

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'''Brusing''' (''Brūsingiska taga'') is an [[Oselo-Bruso-Thedic]] language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English.
'''Brusing''' (''Brūsingisca taca'' /brùːsɪŋgiska tàka/) is an [[Oselo-Bruso-Thedic]] language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English.
 


Brusing was a classical language in Lõis's Europe.
==Todo==
==Todo==
assign tone
*tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term
*tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term
<poem>
<poem>
Line 26: Line 28:
====o-stems====
====o-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''welk'' 'wolf (m.)' (< {{recon|wḷkʷós}})
|+ ''wèlg'' 'wolf (m.)' (< {{recon|wḷkʷós}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''welk''||''welke''
|''wèlg''||''wèlge''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''welkes''||''welkan''
|''wèlges''||''wèlgan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''welke''||''welkum''
|''wèlge''||''wèlgum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''welk'' ||''welku''
|''wèlg'' ||''wèlgu''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''welket'' ||''welkes''
|''wèlget'' ||''wèlges''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''welke'' ||''welkus''
|''wèlge'' ||''wèlgus''
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''þand'' 'child (n.)' (< {{recon|ǵénh₁tom}})
|+ ''þánd'' 'child (n.)' (< {{recon|ǵénh₁tom}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''þand''||''þanda''
|''þánd''||''þánda''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''þandes''||''þandan''
|''þándes''||''þándan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''þande''||''þandum''
|''þánde''||''þándum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''þand'' ||''þanda''
|''þánd'' ||''þánda''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''þandet'' ||''þandes''
|''þándet'' ||''þándes''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''þande'' ||''þandus''
|''þánde'' ||''þándus''
|}
|}


====eh2-stems====
====eh2-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''arda'' 'earth (f.)' (< *h1er-teh2)
|+ ''árda'' 'earth (f.)' (< *h₁érteh₂)
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''arda''||''ardas''
|''árda''||''árdas''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''ardas''||''ardan''
|''árdas''||''árdan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''arde''||''ardum''
|''árde''||''árdum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''arda'' ||''ardu''
|''árda'' ||''árdu''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''arde'' ||''ardes''
|''árde'' ||''árdes''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''arde'' ||''ardus''
|''árde'' ||''árdus''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''bǣd'' 'tyrant, despot (m.)' (< {{recon|potis}})
|+ ''bǣ́d'' (m.) 'ruler'; later 'tyrant, despot' (< {{recon|potis}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''glōst'' 'load (f.)' (< {{recon|*kleh₂-s-tus}})
|+ ''glṓst'' 'load (f.)' (< {{recon|*kleh₂-s-tus}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
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====n-stems====
====n-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''nāma'' 'name (n.)' (< POBT {{recon|nomṇ}})
|+ ''nā́ma'' 'name (n.)' (< POBT {{recon|nomṇ}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''nāma''||''nāman''
|''nāma''||''nāmana''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''nǣman''||''nāmanan''
|''nǣmanas''||''nāmanan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''nǣman''||''nāmanum''
|''nǣmunu''||''nāmunum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''nāma'' ||''nāman''
|''nāma'' ||''nāmana''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''nǣmin'' ||''nāmanis''
|''nǣmanas'' ||''nāmanis''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''nǣmin'' ||''nāmanis''
|''nǣmane'' ||''nāmanis''
|}
|}


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====Athematics====
====Athematics====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''perk'' 'city (f.)' (< {{recon|bʰṛgʰs}})
|+ ''pérc'' 'city (f.)' (< {{recon|bʰṛgʰs}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''perk''||''perkas''
|''perc''||''percas''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''perkas''||''perkan''
|''percas''||''percan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''perku''||''perkum''
|''percu''||''percum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''perka'' ||''perkas''
|''perca'' ||''percas''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''perkas'' ||''perkis''
|''percas'' ||''percis''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''perki'' ||''perkus''
|''perce'' ||''percus''
|}
|}
===Pronouns===
ec, dū, is/ia/id, wīs, jūs, ūi/ias/īa


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness.
Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness.


kāt 'good' from *gʰôdʰos
The following is the inflection of ''cāt'' 'good', from PIE *gʰōdʰ-os. When a box shows three forms, the forms are in the order masculine, feminine, neuter.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; indefinite declension
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; indefinite declension
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|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''||''cāte''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cātas''
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cāte''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cāta''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''cātes''<br/>''cātas''||''cātan''
|''cātes''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cātes''||''cātan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 225: Line 232:
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''||''cātu''<br/>''cāta<br/>''cātu''
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cātu''<br/>''cātu''<br/>''cāta''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''cātet''<br/>''cāte'' ||''cātes''
|''cātet''<br/>''cāte''<br/>''cātet''||''cātes''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''cāte'' ||''cātus''
|''cāte'' ||''cātus''
|}
|}
 
{{col-break}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''þand'' 'child (n.)' (< {{recon|ǵénh₁tom}})
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; definite declension
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''þand''||''þanda''
|''cāta''||''cātunus''<br/>''cātunus''<br/>''cātana''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''þandes''||''þandan''
|''cātanas''||''cātanan''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''þande''||''þandum''
|''cātunu''||''cātunum''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''þand'' ||''þanda''
|''cātana''<br/>''cātana''<br/>''cāta''||''cātani''<br/>''cātani''<br/>''cātana''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''þandet'' ||''þandes''
|''cātanas''||''cātanis''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''þande'' ||''þandus''
|''cātane'' ||''cātanis''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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====Athematics====
====Athematics====
====e/o-thematics====
====e/o-thematics====
''spaðan'' 'to see'
''spáðan'' 'to see'
*Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand
*Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand
*Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer
*Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer
Line 277: Line 284:
*Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer
*Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer
*Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand
*Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand
*Subjunctive: spaðā, spaðēs, spaðēd, spaðum, spaðād, spaðand
*Imperative: -, spað, spastu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu
*Optative: spassāem, spassāes, spassāed, spassāeum, spassāead, spassāeand
*Imperative: -, spað, spassu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu


