Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] is much like our own, except no revival of Hebrew has taken place in modern times. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.
== Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) ==
 
==English Hebrew==
[[TT-English]] Hebrew is one of the most conservative modern Lõisian reading traditions (i.e. closest to Tiberian Hebrew). In most accents it is much like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except that all of the begadkefat consonants except /g/ preserve the lenition. (Some careful readers lenite /g/ to [ɣ].) The exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent; the given values are the L-Standard English values. Hebrew is often anglicized in an ad-hoc manner.
 
Jews started speaking English after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund, which was soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900.
 
The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as ''chutzpah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''khutspoh''}}) and ''Torah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''Tuoroh''}}; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, ''oy vey'' comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from ''oh woe'' [øɪ vøɪ] in the Eastern English accent that yields an Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)
 
===Vowels===
English Hebrew distinguishes between all of the 7 major Tiberian Hebrew vowels: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ (chiriq, tzere, segol, patach, qamatz, cholam and qubbutz/shuruq) are all distinct.
 
Like in Tiberian Hebrew, Standard English Hebrew has long-short or tense-lax alternation, depending on whether the syllable is stressed OR open or not. However, loss of gemination has messed this up somewhat, and now unstressed patach and pretonic unstressed hiriq are always short or lax. Speakers of some English accents that do not make any tense-lax distinctions carry this over to their Hebrew pronunciations, thus stressed syllables become long and pronouncing all unstressed syllables become short.
 
The following mapping from Tiberian Hebrew vowels to English vowel phonemes has been standardized by Rabbi Yitskhac ben Mơnakhâm (יצחק בן מנחם) in the 15th century and is still in use among English-speaking Jews:
*patach = chataf patach = tense PALM /ɑː/ in stressed syllables / lax TRAP /a~æ/ in unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''a''.
*segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed ''e''.
*tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed ''â''.
*qamatz = chataf qamatz = tense THOUGHT /ɔː/ in open OR stressed syllables / lax LOT /ɔ/ in closed unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''o'', ''oh'' or ''au''.
*cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/; the normative realization is [ə̟ʊ]. Backed to [ɔʊ~ɒʊ] before dark L. Usually transcribed ''uo''.
*chiriq = tense FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in tonic, or posttonic open syllables / lax KIT /ɪ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed ''i'' or ''ê''. Some people use ''-ih'' (suggesting the happY vowel) to represent final unstressed /i/: אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי בְחָפְזִי /ʔaˈniː ʔɔːˈmaɾtiː bəχɔfˈziː/ ''anê ohmarrtih bkhofzê'' 'I said in my haste'.
*qubbutz / shuruq = tense GOOSE /ü:/ in stressed or open syllables / lax FOOT /ɵ~ʊ̈/ in unstressed closed syllables. The allophones backed to [u:] and [ʊ] respectively before dark L and /r/. Usually transcribed ''u'' or ''ô''.
*shva: In careful reading ''shva na'' (/ă/ in Tiberian Hebrew; roughly, shva that was a vowel in earlier stages of Hebrew) is always pronounced. However, it is colloquially not pronounced except, possibly, to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced, it is pronounced [ə]. It may be transcribed ''ă'' or ''e'', or not be transcribed. It may be pronounced [ɪ~ɨ] before /j/ (e.g. תְדַמְּיוּנִי [θəˌðamɪˈjüːnɪj~ˌθðamɪˈjüːnɪj] ''thăđamăyônih'' 'you (pl) liken me').
 
===Consonants===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d ð h w z ħ~χ t j k x~χ l m n s ʕ~ʔ~∅ p f ts k ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/
 
Most people merge /ħ/ and /x/ into [χ].
 
As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. People often vocalize dark L to [w] but this doesn't happen in careful pronunciation.
 
/ʔ/ is sometimes dropped in casual reading especially where English would add a hiatus, but is always pronounced in more careful readings.
 
Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.
 
Some cantors who are careful readers may pronounce /ħ ʕ tʼ kʼ/ as [ħ ʕ t⁼ k⁼] and have clear aspiration in non-emphatic /t k/. Some people may use glottal reinforcement for postvocalic /tʼ kʼ ts/: e.g. צדיק /tsadˈdikʼ/ [tsaˈdɪjʔk] 'righteous'.
 
