|
|
| (53 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| English in the Unbegotten timeline is an Indo-European language and has pretty much the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but is a Riphic language, not a Germanic one. It is native to our Germany and Poland area, not the British Isles.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Etymologies==
| |
| *''leitmotif'': an opera which used a leitmotif for a character named Lait or Light? (it was an operatic version of Death Note)
| |
| *''karma'': a non-Earth Indo-Aryan language
| |
| *''mana'': from an IA word for 'mind'
| |
| *''Parmesan'': unknown. A folk etymology derives it from a [[Cubrite]] woman's name (Parm Ezan?).
| |
| *frequentative -le from h2el- (cf Hebrew "halakh ve-VERB" = continues to VERB)
| |
| *German linguistic terminology: invented by Edna? The standard terms are:
| |
| **''affection'' not ''umlaut''
| |
| **''apophony'' not ''ablaut''
| |
| **''linguistic area'' not ''sprachbund''
| |
| **''lexical aspect'' not ''aktionsart''
| |
| **''case stacking'' not ''suffixaufnahme''
| |
| **''place of origin'' not ''urheimat''
| |
|
| |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| In-universe, English has a Latin-based deep orthography reflecting different diachronics than our English. By translation convention, this is rendered as our written English but with American and British spellings in free variation.
| |
|
| |
| ==Accents==
| |
| ===Overview===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Vowels
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !!style="width: 250px;" | Pacific !! style="width: 250px;" | Welvington !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard European !! style="width: 250px;" | Polish
| |
| |-
| |
| ! KIT
| |
| | ɪ~ɪ̈ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! DRESS
| |
| | ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! TRAP
| |
| | a || æ (Hungarian ''e''); eə (before /m n/ in a closed syllable) || a || a
| |
| |-
| |
| ! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
| |
| | a || eə; a: only in ''aunt'' and ''can't'' || a || a
| |
| |-
| |
| ! LOT
| |
| | ɔ~ɒ || ɔ~ɒ (Hungarian ''a'') || ɑ || ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! STRUT
| |
| | ɜ̟~ɐ || ʌ~ɤ || ə || ə
| |
| |-
| |
| ! FOOT
| |
| | ʊ̈~ɘ || ʊ~ʏ || ʊ || ɪ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! FLEECE
| |
| | iː || ɪj; iʝ (reinforced) || iː || ej
| |
| |-
| |
| ! FACE
| |
| | eɪ || ɛɪ; ɪj (reinforced) || eɪ || aj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! PRICE
| |
| | ɑɪ || ɑɪ, ʌɪ (reinforced) || əɪ || aː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! CHOICE
| |
| | oɪ || oɪ, ʊɪ (reinforced) || ɒɪ || ɔj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! MOUTH
| |
| | æʊ || ɶ̝ː~œː~œə || ɑʊ || oː~ou
| |
| |-
| |
| ! GOAT
| |
| | oʊ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ] || ɛʊ~əʊ, oʊ before [ɫ] || ø: || ɔj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! GOOSE
| |
| | üw, uː before [ɫ] || üw, uː before [ɫ] || y: || iː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! PALM
| |
| | ɑː || äː(ɹ)~aː(ɹ) (Hungarian ''á'') || aː || aː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! THOUGHT
| |
| | ɔː~ɒː || oə(ɹ) || ɒː || uː
| |
| |-
| |
| ! NEAR
| |
| | ɪɚ || iə(ɹ) || iɚ || iʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! SQUARE
| |
| | ɛɚ || eə(ɹ) || eɚ || ejʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! NURSE
| |
| | ɚː || əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) || ɚ || ɛʀ, ɪʀ, əʀ based on etymology
| |
| |-
| |
| ! START
| |
| | ɑɚ || äː(ɹ)~aː(ɹ) || aɚ~äɚ || aʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! NORTH
| |
| | oɚ || oə(ɹ) || ɔɚ || ɔʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! FORCE
| |
| | oɚ || oə(ɹ) || œɚ || ɔjʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! POOR
| |
| | uɚ || oə(ɹ) || uɚ || uʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! CURE
| |
| | juɚ~jɚː || jəː(ɹ)~jɜː(ɹ)~joə(ɹ) || juɚ || juʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! commA
| |
| | ə || ə(ɹ) || ə || ə
| |
| |-
| |
| ! lettER
| |
| | ɚ || ə(ɹ) || ɚ || əʀ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! happY
| |
| | iː~ɪj || i || i || i
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard Federation !! style="width: 250px;" | Welvington !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard European !! style="width: 250px;" | Polish
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Rhoticity
| |
| | Fully rhotic || Nonrhotic with intrusive R || Fully rhotic with postalveolar and retroflex R || Uvular R, no fern-fir-fur merger
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dark L
| |
| | Only when non-prevocalic; vocalized L is [w] || Always; broad Welvington vocalized L is a uvular approximant || Never || Never
| |
| |-
| |
| ! /θ ð/
| |
| | [θ ð] || Often [t̪ d̪] || As in Irish English || Initially stops /t d/; otherwise retracted slit fricatives [ʂ ʐ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
| |
