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Magellanican (c) Rebecca Ashling 2019-2020. I assert that the Magellanican conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.
{{infobox language
|name = Avalonian
|nativename = Navhatti Telkun
|pronunciation = ˈnɔ.xʷɔt.si ˈtʰɛl.kʊn
|creator = UserːRebecca Ashling
|created = 2019
|region = Avalonian Isles
|speakers = 44.2 million
|date = na
|ancestor1 = Pre-Avalonian
|ancestor2 = Old Avalonian
|ancestor3 = Middle Avalonian
|ancestor4 = '''Modern Avalonian'''
|familycolor = isolate
}}


: <small>Avalonian © Rebecca Ashling 2019–2021. I assert that the Avalonian conlang presented here is my intellectual property and confirm that Linguifex may post this material on their site.</small>
'''Avalonian''' (Aval: Navhatti Telkun) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment with ergative morphology and canonical VSOX word order.


Magellanican (Mag: Nakvatzi Telyuq) is a polysynthetic language of the affixal, scopal subtype. It has an ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment with canonical VSOX word order. It is the official language and lingua franca of Magellanica (Mag: Telku) and has approximately 300 million speakers. The Commonwealth of Magellanica (Mag: Qaratzi Anakte Telyuq) comprises the entirety of the fictional continent of Magellanica which lies in the southern Pacific Ocean from 35°S to 65°S, north to south, and from 110°W to 140°W, east to west. Its nearest continental neighbour is Antarctica which is about 1100 km due south of Magellanica.  
It is the majority language of the Avalonian Isles (Aval: Telku) and has approximately 44.2 million speakers. The Stannic Commonwealth of Avalon (Mag: Karatti Thaknat Anakte Telkun) comprises the entirety of the fictional islands of Hivarna (OTL: Newfoundland), Kalephū (OTL: Nova Scotia peninsula) and Ehanramit (OTL: Cape Breton Island).
 
In this timeline, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island and the Nova Scotia peninsula ended up in the eastern side of the Atlantic after the breakup of Pangea and became the Avalonian Isles. The archipelago lies south-west of Ireland.
 
Along with Basque, Avalonian is one of two surviving Palaeo-European languages in Western Europe. It is a language isolate and not demonstrably related to any other language although certain scholars try to shoehorn it into one of the many language macrofamily hypotheses.
 
Avalonian does show much evidence of borrowing from an unknown Vasconic language although there is little or no evidence of reciprocal ancient Avalonian loans in Aquitanian or Basque.
 
There is also some evidence of borrowing from the putative Goidelic substrate languages. An example of this would be partaq 'crab'.
 
==Inspiration==
 
Avalonian grammar and morphology are strongly modelled on those of the Inuit and Yupik languages. Its phonology is to a great extent based on that of Pre-Exilic Quenya with some slight influence from Iñupiaq.


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==Introduction==
==Ethnography==
 
Magellanica was the last of the inhabitable continents to be colonised. It first became inhabited around 8000 BCE, very likely by accident. Genetic evidence suggests the Palaeo-Magellanicans originated from South America. They were the first and only colonisers of the continent.


It is most likely useless to attempt to relate the languages of Magellanica to those of South America or elsewhere given the ten thousand year time gap. Although intrepid lumpers and goropists are certainly giving it a good old try.
The Avalonians are members of the oft-perscuted European Pygmy phenotype which is believed to have originated in the ancient Hercynian forest zone of central Europe some 8,000 years ago. The preferred self-designation by members of the European Pygmy phenotype is Hercynians (Aval: Lūki Herkigyat).


