Verse:Irta/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] is much like our own, except no revival of Hebrew has taken place in modern times. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.
The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)


==English Hebrew==
However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
[[TT-English]] Hebrew is one of the most conservative modern Lõisian reading traditions (i.e. closest to Tiberian Hebrew). In most accents it is much like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except that all of the begadkefat consonants except /g/ preserve the lenition. It is really a mapping from Tiberian Hebrew phonemes to English phonemes, so the exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent. There is a gap between:
# Normative, careful pronunciation, used by cantors, and in hymns, song and poetry. This pronunciation is often called ''Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth'' (ההברה המקובלת [hahavoːˈɾoː haməʔkʊˈbɛlɛθ], literally 'received pronunciation' or 'accepted pronunciation', named after Newton native Rabbi Yitskhác ben Mănakhấm's (יצחק בן מנחם /jɪʔtsˈħaʔk bɛn mənaˈħɛɪm/) 15th century pamphlet ''Ha-Havohróh ha-Măcubéleth'' which described this pronunciation both using phonetic descriptions and with a mapping to English sounds. It is thought to reflect 15th century English pronunciation in the city of [[Verse:Lõis/Newton|Newton]].
# Natural pronunciation which uses the speaker's native accent, used in other contexts, such as when an average Jew or a rabbi reads Hebrew texts or quotes Hebrew texts in a conversation. Cantors today are often encouraged to follow their communities' local accents.


There is yet another register of pronunciation: Hebrew words are borrowed into Jewish English with a stress shift to penultimate stress and strong vowel reduction, much like Hebrew vocabulary in Yiddish.
== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
{{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}}


Jews started speaking English after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund, which was soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900.
== Irta Sephardi Hebrew ==
Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} ä ä o{{lowered}} o{{lowered}} u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]


The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as ''chutzpah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''khutspoh''}}) and ''Torah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''Tuoroh''}}; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, ''oy vey'' comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from ''oh woe'' [øɪ vøɪ] in the Eastern English accent that yields an Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)
== Chinese Hebrew ==
Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.  


===Vowels===
Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
English Hebrew distinguishes between all of the 7 major Tiberian Hebrew vowels: /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ (chiriq, tzere, segol, patach, qamatz, cholam and qubbutz/shuruq) are all distinct.
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ''ey o u ü''
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin ''gh''
*/r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
* dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
* sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
* both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
* kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
* Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated


Like in Tiberian Hebrew, Standard English Hebrew has long-short or tense-lax alternation, depending on whether the syllable is stressed OR open or not. However, loss of gemination has messed this up somewhat, and now unstressed patach and pretonic unstressed hiriq are always short or lax. Speakers of some English accents that do not make any tense-lax distinctions carry this over to their Hebrew pronunciations, thus all stressed syllables become long and all unstressed syllables become short.
==Comparison==
=== Dror Yikra ===
Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.


The following mapping from Tiberian Hebrew vowels to English vowel phonemes given in ''Ha-Hagiyóh ha-Măcubéleth'' is still in use among English-speaking Jews:
Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.
*patach = chataf patach = tense PALM /ɑː/ in stressed syllables / lax TRAP /a~æ/ in unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''a''.
*segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed ''e''.
*tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed ''â''.
*qamatz = chataf qamatz = tense THOUGHT /oː/ in open OR stressed syllables / lax LOT /ɔ/ in closed unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''o'', ''oh'' or ''au''.
*cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/; the normative realization is [ə̟ʊ~ɛʊ]. Backed to [ɔʊ~ɒʊ] before dark L, and may be backed to [oʊ] before /r/. Usually transcribed ''uo''.
*chiriq = tense FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in tonic, or posttonic open syllables / lax KIT /ɪ/ otherwise. Usually transcribed ''i'' or ''ê''. Some people use ''-ih'' (suggesting the happY vowel) to represent final unstressed /i/: אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי בְחָפְזִי /ʔaˈniː ʔɔːˈmaɾtiː bəχɔfˈziː/ ''anê ohmarrtih bkhofzê'' 'I said in my haste'.
*qubbutz / shuruq = tense GOOSE /ʉ:/ in stressed or open syllables / lax FOOT /ɵ~ʊ̈/ in unstressed closed syllables. The allophones are backed to [u:] and [ʊ] respectively before dark L and /r/. Usually transcribed ''u'' or ''ô''.
*shva: In careful reading ''shva na'' (/ă/ in Tiberian Hebrew; roughly, shva that was a vowel in earlier stages of Hebrew) is always pronounced. However, it is colloquially not pronounced except, possibly, to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced, it is pronounced [ə]. It may be transcribed ''ă'' or ''e'', or not be transcribed. It may be pronounced [ɪ~ɨ] before /j/ (e.g. תְדַמְּיוּנִי [θəˌðamɪˈjʉːnɪj~ˌθðamɪˈjʉːnɪj] ''thăđamăyônih'' 'you (pl) liken me').


