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:[[Qivattutannguaq/Q|Siqa tuqsuq Qivattut (This page in Qivattu)]]
'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.
 
==Phonology==
{{Infobox language
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = Qivattutannguaq
|pronunciation = /hivatːutaŋːuˈaχ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Qivattutannguaq'' /hivatːutaŋːuˈaχ/ or ''Qivattuq tannguaq'' /hivaˈtːuχ taŋːuˈaχ/) is a classical Indo-European language inspired by Inuit, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic.
 
It was spoken in Qivattulundun, which is located in our Great Britain.
 
*1: ainuq (m.)/ainaa (f.)/ainun (n.)
*2: tuwaa
*3: tirriq
*4: kituariq
*5. pikkiq
*6: uwiq
*7: iqtun
*8: astaa
*9: niwun
*10: tisun
*100: sattun


*tiutaa = tribe
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/
*tiuq / teewaq = god
*siuqit < *ǵews-eti = to try
*siuqtuq  (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
*imaq (m) = sea
*iqaluk (m) = trout
*anuri (n) = storm
*iqarijuq = red


==Welshy descendant==
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.


==Phonology==
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au ia ua iu ui
 
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w/
 
'''i u''' are pronounced [e o] before '''q'''.
===Diachronics===
===Diachronics===
o > u
o > u
Line 56: Line 15:
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/


wh = voiceless w
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''izaa'' 'I'
|+ ''jaa'' 'I'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''izaa''||''ammii''
|''jaa''||''angmii''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''mini''||''ammaqun''
|''mini''||''angmaqun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''mai''||''ammai''
|''mai''||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''mi'' ||''ammi''
|''mi'' ||''angmi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''mit'' ||''ammavuq''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''mit'' ||''ammavi''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi''
|}
|}


Line 93: Line 52:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''tivi''||''junngaqun''
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tai''||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''jungmi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi''
|}
 
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Reflexive pronoun
|-
!| !! (Number-neutral)
|-
!|Nominative
|''-''
|-
!|Genitive
|''qivi''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''tai''||''junngai''
|''qai''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''junngi''
|''qi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''tivit'' ||''junngavuq''
|''qivit, qiit''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''tivit'' ||''junngavi''
|''qivit, qiit''
|}
|}
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.


*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
allows sanskrit style compounds
===Functions of the cases===
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary.
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative.
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house')
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative.
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
 
===Thematic===
===Thematic===
====o-stems====
====o-stem masculine====
 
====o-stem neuter====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''walkuq'' 'wolf' (< {{recon|wĺ̥kʷos}})
|+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''walkuq''||''walkaaq''
|''wírdun''||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''walkaa''||''walkuun''
|''wírdaa''||''wírduun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''walkai''||''walkavuq''
|''wírdai''||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''walkun'' ||''walkuuq''
|''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavuq''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavi''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''walki!'' ||''walkaaq!''
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative-Accusative
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu''
|-
!|Dative
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}


 
====eh2-stems====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wirdun'' 'word' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wirdun''||''wirdaa''
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wirdaa''||''wirduun''
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wirdai''||''wirdavuq''
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wirdun'' ||''wirdaa''
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavuq''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavi''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wirdi!'' ||''wirdaa!''
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu''
|-
!|Dative
|''vukái''||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
{{col-end}}


====eh2-stems====
====u-stems====
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukaa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰugéh₂}})
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''vukaa''||''vukaaq''
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''vukaaq''||''vukuun''
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''vukai''||''vukaavuq''
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''vukaan'' ||''vukaaq''
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavuq''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavi''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''vukaa!'' ||''vukaaq!''
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!''
|}
|}


====u-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''quunuq'' 'son'
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''quunuq''||''quunuwiq''
|''iglú''||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''quuniuq''||''quunuun''
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''quuniwi''||''quunuvuq''
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''quunun'' ||''quunuuq''
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvuq''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvi''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''quunu!'' ||''quuniwiq!''
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!''
|}
|}


====i-stems====
====i-stems====
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ingniq'' 'fire'
|+ ''ingníq'' 'fire'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''ingniq''||''ingniiq''
|''ingníq''||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''ingniiq''||''ingnuun, ingnijuun''
|''ingníiq''||''ingnúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''ingnii''||''ingnivuq''
|''ingníi''||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ingnin'' ||''ingniiq''
|''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivuq''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivi''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ingni!'' ||''ingniiq!''
|''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!''
|}
|}
Also: ''teemputiq'' 'master'.
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'.


