Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions

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* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''.
* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''.


===Vulgar Latin Changes===
===Vulgar Latin Changes===
Line 11: Line 10:
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''
* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''
* Assimilation of ''quu'' > ''cu'', e.g. ''coquus > koku''
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! B !! C !! D !! F !! G !! J !! L !! M !! N !! P !! R !! S !! T !! V
|-
| bj || tts || jj > (d)d͡ʒ || fj || colspan="2;" | jj > (d)d͡ʒ || ʎʎ || mj || ɲɲ || pj || rj || sj || tts || j
|}
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''


===Old Pulqer Changes===
===Old Pulqer Changes===
Line 22: Line 28:
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur adjacent to a resonant).
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''d > t > th''
** ''d > t > th''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''qu > qh > vh'' /ʍ/
** ''gu > q(u) > qh(u)'' /kʷ/
*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
Line 34: Line 42:
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khaltathe''
* C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > kralu''
** There is occasional metathesis where ''r'' and ''l'' occur in a word.


The following are later developments within OP.  
The following are later developments within OP.  
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe''
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''khaltathe > khaltaethe''
** ''a > ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''a > ae'' /aː > ae/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛː > ɛi/
** ''i > ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''i > ie'' /iː > iə/  
** ''ą > au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. ''au''.  
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''.  
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakhṛmentu''
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakṛmentu''


===Middle Pulqer Changes===
===Middle Pulqer Changes===
* Diphthongs are simplified:
** ''ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
*** NB ''ei'' /ɛi/ remains
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,   
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,   
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''  
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''  
* ''vh'' merges with ''f''
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
** ''mf'' (< earlier ''mvh <'' L. ''nqu, ngu'') > ''mp'', e.g. ''limf > limpf > limp''
* Initial ''kh, ph, th'' merge with ''k, p, t''.
** ''sf'' (< earlier ''svh'' < L. ''squ'') > ''sp'', e.g. ''svhaem > spaem''
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''
* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.
* Final ''-tr'' becomes ''-tl''


===Modern Pulqer Changes===
===Modern Pulqer Changes===
Line 67: Line 82:
** ''au > a''
** ''au > a''
** ''ue > u''
** ''ue > u''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muer > muar''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muel > mual''
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
* sC > ş
* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).
===Summary===
====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
|-
| a || rowspan="2;" | a(ː) || rowspan="2;" | a(ː) || a || a
|-
| ā || ae || rowspan="2;" | e
|-
| æ || rowspan="2;" | ę(ː) || rowspan="2;" | e(ː) || e
|-
| e || ei || rowspan="5;" | i <br> ia<sup>2</sup>
|-
| ē || rowspan="2;" | ẹ(ː) || rowspan="4;" | i(ː) || rowspan="2;" | i 
|-
| œ
|-
| i || ɪ(ː) || rowspan="2;" | ie
|-
| ī || i(ː)
|-
| au || au || rowspan="2;" | ą(ː) <br> [u]<sup>1</sup> || a || rowspan="2;" | a
|-
| o || ǫ(ː) || au 
|-
| ō || ọ(ː) || rowspan="3;" | u || u || u
|-
| u || ʊ(ː) || rowspan="2;" | ue || rowspan="2;" | u <br> ua<sup>2</sup>
|-
| ū || u(ː)
|}
# L. ''ov'' > ''uv'' > ''u''
# ''ie, ue'' + ''l, r'' > ''ia, ua''
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
|-
| rowspan="4;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p
|-
| pl || colspan="2;" | pr || pr
|-
| -pj- || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
| -pt- || colspan="2;" | tth || t
|-
| rowspan="4;" | b || b- || colspan="2;" | p || p
|-
| -v- || f || h || -
|-
| bj || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
| -br- || vr || fr || r
|-
| rowspan="2;" | v || v || f || h || h-
|-
| vj || fi || hi || i
|-
| rowspan="2;" | t || t || colspan="2;" | th || t
|-
| tj || colspan="2;" | ts || ts
|-
| rowspan="2;" | d || d || colspan="2;" | t || t
|-
| dj || colspan="2;" | tś || tś
|-
| rowspan="2;" | c || c || colspan="2;" | kh || k
|-
| cj || ts ||
|-
| ci || ts
|-
| cr || kr
|-
| g
|-
| gj || tś
|-
| qu
|-
| m
|-
| mj || ntś
|-
| rowspan="2;" | n ||
|-
| nj || ntś
|-
| ns || s
|-
| l
|-
| lj || ltś
|-
| r
|-
| rj || ltś
|-
| rs || ss
|-
| f
|-
| s
|-
| h || colspan="4;" | Ø
|}

Latest revision as of 10:43, 13 February 2022

  • Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.