===Consonants===
[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d ð h w z ħ~χ t~ʔt j k x~χ l m n s ʕ~ʔ~∅ p f ts~ʔts k~ʔk ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/


As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. People often vocalize dark L to [w] but this doesn't happen in careful pronunciation. The clear L-dark L distinction is marginally phonemic in Hebrew poetry where shva may or may not be pronounced according to poetic license: the shva in מילאו (normatively [mɪləˈʔʉː]) 'they filled' vs. מלאו ''mil'u'' (normatively [mɪɫˈʔʉː]) 'fill! (2pl imperative)' may both be /ə/ or both silent, hence [mɪl(ə)ˈʔʉː] and [mɪɫ(ə)ˈʔʉː] respectively.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)


Normative pronunciation prescribes [r~ɾ] for /r/ but in practice people variously realize /r/ as [r], [ɾ], [ɹ], [ʀ], or even [ʋ] depending on accent and personal preference. A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic /r/. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə] in non-rhotic accents but this is frowned upon.
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת


Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.
דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי


Pronouncing /ħ ʕ/ as [ħ ʕ] is the normative, careful pronunciation. Most people casually merge /ħ/ and /x/ into [χ], and /ʕ/ and /ʔ/ into [ʔ~Ø]. /ʔ ʕ/ are sometimes dropped in casual reading, especially where English would add a hiatus, but are always pronounced (at least, both as [ʔ]) in more careful readings.
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


Many people but not everyone uses glottal reinforcement for postvocalic /tʼ kʼ ts/: e.g. צַדִּיק /tsadˈdikʼ/ [tsaˈdɪjʔk~tsaˈdɪjk] 'righteous; pious, saintly'. (This is also used in [[Knánith]] Hebrew.)
אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר


Gemination is not pronounced.
הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה


Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.
דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Proto-Chinese Hebrew


===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
TODO: Western accent
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
! style="width: 50px;" | Verse !! style="width: 100px;" | Masoretic Text !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard (normative) !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern !! style="width: 250px;" | Translation
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]
|-
! 1:1
|| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
|| [bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjt̪ hæʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
|| [bəɾɛɪˈʃɪjθ boːˈɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃoːˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts]
|| [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]
|| When God began creating the heaven and the earth,
|-
! 1:2
||וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
|| [wəhɔˈʔoəɹɛts hɔjəˈt̪oə ˈt̪ə̟ʊhʉw wɔˈvə̟ʊhʉw wəˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ʔæɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾʉwæx ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹæˈxɛfɛθ ʔæw pənɛɪ hæˈmojɪm]
|| [wəhoːˈʔoːɾɛʔts hoːjəˈθoː ˈθə̟ʊhʉː woːˈvə̟ʊhʉː wəˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ʕaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhə̟ʊm | wəˈɾʉːwaħ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm məɾaˈħɛfɛθ ʕaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| [vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈχɔɪʃeχ ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuaχ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈχefes̠ ʔal pəneɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
|| The earth was unformed and empty, and darkness was on the face of the deep; and the spirit of God was hovering above the surface of the water.
|-
! 1:3
||וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
||[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhi ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[waˈjə̟ʊmɛɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔə̟ʊɾ | wajəˈhiː ʔə̟ʊɾ]
||[vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]
|| Now God said, "Let there be light!" And there was light.
|-
! 1:4
||וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
||[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪˈtə̟ʊv | wajævˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔʉˈvɪjn hæˈxə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ kɪʔˈtə̟ʊv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hoːˈʔə̟ʊɾ ʔʉːˈvɛɪn haˈħə̟ʊʃɛx]
||[vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔʉˈveɪn haˈχɔɪʃeχ]
||God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness.
|-
! 1:5
||וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
||[wajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔə̟ʊɾ ˈjəʊm wəɫaˈxə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | wajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhi ˈvəʊkɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]
|| [wajɪʔˈkɾoː ʔɛlə̟ʊˈhiːm loːˈʔə̟ʊəɾ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈħə̟ʊʃɛx ˈkoːɾoː ˈloɪloː | wajəˈhiː ˈʕɛɾɛv wajəˈhiː ˈvə̟ʊʔkɛəɾ jə̟ʊm ʔɛˈħoːð]
|| [vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈχɔɪʃeχ ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈχoːd]
|| God called the light "day", and the darkness he called "night". Then there was evening, then there was morning, one day.
|}