Neuter i-stems:
Neuter i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''anuri'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'')
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''anuri''||''anuria''
|''anurí''||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''anuriiq''||''anuruun, anurijuun''
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''anurii''||''anurivuq''
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''anuri'' ||''anuria''
|''anurí'' ||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivuq''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivi''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''anuri!'' ||''anuria!''
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!''
|}
|}


====h2-stems====
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
Line 290: Line 348:
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''imaq''||''imaaq''
|''imáq''||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''imiaq''||''imuun''
|''imiáq''||''imúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''imai''||''imavuq''
|''imái''||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''iman'' ||''imaaq''
|''imán'' ||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''imat'' ||''imavuq''
|''imát'' ||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''imat'' ||''imavi''
|''imát'' ||''imávi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ima!'' ||''imaat!''
|''imá!'' ||''imáaq!''
|}
 
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tannguái''||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!''
|}
|}


Line 314: Line 400:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''zamaa'' 'human'
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 342: Line 428:
====-mn-nouns====
====-mn-nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''numan'' 'name'
|+ ''núman'' 'name'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 367: Line 453:
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|}
|}
Also: ''wirman'' 'time', ''wingman'' 'clothes'
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes'


===Athematic===
===Athematic===
Example nouns: ''qaullaq'' = sun; ''apalaq'' = apple
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''rees'' 'king'
|+ ''réezaq'' 'king'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''rees''||''reeziq''
|''reezaq''||''reeziq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''rees''||''reezuun''
|''reeziaq''||''reezuun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 396: Line 484:
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!''
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!''
|}
|}
Likewise: ''qaul'' = sun


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''iqaluk'' 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ''ǝqaluɣ'')
|+ ''iqalugaq'' 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ''ǝqaluɣ'')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''iqaluk''||''iqalugiq''
|''iqalugaq''||''iqalugiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''iqaluk''||''iqaluguun''
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 423: Line 510:
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|}
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wútar'' 'water'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wútar''||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!''
|}
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''náawuq''||''náawiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!''
|}
|}


===''pateer''-class===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wutar'' 'water'
|+ ''pateer'' 'father'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wutar''||''wutaraa''
|''pateer''||''patiriq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wutar''||''wutaruun''
|''patriaq''||''patiruun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wutarii''||''wutaravuq''
|''patrii''||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wutaran'' ||''wutaraaq''
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravuq''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravi''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wutar!'' ||''wutaraa!''
|''patir!'' ||''patiriq!''
|}
|}


Declined similarly: pateer, maateer, vraateer, whiqaar, dukateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter
 
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
 
==Adjectives==
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
===-uq adjectives===
''qinuq'' 'old'
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
 
===-iq adjectives===
iqusiniq 'noble'
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia
 
===-aq adjectives===
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
 
==Prepositions==
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without
*''in''
**w/ acc.: into
**w/ loc.: inside
*''at''
**w/ acc.: towards; at
**w/ loc.: at, by
*''attir''
**w/ loc.: between,
**w/ acc.: against
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of
*''ipi''
**w/ acc.: onto
**w/ loc.: on
*''tira''
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
**w/ loc: beyond


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Line 464: Line 648:
|-
|-
!|1
!|1
|''tituami''||''titumaq''
|''tituan''||''titumaq''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
Line 476: Line 660:
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.