Gemination is not pronounced.
 
A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic r. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə]. (L-Standard English has variable rhoticity, so speakers are likely to perceive a diphthong ending in [ə] as a vowel plus R, even though no R sound is there.)
 
Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.
 
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
TODO: Western accent
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
! style="width: 50px;" | Verse !! style="width: 100px;" | Masoretic Text !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard (über-careful) !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern !! style="width: 250px;" | Translation
|-
! 1:1
|| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
|| [bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjt̪ hæʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
|| [bəɾɛɪˈʃɪjθ boːˈɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃoːˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts]
|| [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]
|| When God began creating the heaven and the earth,
|-
! 1:2
||וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
|| [wəhɔˈʔoəɹɛts hɔjəˈt̪oə ˈt̪ə̟ʊhüw wɔˈvə̟ʊhüw wəˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ʔæɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾüwæx ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹæˈxɛfɛθ ʔæw pənɛɪ hæˈmojɪm]
|| [wəhoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts hoːjəˈθoː ˈθə̟ʊhüː woːˈvə̟ʊhüː wəˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ʕaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾüːwaħ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm məɾaˈħɛfɛθ ʕaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| [vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈχɔɪʃeχ ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuaχ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈχefes̠ ʔal pəneɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| The earth was unformed and empty, and darkness was on the face of the deep; and the spirit of God was hovering above the surface of the water.
|-
! 1:3
||וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
||[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhi ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhiː ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]
|| Now God said, "Let there be light!" And there was light.
|-
! 1:4
||וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
||[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪˈtə̟ʊv | wajævˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüˈvɪjn hæˈxə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪʔˈtə̟ʊv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ ʔüːˈvɛɪn haˈħə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔüˈveɪn haˈχɔɪʃeχ]
||God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness.
|-
! 1:5
||וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
||[wajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ ˈjəʊm wəɫaˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | wajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhi ˈvəʊkɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]
|| [wajɪʔˈkɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm loːˈʔə̟ʊəɾ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoːɾoː ˈloɪloː | wajəˈhiː ˈʕɛɾɛv wajəˈhiː ˈvə̟ʊʔkɛəɾ jə̟ʊm ʔɛˈħoːð]
|| [vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈχɔɪʃeχ ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈχoːd]
|| God called the light "day", and the darkness he called "night". Then there was evening, then there was morning, one day.
|}
 
===Sample (Adon Olam)===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
! style="width: 250px;" | Hebrew !! style="width: 230px;" | L-Standard English pronunciation (casual) !! style="width: 350px;" | Translation (Not word-for-word)
|-
||
<poem>
<poem>
{{Hebpara|אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
בְּטֶרֶם כָּל יְצִיר נִבְרָא
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
לְעֵת נַעֲשָׂה בְחֶפְצוֹ כֹּל
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
אֲזַי מֶלֶךְ שְׁמוֹ נִקְרָא
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת
 
וְאַחֲרֵי כִּכְלוֹת הַכֹּל
לְבַדּוֹ יִמְלוֹךְ נוֹרָא
וְהוּא הָיָה וְהוּא הֹוֶה
וְהוּא יִהְיֶה בְּתִפְאָרָה
 
וְהוּא אֶחָד וְאֵין שֵׁנִי
לְהַמְשִׁיל לוֹ לְהַחְבִּירָה
בְּלִי רֵאשִׁית בְּלִי תַכְלִית
וְלוֹ הָעֹז וְהַמִּשְׂרָה
 
וְהוּא אֵלִי וְחַי גּוֹאֲלִי
וְצוּר חֶבְלִי בְּעֵת צָרָה
וְהוּא נִסִּי וּמָנוֹס לִי
מְנָת כּוֹסִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא
 
בְּיָדוֹ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי
בְּעֵת אִישָׁן וְאָעִירָה
וְעִם רוּחִי גְוִיָּתִי
אֲדֹנָי לִי וְלֹא אִירָא}}
</poem>
|| <poem>[ʔaˈðəʏn əʏˈloːm aˈʃɛə moːˈlɑːχ]
[bəˈtɛʋɛm ˌkɒʊ jəˈtsiːəɹ nɪvˈɹoː]
[ləˈʔɛɪθ naʔaˈsoː vəˈχɛftsəʏ ˈkɒʊ]
[ʔaˈzɑɪ mɛˈlɛχ ʃəˈməʏ nɪˈkɹoː]
 