The initial group of colonisers was very small and the founder effect is evident in the modern Magellanican phenotype. Most of the population are of unusually short stature, averaging about 1.4 metres in height. It is believed early mutations in the early generations resulted in red and blonde hair occurring in a sizeable majority as well as the presence of blue, grey and green eye colours in a somewhat smaller minority.
==History==


The original speakers of Magellanican, the Yamikzeq people, originated from the Rutheri region of Magellanica which borders the Heart Sea. From about one thousand years ago it became the lingua franca of the entire area surrounding the Heart Sea, and then the entire continent following the advent of smallpox in the 16th Century.
Avalonian has four known historical stages:


Magellanican is the sole survivor of a small language family so is now an isolate. It has no traceable genealogical relation to any other language, ancient or modern outside its own extinct family.
1) Pre-Avalonian (500 BCE to 250 CE). Not directly attested and known from internal reconstruction and its treatment of ancient Vasconic loans. Koldo Mitxelena's work on Pre-Basque was critical for reconstructing Pre-Avalonian.


It does however form a sprachbund with its neighbours, sharing such features as a bisyllabic root structure, primary stress on the first syllable, consonant gradation, the opposition of voiceless plosives vs voiced fricatives or approximants, head-marking and a strong tendency towards polysynthesis.
2) Old Avalonian (250 CE to 1000 CE). Directly attested from the 6th Century CE with the introduction of writing by Christian missionaries.


The dialect described on this page is the standard variety promulgated by the Commonwealth of Magellanica.
3) Middle Avalonian (1000 CE to 1500 CE). The period when Avalonian literacy began to come into its own.


4) Modern Avalonian (1500 CE to Present).The era of printing and mass literacy. The latest version of Modern Avalonian is described in this Linguifex article.
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Line 56: Line 83:
====General Remarks On Orthography====
====General Remarks On Orthography====


Magellanican was formerly written in a complex combination logographic and syllabic script (Mag:)  
Avalonian had no native script until the arrival of missionary monks in the 6th Century CE. The Latin alphabet (Aval: Litērharti Ruman) has undergone many changes and revisions over the centuries. The current version was adopted in 1908.
akin to cuneiform which was monopolised by a scribal caste.


Contact and trade with Europeans in the 16th Century introduced the Latin script and the scribal caste was overthrown.
Avalonian spelling in Litērharti Ruman is a  deep orthography which reflects the language's etymological history and phonological processes such as sandhi. The letters ⟨b, c, d, f, g, o, s, w, x, y, z⟩ are not used, even to spell foreign names.


Magellanican spelling is generally phonemic but does reflect the effects of internal sandhi although not of external sandhi.
====Avalonian Alphabet====
 
