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In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''Yudech''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן יודעך ''an Yudech'' /ən 'judəx/ or אַ גּֿאַלג'־יודעך ''a Ghalj-Yudech'' /ə ɣaldʒ judəx/) is the sole surviving Goidelic language. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the Jewish diaspora in Central Asia. It mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from Azalic, Togarmite and Persian.
'''Judeo-Mandarin''' is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.


The aesthetics is inspired by Yiddish and Polish.
Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm ''somewhat'' more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.
 
==Names==
Patronymics:
*Gaelic: mac/nic Chayim, ou/ni Chayim (we might write these as McChaim, O'Chaim when nativized to English)
*Semitic: ben/bar/bas Chayim, Chayimi
*Azalic: Chayimson
*Persian: Chayimzadeh, Chayimian, Chayiminejad
*Greek: Chayimopoulos
===Famous people===
*Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Aharoun'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist
 
==Todo==
é ó > ei ou (ea oa in some dialects)
 
OIr oí, óe > oi
 
regularize native schwa to ע ''e''
 
native initial mutation with rafe, Hebrew mutation with dagesh/no dagesh
 
syllabic n, l (and r)?
 
*Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?'
*Cleft construction: '''''Še''' zein lešóunes '''a''' tom a zein anéš'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
 
numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש  ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah čeher, ah cuj, ah šei, ah šecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeš
 
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts j v z/.
*Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**f /f/ > fh /0/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
*ts z č j l arise from slender t d c g l.
*Vowels: ''a e i o u'' /a e i o u/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. Vowel clusters exist.
*Stress is transcribed if not initial
*OIr oí > oi?
 
==Orthography==
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:
 
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ס ש = zero b g gh d h z t j l w m n s p f tz č c r s š
 
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh tzh čh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
 
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
 
Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
 
אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e ei i o ou u ai oi/
 
יִ is used  for /i/ after י /j/.
 
אַ־בּֿוֹ בּֿיוֹ ''a vou vyou'' = the live cow
 
Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. Dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, tav is always written when present.
 
Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
 
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
:{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}}
:'''''Tom a łasegh nerous hanuco.'''
:/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'nerəs 'hanukə/
:be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
:''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
 
:{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אר זי שבת!}}
:'''''Noh scrivu do ous ar zi Šabos!'''''
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
 
Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
====Tenses====
The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
 
*''to še ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating
**''vil še...'' = does he...?
**''chal še...'' = he does not...
**''nachil še...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''gu vil še...'' = COMP he...
**''a to še...'' = REL he...
*''to še triš ih'' = he ate/has eaten
*''bei še ag ih'' = he will eat
**''bei še...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhei še...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhei še...'' = won't he...?
**''a vi še...'' = REL he will...
*''va še ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''rou še...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha rou še...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach rou še...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
*''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat!
 
 
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ina-, etc.'' + VN is used:
*''tom i mo-chadel'' = I sleep
*''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit
*''tom i mo-šesev'' = I stand
*''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
*''tom i mo-fhirech'' = I live (I dwell)
 
====Conjugation====
*''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows:
**''tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tohi, to šid''
**''vilim, vilir, vil še/ši, vilij, vilhi, vil šid''
**''chalim, chalir...''
**''nachilim, nachilir...''
*''va, rou'':
**''vas, vaš, va še/ši, vimer, vyur, va šid''
**''rous, rouš, rou še/ši, roumer, rovyur, rou šid''
*''bei'': ''beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beihi, bei šid''
 
===Copula===
 
===Nouns===
Like Irish and Hebrew, Yudach has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
 
Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-an'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
 
Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-ous'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
 
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an''
*אַנט אישצשע ''ant išče'' = the water
*אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food
*אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day
*אַן צעך ''an tzech'' = the house
*אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle
 
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''tz'') lenite and take ''a-'';
*אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełech'' = the moon
*אַן אישה ''an išo'' = the woman/wife
*אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character)
*אַן סוכּה ''an suco'' = the booth
 
Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
 
*נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiš'' = the houses
*נאַהּ־ל'אַהען ''nah łahen'' = the days
*נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives (irregular plural of ''išo'')
*נאַהּ אותיות ''nah ousyous'' = the letters
*נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah sucous'' = the booths
*נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives always have -e in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ech'' is ''-i'': the plural of יודעך ''Yudech'' 'Jew' is יודי ''Yudi''.
 
*pred: ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
*m.sg.: ''fer beg'' = a short man; ''am-fer beg'' = the short man
*f.sg.: ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; ''an-fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
*pl.: ''feren orde'' = tall men; ''nah-feren orde'' = the tall men
 
Comparatives are formed by adding ''nis'' 'more' and ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
 
''mour - nis mou - es mou'' = big - bigger - biggest
 
===Pronouns===
pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu še ši šin šiv šid, emphatic: miše, tuse, šešen, šiše, šine, šivše, šidsen
 
Possessive prefixes:
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mo-bhroher'' /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-aher'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''do-bhroher'' /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-aher'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhroher'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-aher'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-aher'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or-broher'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-aher'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
*באַר־בּראָהער ''var-broher'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-aher'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-aher'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
 
''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyur''  /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
 
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mo-moher is m-aher'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
 
===Prepositions===
*ag 'at': agom, aget, aje, ači, agen, agev, acu
*da 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
*ou 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
*i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, intzi, inen, inev, intu
*ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
*as 'from': asom, aset, as, aši, asen, asev, asu
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
*ri 'with': ryom, ret, reš, rei, rin, riv, ryu
*um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
*fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
====Combinations====
''in'' + definite article is ''insa(n)-'' in the sg and ''insna-'' in the plural.
 
''i'' + possessive ''a-'': ''ina-''
 
''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-''
 
''ou'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oun-/oum-/oun-''
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם טריש פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצען אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom triš fol nah fregertzen ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
 
==Syntax==
===Noun phrase===
Since Yudach lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an-X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן־קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an-cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat.
 
==Phrasebook==
*שלום ''Šolem'' = Hello, goodbye
*שלום עליכם ''Šolem aléichem'' = Hello
*עליכם שלום ''Aléichem šolem'' = Hello (in response to ''Šolem aleichem'')
*בּענאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Benacht aget/agev'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Foltze rut/ruv'' = Welcome
*צשייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Čeid mile foltze'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
*''Cad e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name?
*''X še ant enim ryom'' = My name is ...
*''Vilir a łaver Azeliš?'' = Do you speak English?
*''To iari agom a łaver Yudech, ach chal cumes dom.'' = I want to speak Yudech, but I cannot.
===Dates and time===
====Days of the week====
Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall.
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soul''
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soul''
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescer soul''
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
**Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן ''eiše łuan'' (!)
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-mortz''
*Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi-čeidin''
*Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi-zeiredin''
*Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haine''
*Saturday: זי־שבת ''zi-šabes''
 
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 5 January 2023

Judeo-Mandarin is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta.

Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm somewhat more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary.

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