====eh2-verbs====
====eh2-verbs====
====yé-verbs====
====yé-verbs====
====éye-verbs====
====éye-verbs====
''dārayan'' 'to pain, to grieve'
''tā̀rajan'' 'to pain, to grieve'
*Present: ''dārayam, dārayas, dārayad, dārayum, dārayad, dārayān''
*Present: ''tārajem, tārajas, tārajad, tārajum, tārajad, tārajand''


===Syntax===
===Syntax===
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[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Germanic]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 2 April 2021

Brusing (Brūsingisca taca /brùːsɪŋgiska tàka/) is an Oselo-Bruso-Thedic language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English.


Todo

assign tone

  • tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term

a e i u ā ē ī ū ei eu ai au āi ēi āu ēu ->
a e i u ā ē ī ū ūi ē āe ōe āe ūi ōe ē
i want ū to become ȳ
u-umlaut:
o œ y u ō œ­̄ ȳ ū ū œ̄ ōe ūi ōe ū ūi œ̄
suHnus -> *sūnus -> sūn "son"

  • h₂elut "beer" -> *aluð -> olu

that sounds like estonian õlu
CVCuC words get the u if the V is short

Proto-Brusing:

Avis ðersaiwa

Avis, dat welnān natāra, spāða ðersuos: ainan kerrun wāðnan teuðanda, ainanwa mahsalān kerriðān, ainanwa ðumana sneuman paranda.

Grammar

Nouns

Brusing nouns had 6 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and locative.

o-stems

wèlg 'wolf (m.)' (< *wḷkʷós)
Singular Plural
Nominative wèlg wèlge
Genitive wèlges wèlgan
Dative wèlge wèlgum
Accusative wèlg wèlgu
Ablative wèlget wèlges
Locative wèlge wèlgus


þánd 'child (n.)' (< *ǵénh₁tom)
Singular Plural
Nominative þánd þánda
Genitive þándes þándan
Dative þánde þándum
Accusative þánd þánda
Ablative þándet þándes
Locative þánde þándus

eh2-stems

árda 'earth (f.)' (< *h₁érteh₂)
Singular Plural
Nominative árda árdas
Genitive árdas árdan
Dative árde árdum
Accusative árda árdu
Ablative árde árdes
Locative árde árdus

i- and u-stems

The i-stems and u-stems merge in Classical Brusing.

bǣ́d (m.) 'ruler'; later 'tyrant, despot' (< *potis)
Singular Plural
Nominative bǣd bǣdus
Genitive bǣdus bǣdian
Dative bǣdu bǣdum
Accusative bǣd bǣdi
Ablative bǣdus bǣdis
Locative bǣdu bǣdis


glṓst 'load (f.)' (< **kleh₂-s-tus)
Singular Plural
Nominative glōst glōstus
Genitive glōstus glōstian
Dative glōstu glōstum
Accusative glōst glōsti
Ablative glōstus glōstis
Locative glōstu glōstis

ih2-stems

wǣsti (POBT wostiyā) = clothing

n-stems

nā́ma 'name (n.)' (< POBT *nomṇ)
Singular Plural
Nominative nāma nāmana
Genitive nǣmanas nāmanan
Dative nǣmunu nāmunum
Accusative nāma nāmana
Ablative nǣmanas nāmanis
Locative nǣmane nāmanis

Likewise: wāta 'water', ðarta 'heart'

Athematics

pérc 'city (f.)' (< *bʰṛgʰs)
Singular Plural
Nominative perc percas
Genitive percas percan
Dative percu percum
Accusative perca percas
Ablative percas percis
Locative perce percus

Pronouns

ec, dū, is/ia/id, wīs, jūs, ūi/ias/īa

Adjectives

Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness.

The following is the inflection of cāt 'good', from PIE *gʰōdʰ-os. When a box shows three forms, the forms are in the order masculine, feminine, neuter.

cāt 'good'; indefinite declension
Singular Plural
Nominative cāt
cāta
cāt		 cāte
cātas
cāta
Genitive cātes
cātas
cātes		 cātan
Dative cāte cātum
Accusative cāt
cāta
cāt		 cātu
cātu
cāta
Ablative cātet
cāte
cātet		 cātes
Locative cāte cātus

cāt 'good'; definite declension
Singular Plural
Nominative cāta cātunus
cātunus
cātana
Genitive cātanas cātanan
Dative cātunu cātunum
Accusative cātana
cātana
cāta		 cātani
cātani
cātana
Ablative cātanas cātanis
Locative cātane cātanis


Verbs

Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing.

Verbs are negated by prefixing na-. (TODO: sandhi)

Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future.

The irrealis tenses are: subjunctive, optative, imperfective imperative, and aorist imperative.

Brusing also had a passive voice, inherited from PIE.

Athematics

e/o-thematics

spáðan 'to see'

  • Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand
  • Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer
  • Aorist: aspās, aspāst, aspās, aspassum, aspassad, aspasser
  • Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer
  • Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand
  • Imperative: -, spað, spastu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu

eh2-verbs

yé-verbs

éye-verbs

tā̀rajan 'to pain, to grieve'

  • Present: tārajem, tārajas, tārajad, tārajum, tārajad, tārajand

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

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