| | As in AmE || As in AmE || As in BrE || Never
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Reinforcement
| |
| | None || Philly-reinforcement before voiceless consonants || None || None
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Wine-whine merger
| |
| | Present || Absent || Absent || Present
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Welvington===
| |
| The city name is pronounced "Wungton" [wʌŋʔn̩] by locals; it's nicknamed the "Womb of the Nation [Federation]"
| |
| ====Vocabulary====
| |
| Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"
| |
|
| |
| ====Phonology====
| |
| Philly + Boston; should inspire Shalaian and Netagin. Should be RP in ways that the Standard accent is not
| |
| *MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometimes with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
| |
| *-ing becomes -in'; th-stopping to [t̪] and [d̪]
| |
| *(Ph) Philly L (/l/ becomes a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
| |
| *(~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
| |
| **When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsˑ]
| |
| **Otherwise this does not happen: ''fame'' [fɛˑɪm]
| |
| *(B, RP) non-rhotic
| |
| *(Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
| |
| *(Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
| |
| *(Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]ː
| |
| *(~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
| |
| *(B, ~RP) START = [ä]
| |
| *SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
| |
| *NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
| |
| *NURSE = [ə:]
| |
| *wine-whine merger (optional in Standard)
| |
| *A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Standard English
| |
| *hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
| |
| *orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
| |
| *mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
| |
| */iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
| |
| */θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
| |
| *"aunt" and "can't" use /a:/
| |
| *wine-whine merger absent
| |
|
| |
| ====Sample (Broad Welvington)====
| |
| oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.
| |
|
| |
| pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.
| |
|
| |
| ====Sample (Cultivated Welvington)====
| |
| oːɫ hjüwmən bɪjɪŋz ə boːn fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəl ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹɑɪʔˑs. ðeɪ əɹ ɪndæʊd wɪð ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd æk toːdz wɜn ənɜðəɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɜðəhəd.
| |
|
| |
| plɪjs koːʟ stɛlə. ask ə ɾə bɹɪŋ ðɪjs θɪŋz wɪð ə fɹəm ðə stoː. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf θɪkˑ slæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɒb. wɪj oːɫsə nɪjɾ ə smoːɫ plæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹɒg fə ðə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwp ðɪjs θɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə θɾɪj ɹɛd bɛɪgz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ θə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.
| |
|
| |
| ===Pacific===
| |
| A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Modern RP/Estuary.
| |
|
| |
| Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation
| |
| =====Vocab=====
| |
| Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: ''knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ...'' the ones I sorta-know how to use
| |
|
| |
| =====Vowels=====
| |
| *orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
| |
| *Mary-merry-marry merger
| |
| *Mirror-nearer merger
| |
| *Hurry-furry merger
| |
| *No mergers before /l/
| |
| *No trap-bath split
| |
| *No yod-coalescence
| |
|
| |
| =====Consonants=====
| |
| *L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
| |
| **wholly-holy split.
| |
| *No glottal reinforcement before stops.
| |
| */p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
| |
| */d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
| |
| *wine-whine merger present.
| |
|
| |
| ===Standard European===
| |
| The classical singing accent for English is based on Standard European English, with r always trilled [r] and l always clear [l]. The wine-whine merger is absent.
| |
|
| |
| Much more dialectal diversity in Switzerland and Bavaria (like in our German; they are sometimes considered separate languages)
| |
|
| |
| ===Polish===
| |
| "Poylish", spoken in Poland
| |
|
| |
| Inspired by Polish Yiddish and Hiberno-English
| |
| ====Sample====
| |
| uːl hiːmən biːnz əʀ bɔʀn fʀej ən ejkwəl in digniʂi ən ʀaːʂs. dej aʀ indoud wid ʀejzn ən kɔnʃns ən ʃəd akt toʀdz wən ənəʐəʀ in ə spiʀiʂ əv bʀəʐəʀhəd
| |
|
| |
| plejs kuːl stɛlə. ask əʀ tə bʀiŋg dis tiŋgz wɪʐ əʀ fʀəm də stɔʀ. siks spiːnz əf fʀɛʃ snoj pejz, faːf tik slabz əv bliː tʃejz, ən mejbi ə snak fəʀ əʀ bʀəʐəʀ bɔb. wi uːlsɔj nejd ə smuːl plastik snajk ən ə big tɔj fʀɔg fəʀ də kidz. ʃi kn skiːp dis tiŋgz intə tʀej ʀɛd bagz, ən wiːl gɔj mejʂ əʀ wɛnzdej at də tʀajn stajʃn.
| |