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'''Pestonian''' (native name: ''Risened tangu'') is an Estonian-inspired descendant of [[Hivatish]].
'''Celtic Nurian''' (Old ''Nūratambās'', Modern ''Nüüretampur''; in-universe English: Nurian, in-universe Irish: ''an Núrais'') is a stem-Celtic language (called Celtic in Irta) spoken in Irta's North Africa. It evolved under strong Semitic, especially Arabic influence. It is inspired by [[Nurian]], a Talmic language with a similar premise.


Numbers: ''õin, tua, tria, kidur, pik, huu, heht, õst, neu, tis''
"Proto-Hyper-Celtic Palified then Khmerized"


''Tepader!'' = an oath, like "Jesus" or "Christ" in our English
[[Category:Stem-Celtic]]
==Phonology==
Consonants: p b v t d δ k g s z h m n ng w r l j /p b v t d ð k g s z h m n ŋ w ʀ l j/
 
Vowels: a e i u õ /a e i u ɤ/ + long vowels and diphthongs
 
==Nouns==
no gender
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''valg'' 'wolf' (< ''valkuq'')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''valg''||''valgar''
|-
!|Genitive
|''valga''||''valgu''
|-
!|Dative
|''valge''||''valgav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''valged'' ||''valgav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wirδ'' 'word' (< ''wirdun'')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wirδ''||''werδar''
|-
!|Genitive
|''werδa''||''wirδu''
|-
!|Dative
|''wirδe''||''wirδav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''wirδed'' ||''wirδav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''võga'' 'city' (< ''vukaa'')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''võga''||''võgar''
|-
!|Genitive
|''võgar''||''võgu''
|-
!|Dative
|''võge''||''võgav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''võgad'' ||''võgav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''inn'' 'fire'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''inn''||''innir''
|-
!|Genitive
|''innir''||''innu''
|-
!|Dative
|''inne''||''inniv''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''innid'' ||''inniv''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''suht'' 'attempt'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''suht''||''suhtur''
|-
!|Genitive
|''suhter''||''suhtu''
|-
!|Dative
|''suhte''||''suhtuv''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''suhtud'' ||''suhtuv''
|}
 
Athematic nouns are the most irregular:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ree'' 'king'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''ree''||''reejer''
|-
!|Genitive
|''reeja''||''reeju''
|-
!|Dative
|''rei''||''reejav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''reejed'' ||''reejav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''igalu'' 'trout'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''igalu''||''igalur''
|-
!|Genitive
|''igaluja''||''igalu''
|-
!|Dative
|''igale''||''igalav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''igalud'' ||''igalav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''anur'' 'storm'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''anur''||''anuri''
|-
!|Genitive
|''anurir, anura''||''anuri''
|-
!|Dative
|''anure''||''anuriv''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''anurid'' ||''anuriv''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''em'' 'sea'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''em''||''emar''
|-
!|Genitive
|''imer''||''imu''
|-
!|Dative
|''eme''||''emav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''emad'' ||''emav''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''nõma'' 'name'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''nõma''||''nõmana''
|-
!|Genitive
|''nõmar''||''nõmanu''
|-
!|Dative
|''nõmane''||''nõmanav''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''nõmaned'' ||''nõmanav''
|}
 
==Adjectives==
Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns
*Nominative: ''tali wirδ'' 'long word', ''taljar werδar'' 'long words'
*Genitive: ''talja werδa'', ''talju wirδu''
*Dative: ''talje wirδe'', ''taljav wirδav''
*Abl-loc: ''taljad wirδed'', ''taljav wirδav''
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''ja'' || ''tu'' || ''sid'' || ''sa'' || ''sud'' || ''am'' || ''ju'' || ''sir''
|-
! acc.
| ''mi'' || ''ti'' || ''sun'' || ''san'' || ''sud'' || ''ang'' || ''jung'' || ''sur''
|-
! gen.
| ''min'' || ''tiv'' || ''siv'' || ''sar''  || ''ta'' || ''angar'' || ''jungar'' || ''serar''
|-
! dat.
| ''mõi'' || ''tõi'' || ''sõme'' || ''sõre'' || ''tõme'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav''
|-
! abl.-loc.
| ''mined, med'' || ''tived, ted'' || ''sõmed'' || ''sõred'' || ''tõmed'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav''
|}
 
==Verbs==
TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality
 
Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.
 
There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.
 
Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with ''tar'' 'through' plus the accusative case: ''Tar sin teisedõim.'' 'He will find me.'
 
As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.
 
teised "he finds":
*Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, sid/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
*Past imperfective: ja teiser, tu teiset, sid/sa/sud teiser, am teiseme, ju teisete, sir teiser
*Past perfective: teisedim, teiseder, teiseded, teisedime, teisedite, teisedud
*Future perfective: teisetõim, teisetõir, teisetõid, teisetõime, teisetõite, teisetõjud
 
vinned "he binds":
*Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, sid/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
*Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, sid/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
*Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
*Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud
 
teepudad "he rules":
*Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, sid teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
*Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, sid teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
*Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
*Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud

Latest revision as of 03:15, 29 January 2022

Celtic Nurian (Old Nūratambās, Modern Nüüretampur; in-universe English: Nurian, in-universe Irish: an Núrais) is a stem-Celtic language (called Celtic in Irta) spoken in Irta's North Africa. It evolved under strong Semitic, especially Arabic influence. It is inspired by Nurian, a Talmic language with a similar premise.

"Proto-Hyper-Celtic Palified then Khmerized"

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