[wəʔaχaˈʋɛɪ kɪχˈləʏθ haˈkɒʊ]
[ləˈvaːdəʏ ˌjɪmˈləʏχ nəʏˈʋoː]
[wəˈhüː hoːˈjoː wəˈhüː həʊˈwɛ]
[wəˈhüː jɪhˈjɛ bəθɪfʔoːˈɹoː]
 
[wəˈhüːw ɛˈχoːð wəˈʔɛɪn ʃɛɪˈnɪj]
[ləˈhamʃɪl ˈləʏ ləhaχbɪəˈʋoː]
[bəˈlɪj ɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bəˈlɪj θaχˈlɪjθ]
[wəˈləʏ hoːˈʔəʏz wəhamɪsˈɹoː]
 
[wəˈhüːw ɛɪˈlɪj wəˈχɑɪ gəʏaˈlɪj]
[wəˈtsuːəɹ χɛvˈlɪj bəˈʔɛɪθ tsoːˈʋoː]
[wəˈhüː nɪˈsɪj ʔüˈmoːnəʏs ˈlɪj]
[məˈnoːθ kəʏˈsɪj bəˈjəʏm ɛˈkʋoː]


[bəˈjoːðəʏ ˌʔafˈkɪjð ɹüːwˈχɪj]
דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
[bəˈʔɛɪθ ʔɪˈʃoːn wəʔoːʔɪəˈɹoː]
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
[wəˈʔɪjm ɹüːwˈχɪj gəwɪjjoːˈθɪj]
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
[ʔaðəʏˈnoːj ˈlɪj wəˈləʏ ʔɪəˈʋoː]
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי
</poem>
|| <poem>Lord of the universe, who had reigned
Before any creature was brought into being –
According to His pleasure all things were made,
And He was then named King.


And after all things come to an end,
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
Alone shall He reign yet, in awesome majesty;
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
He ever was, and He still is,
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
And He will be in splendor.
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


He is one, and there is none other
אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
To liken to Him or to be His peer –
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
He has neither beginning nor end;
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
To Him belongs the might and authority.
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר


He is my God, my Redeemer living,
הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
A rock for my trouble in times of adversity;
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
He is my banner and my refuge,
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
He fills my cup when I call upon Him.
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה


In His hands I entrust my soul,
דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
When I am sleeping and when I wake –
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
And with my spirit and my body,
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
The Lord is mine, and I shall not fear.
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
</poem>
</poem>
|}
==Togarmite Hebrew==
Tiberian Hebrew sounds are mapped to Togarmite sounds. Similar to Ashkenazi Hebrew.
===Vowels===
Similar to English Hebrew without the tense-lax distinction:
*patach = chataf patach = [a]
*qamatz = chataf qamatz = [o]
*segol = chataf segol = [ɛ]
*tzere = [e]
*cholam = [ø]
*hiriq = [i]
*shuruq/qubbutz = [u]
*shva = [ə/Ø]
===Consonants===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ t' j k x l m n s ʕ p f k' r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d d h v z x~ħ t j k x l m n s ʕ p f k r ʃ t θ]
==Khuômiskh Hebrew==
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d ð h v z h t~ɗ j kʰ x l m n ʂ ʔ p f tɕ k~ɠ ɹ~ʐ s tʰ tʰ]
/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u e o ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
/ia̯ ua̯ ea̯ oa̯/ is pronounced [iə uə eə oə].
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.
Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
==Qivattu Hebrew==
Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels
Readings similar to this are used in Western Europe.


ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
== East Asian readings ==
Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops
=== Mandarin Hebrew ===
=== Korean Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/


/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/


שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte


/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/
=== Japanese Hebrew ===
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}]


==Baden Hebrew==
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/

Latest revision as of 18:54, 21 February 2026

Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

East Asian readings

Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops

Mandarin Hebrew

Korean Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e̞ e̞ a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e̞ o/

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/

Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte

Japanese Hebrew

Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o̞ː o̞ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o̞]

Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r ɕ t t/

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