===Sample (Adon Olam)===
[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
! style="width: 250px;" | Hebrew !! style="width: 230px;" | L-Standard English pronunciation (casual) !! style="width: 350px;" | Translation (Not word-for-word)
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
|-
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
||
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]
<poem>
{{Hebpara|אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ
בְּטֶרֶם כָּל יְצִיר נִבְרָא
לְעֵת נַעֲשָׂה בְחֶפְצוֹ כֹּל
אֲזַי מֶלֶךְ שְׁמוֹ נִקְרָא


וְאַחֲרֵי כִּכְלוֹת הַכֹּל
[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
לְבַדּוֹ יִמְלוֹךְ נוֹרָא
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
וְהוּא הָיָה וְהוּא הֹוֶה
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
וְהוּא יִהְיֶה בְּתִפְאָרָה
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]


וְהוּא אֶחָד וְאֵין שֵׁנִי
[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
לְהַמְשִׁיל לוֹ לְהַחְבִּירָה
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
בְּלִי רֵאשִׁית בְּלִי תַכְלִית
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
וְלוֹ הָעֹז וְהַמִּשְׂרָה
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]


וְהוּא אֵלִי וְחַי גּוֹאֲלִי
[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
וְצוּר חֶבְלִי בְּעֵת צָרָה
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
וְהוּא נִסִּי וּמָנוֹס לִי
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
מְנָת כּוֹסִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
 
בְּיָדוֹ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי
בְּעֵת אִישָׁן וְאָעִירָה
וְעִם רוּחִי גְוִיָּתִי
אֲדֹנָי לִי וְלֹא אִירָא}}
</poem>
</poem>
|| <poem>[ʔaˈðəʏn əʏˈloːm aˈʃɛə moːˈlɑːχ]
{{col-break}}
[bəˈtɛʋɛm ˌkɒʊ jəˈtsiːəɹ nɪvˈɹoː]
<poem>
[ləˈʔɛɪθ naʔaˈsoː vəˈχɛftsəʏ ˈkɒʊ]
Chinese Hebrew
[ʔaˈzɑɪ mɛˈlɛχ ʃəˈməʏ nɪˈkɹoː]
 
[wəʔaχaˈʋɛɪ kɪχˈləʏθ haˈkɒʊ]
[ləˈvaːdəʏ ˌjɪmˈləʏχ nəʏˈʋoː]
[wəˈhʉː hoːˈjoː wəˈhʉː həʊˈwɛ]
[wəˈhʉː jɪhˈjɛ bəθɪfʔoːˈɹoː]
 
[wəˈhʉːw ɛˈχoːð wəˈʔɛɪn ʃɛɪˈnɪj]
[ləˈhamʃɪl ˈləʏ ləhaχbɪəˈʋoː]
[bəˈlɪj ɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bəˈlɪj θaχˈlɪjθ]
[wəˈləʏ hoːˈʔəʏz wəhamɪsˈɹoː]


[wəˈhʉːw ɛɪˈlɪj wəˈχɑɪ gəʏaˈlɪj]
[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[wəˈtsuːəɹ χɛvˈlɪj bəˈʔɛɪθ tsoːˈʋoː]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[wəˈhʉː nɪˈsɪj ʔʉˈmoːnəʏs ˈlɪj]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[məˈnoːθ kəʏˈsɪj bəˈjəʏm ɛˈkʋoː]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]


[bəˈjoːðəʏ ˌʔafˈkɪjð ɹʉːwˈχɪj]
[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[bəˈʔɛɪθ ʔɪˈʃoːn wəʔoːʔɪəˈɹoː]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[wəˈʔɪjm ɹʉːˈχɪj gəwɪjjoːˈθɪj]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʔaðəʏˈnoːj ˈlɪj wəˈləʏ ʔɪəˈʋoː]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]
</poem>
|| <poem>Lord of the universe, who had reigned
Before any creature was brought into being –
According to His pleasure all things were made,
And He was then named King.