''vilsaa, ivalsa'' = shines
Some verbs in this class:
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries
 


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable"
|+ ''vindit'' 'he binds'; ''siuqit'' 'he tries', present active
|-
! colspan="3" | Present
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar''
|-
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar''
|-
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur''
|-
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti''
|-
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Past
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar''
|-
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
|-
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur''
|-
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti''
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Optative
|-
|-
!|1
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|''vindaa''<br/>''siuqaa''||''vindumaq''<br/>''siuqumaq''
|-
|-
!|2
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar''
|''vindiq''<br/>''siuqiq''||''vinditi''<br/>''siuqiti''
|-
|-
!|3
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar''
|''vindit''<br/>''siuqit''||''vinduut''<br/>''siuquut''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vindit'' 'he binds'; ''siuqit'' 'he tries', present passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur''
|-
|-
!|1
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti''
|''vindaar''<br/>''siuqaar''||''vindumaqti''<br/>''siuqumaqti''
|-
|-
!|2
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti''
|''vindiqur''<br/>''siuqiqur''||''vindidau''<br/>''siuqidau''
|-
|-
!|3
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur''
|''vinditur''<br/>''siuqitur''||''vinduttur''<br/>''siuquttur''
|-
|}
! colspan="3" | Imperative
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''virit'' 'he binds'; ''siuqit'' 'he tries', optative
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
!|1
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!''
|''vindaimi''<br/>''siuqaimi''||''vindaimaq''<br/>''siuqaimaq''
|-
|-
!|2
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!''
|''vindaiq''<br/>''siuqaiq''||''vindaiti''<br/>''siuqaiti''
|-
|-
!|3
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!''
|''vindait''<br/>''siuqait''||''vindajuut''<br/>''siuqajuut''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vindit'' 'he binds'; ''siuqit'' 'he tries', past
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!''
|-
! colspan="3" | Participles
|-
|-
!|1
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
|''ivanda''<br/>''isuqa''||''ivandami''<br/>''isuqami''
|-
|-
!|2
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq''
|''ivanta''<br/>''isuqta''|||''ivandati''<br/>''isuqati''
|-
|-
!|3
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq''
|''ivandi''<br/>''isuqi''||''ivandeer''<br/>''isuqeer''
|}
|}


Passive forms are formed with reflexive pronoun + verb.
===Nasal infix present verbs===
===-eh2- verbs===
teepputijaat = he rules
 
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer


===-eh2-verbs===
===-éye- verbs===
teemputijaat = he dominates, he lords over
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints


*present: teemputijaa, temputijaaq, teemputijaat, teemputijaamaq, teemputijaati, teemputijaat
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
*past: iteemputijaaqa, iteemputijaaqta, iteemputijaaqi, iteemputijaaqami, iteemputijaaqati, iteemputijaaqeer
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer


===Copula===
===Copula===
*present: ingmi, iqi, iqt, ingmaq, iqti, quut
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer


==Derivation==
==Numerals==
*''-isuq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr''
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur''
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr''
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr''
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur''
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur''
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur''
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur''
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur''
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur''
*XI: ainumpirsą
*XII: tuumpirsą
*XIII: triipirsą
*XIIII: kituarpirsą
*XΛ: pikkipirsą
*XΛI: wiipirsą
*XΛII: qiptapirsą
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą
*XX: tuihtisaą
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
*...
*XXX: tirtisą
*XXXX: kituartisą
*D: pinkitisą
*DX: wiitisą
*DXX: qiptantisą
*DXXX: ustantisą
*DXXXX: niwantisą
*O: santų
*Q: pinkisantų
*M: tuxantų
*Ī (10000): zillių
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
 
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
===Declension===
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns.
====''tuwai''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun''
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate)
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate)
 
====''tria''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''trijuun''
*dat./abl. ''triivuq''
*loc. ''triivi''


==Sample texts==
====''kituara''====
===Schleicher's Fable===
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
''Awiq iswaakki''
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''kituaruun''
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq''
*loc. ''kituaravi''


The sheep and the horses
==Derivation==
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ...
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses'
*''-inuq'' = agent
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument


''Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainunki mizalun kraaman, ainunki zamunan asu virattan.''
==Syntax==


A sheep with no wool saw horses, one pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO


''Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan."''
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.


The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me seeing a man drive horses."
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.'''''
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.'''''
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.'''''
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.'''''
:''The living fish swims in the water.''


''Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqii, awi, sartaq anngitur ammai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teemputiq, is awijuun walinaaq karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen iqt."''
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.


The horses said to the sheep: "Listen, sheep, our harts pain us when we see this: A man, the master, makes a warm garment for himself from the sheep's wool. And the sheep has no wool."


[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
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