Vulgar Latin Changes

The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:

  • Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
  • Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
  • Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. bibere > bivere.
  • Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
  • Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
  • Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mẹsa
  • Assimilation of rs > ss, e.g. ursus > ussu
  • Assimilation of quu > cu, e.g. coquus > koku
  • Loss of vowel quantity
  • Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsone
B C D F G J L M N P R S T V
bj tts jj > (d)d͡ʒ fj jj > (d)d͡ʒ ʎʎ mj ɲɲ pj rj sj tts j
  • Palatalisation of c, g > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu

Old Pulqer Changes

A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.

  • High mid vowels ẹ, ọ merge with high vowels i, u, e.g. mesa > misa, dracọ > trakhu
  • Low-mid ǫ becomes:
    • u before v and merges, e.g. fovea > fuja
    • ą /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. rota > arątha, homine > ąmine
  • Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere (NB: C > Ch does not occur adjacent to a resonant).
    • b > p > ph (word-initial v- also > p)
    • d > t > th
    • g > k > kh
    • gu > q(u) > qh(u) /kʷ/
      • kuV and khuV merge with q, qh, e.g. phinkue > phinqe
  • Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. j, gi) becomes /t͡ʃ/.
  • Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/.
  • Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of s, v, b) are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with f, e.g. bibere > pifere, casa /kaːza/ > khaesa.
  • Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > attu
    • mn > nn
    • ct > tt
    • x /ks/ > ss
  • Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arike, stella > astella
  • Syllable-final r > l, e.g. car'tate > khaltathe
  • Cl > Cr, e.g. clarus > kralu
    • There is occasional metathesis where r and l occur in a word.

The following are later developments within OP.

  • Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. khaltathe > khaltaethe
    • a > ae /aː > ae/
    • e > ei /ɛː > ɛi/
    • i > ie /iː > iə/
    • u > ue /uə > uː/
    • ą > au /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. au.
  • All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. aumine > aunne
  • Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakṛmentu

Middle Pulqer Changes

  • Diphthongs are simplified:
    • ae /ae > ɛː/
    • ie /iə > iː/ (except before r, l)
    • ue /uə > uː/ (except before r, l)
    • au /ɑə > ɑː/
      • NB ei /ɛi/ remains
  • Geminate resonants (ll, rr, nn, mm) are preoccluded (> tl, tr, tn, pm, e.g. khapallu > khapatlu.
  • Excrescent t is inserted between other resonants or between s + resonant, e.g. esre > estre,
  • Final vowels are lost, e.g. mueru > muer
  • f becomes h, e.g. filtś > hiltś
    • f is probably already lost before u, e.g. fulpr > ulpr
    • new medial h is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ifant > ihant > hiant)
  • Initial kh, ph, th merge with k, p, t.
  • Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. khatth > kath
  • Medial kh, ph, th are lenited to fricatives ḥ, f, z /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. kath > kaz.
  • Final -tr becomes -tl

Modern Pulqer Changes

  • Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. autn > atn
    • ae > e
    • ei > i
    • ie > i
      • but > ia before r, l, e.g. miel > mial
    • au > a
    • ue > u
      • but > ua before r, l, e.g. muel > mual
  • Development of epenthetic vowel y /ə/, e.g. kapatl > kapatyl
  • Remaining q merge with k, e.g. qistu > kistu
  • sC > ş
  • (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. kapatyl > kapat (except infinitives).

Summary

Vowels

CL VL OP OP > MP ModP
a a(ː) a(ː) a a
ā ae e
æ ę(ː) e(ː) e
e ei i
ia2
ē ẹ(ː) i(ː) i
œ
i ɪ(ː) ie
ī i(ː)
au au ą(ː)
[u]1		 a a
o ǫ(ː) au
ō ọ(ː) u u u
u ʊ(ː) ue u
ua2
ū u(ː)
  1. L. ov > uv > u
  2. ie, ue + l, r > ia, ua

Consonants

CL VL OP OP > MP ModP
p p ph p
pl pr pr
-pj- ttś tś
-pt- tth t
b b- p p
-v- f h -
bj ttś tś
-br- vr fr r
v v f h h-
vj fi hi i
t t th t
tj ts ts
d d t t
dj tś tś
c c kh k
cj ts
ci ts
cr kr
g
gj tś
qu
m
mj ntś
n
nj ntś
ns s
l
lj ltś
r
rj ltś
rs ss
f
s
h Ø
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