And after all things come to an end,
[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
Alone shall He reign yet, in awesome majesty;
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
He ever was, and He still is,
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
And He will be in splendor.
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]


He is one, and there is none other
[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
To liken to Him or to be His peer –
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
He has neither beginning nor end;
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
To Him belongs the might and authority.
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]


He is my God, my Redeemer living,
[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
A rock for my trouble in times of adversity;
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
He is my banner and my refuge,
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
He fills my cup when I call upon Him.
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]


In His hands I entrust my soul,
[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
When I am sleeping and when I wake –
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
And with my spirit and my body,
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
The Lord is mine, and I shall not fear.
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]
</poem>
</poem>
|}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)


==Padmanābha Hebrew==
[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.


Similar to English Hebrew.
[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
==Togarmite Hebrew==
And show me a sign of salvation.
Tiberian Hebrew sounds are mapped to Togarmite sounds. Similar to Ashkenazi Hebrew.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
===Vowels===
Attend to the cries of my people.
Similar to English Hebrew without the tense-lax distinction:
*patach = chataf patach = [a]
*qamatz = chataf qamatz = [o]
*segol = chataf segol = [ɛ]
*tzere = [e]
*cholam = [ø]
*hiriq = [i]
*shuruq/qubbutz = [u]
*shva = [ə/Ø]
===Consonants===
/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ t' j k x l m n s ʕ p f k' r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d d h v z x~ħ t j k x l m n s ʕ p f k r ʃ t θ]


==Đâu-Gequơxex Hebrew==
Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.


/ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d ð h v z h t~ɗ j kʰ x l m n ʂ ʔ p f tɕ k~ɠ ɹ~ʐ s tʰ tʰ]
O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.


/i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u e o ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.


/ia̯ ua̯ ea̯ oa̯/ is pronounced [iə uə eə oə].
Know what is wise for your soul,
 
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
==Corded Ware Hebrew==
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.
Keep your holy Sabbath.
 
</poem>
Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
{{col-end}}
 
The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
 
ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
 
/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
 
שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
 
/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
 
===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
Typical Western or Central CW reading
 
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
 
[vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
 
וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
 
[wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
 
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
 
[waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
 
וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
 
[waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
 
וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃


[wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
== Irtan Hebrew poetry ==
=== Hebrew dán díreach ===
Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish ''dán díreach''.


==Qivattu Hebrew==
Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș
Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels


Readings similar to this are used in Western Europe.
Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)


ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines


/vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./
For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so ''péle'' 'wonder' and ''qémaħ'' 'flour' rhyme)


שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
Rhyming consonant groups:
# Qoph, teth and tsade
# Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
# Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
# Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
# Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
# Dageshed l, m, n
# Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
# Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)


/ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/
:''ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,''
:''kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh.'' (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
: "I and the white Pangur,
: Each [of us] has worked in his craft"


==Baden Hebrew==
:''Pángur ėno bi măkanė;''
:''Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.''
: "Pangur does not envy me;
: He delights in his playing."

Latest revision as of 07:41, 5 January 2023

The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)

However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.

Irta Modern Hebrew

Main page: Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew

Irta Sephardi Hebrew

Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew

  • Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
  • Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e̞ e̞ ä ä o̞ o̞ u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]

Chinese Hebrew

Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.

Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

  • Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ey o u ü
  • Shva na3 is ă /ə/ in careful pronunciation
  • undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin gh
  • /r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
  • dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
  • dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
  • sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
  • both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
  • kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
  • Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated

Comparison

Dror Yikra

Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.

Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.

[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."

Hebrew (Tiberian)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

Proto-Chinese Hebrew

[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]

[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]

[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]

[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]

[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]

[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]

Chinese Hebrew

[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]

[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]

[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]

[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]

[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]

[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]

English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)

[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.

[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.

Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.

O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.

Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.

Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.


Irtan Hebrew poetry

Hebrew dán díreach

Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish dán díreach.

Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș

Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)

Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines

For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so péle 'wonder' and qémaħ 'flour' rhyme)

Rhyming consonant groups:

  1. Qoph, teth and tsade
  2. Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
  3. Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  4. Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  5. Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
  6. Dageshed l, m, n
  7. Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
  8. Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)
ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,
kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh. (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
"I and the white Pangur,
Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
Pángur ėno bi măkanė;
Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.
"Pangur does not envy me;
He delights in his playing."
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