====Magellanican Alphabet====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Magellanican Letter || IPA Value
| '''Latin Letter''' || '''IPA Value'''
|-
|-
|⟨a⟩||/ɑ/
|⟨a⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|-
|⟨ā⟩||/aʊ/
|⟨ā⟩||/ɑʊ/
|-
|-
|⟨b⟩||/b/
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|-
|⟨bu⟩||/w/
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|-
|-
|⟨c⟩||/k/
|⟨h⟩ || /h/
|-
|-
|⟨d⟩||/d/
|⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|-
|⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|-
|-
|⟨ē⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨g⟩||/ɡ/
|⟨jh⟩||/xʲ/
|-
|-
|⟨gi⟩||/j/
|⟨k⟩||/k/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||/h/
|⟨kh⟩||/x/
|-
|-
| ⟨i⟩ || /i/
|⟨kj⟩||/kxʲ/
|-
|-
|⟨ī⟩||/eɪ/
|⟨kv⟩||/kxʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|⟨l⟩||/l/
|-
|-
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|⟨lh⟩||/ɬ/
|-
|⟨lj⟩||/lʲ/
|-
|⟨lv⟩||/lʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨m⟩||/m/
|⟨m⟩||/m/
|-
|⟨mh⟩||/v/
|-
|-
|⟨n⟩||/n/
|⟨n⟩||/n/
|-
|-
|⟨p⟩ || /p/
|⟨nh⟩||/z/
|-
|⟨nl⟩||/dɮ/
|-
|⟨nr⟩||/dʒ/
|-
|⟨p⟩||/p/
|-
|-
|⟨pu⟩||/ʍ/
|⟨ph⟩||/f/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|⟨qh⟩||/ɣ/
|-
|⟨qj⟩||/ɡɣʲ/
|-
|⟨qv⟩||/ɡɣʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|⟨r⟩||/ɹ̠/
|-
|-
| ⟨rh⟩ || /ʃ/
|⟨rh⟩||/ʃ/
|-
|⟨rj⟩||/ʒʲ/
|-
|⟨rv⟩||/ʒʷ/
|-
|-
|⟨t⟩||/t/
|⟨t⟩||/t/
|-
|⟨th⟩||/s/
|-
|⟨tl⟩||/tɬ/
|-
|-
|⟨tr⟩||/tʃ/
|-
|-
|⟨u⟩||/u/
|⟨u⟩||/u/
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|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|⟨ū⟩||/oʊ/
|-
|-
|⟨x⟩||/ʔ/
|⟨v⟩||/w/
|-
|⟨vh⟩||/xʷ/
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Magellanican has a total of 18 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately small inventory. The most striking feature of the inventory, according to WALS, are the presence of a lateral obstruent and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 33 consonants which according to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Stucture is a moderately large inventory. The most striking features of the inventory, according to WALS are a voicing contrast in fricatives but not plosives, and the presence of lateral obstruents and the initial velar nasal. The consonants are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||Labial||Central Coronal||Lateral Coronal||Dorsal||Glottal
|  ||'''Labial'''||'''Central Alveolar'''||'''Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Lateral Alveolar'''||'''Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Palatalised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Labialised Palato-Alveolar'''||'''Plain Velar'''||'''Palatalised Velar'''||'''Labialised Velar'''||'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive'''||/p/||/t/||||||||||||||/k/||||||
|-
|'''Voiceless Affricate'''||||||/tɬ/||||||/tʃ/||||||||/kxʲ/||/kxʷ/||
|-
|'''Voiced Affricate'''||||||/dɮ/||||||/dʒ/||||||||/ɡɣʲ/||/ɡɣʷ/||
|-
|'''Voiceless Fricative'''||/f/||/s/||||||||||||||/x/||||||
|-
|'''Voiced Fricative'''||/v/||/z/||||||||||||||/ɣ/||||||
|-
|-
|Voiceless Stop||/p/||/t/||||/k/||/ʔ/
|'''Nasal'''||/m/||/n/||||||||||||||/ŋ/||||||
|-
|-
|Voiced Stop||/b/||/d/||||/ɡ/||
|'''Voiced Liquid'''||||||/l/||/lʲ/||/lʷ/||/ɹ̠/||/ʒʲ/||/ʒʷ/||||||||
|-
|-
|Continuant||/w/||/ɹ̠/||||/j/||/h/
|'''Voiceless Liquid'''||||||/ɬ/||||||/ʃ/||||||||||||
|-
|-
|Fricative||/ʍ/||/ʃ/||/ɬ/||/ç/||
|'''Voiced Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/j/||/w/||
|-
|-
|Nasal||/m/||/n/||||/ŋ/||
|'''Voiceless Semivowel'''||||||||||||||||||||/xʲ/||/xʷ/||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||||/l/||||
|'''Aspirate'''||||||||||||||||||||||||/h/
|}
|}
Notes:
1) /ʔ/ is a marginal phoneme at best, only occuring between vowels in hiatus.
2) /ʍ/ is articulated with slight velar friction although not so sufficient as to be notated as /xʷ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Magellanican has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. The diphthongs pattern phonologically as long vowels. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Magellanican has a small vowel quality inventory. Magellanican has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 4.5 which according to WALS is a moderately high ratio. The vowels are displayed in the table below:
Avalonian has a total of 8 vowels, 4 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs. According to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe Structures Avalonian has 4 vowel qualities which is a small inventory. Avalonian has a consonant to vowel quality ratio of 8.25 which according to WALS is a high ratio. Avalonian is unusual for not possessing any low vowels such as /a/. Diphthongs are treated as phonological long vowels. The vowels are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Front Short||Long Front ||Short Back||Long Back
|  || '''Short Front'''||'''Long Front'''||'''Short Back'''||'''Long Back'''
|-
|-
| Hiɡh || /i/||/eɪ/||/u/||/oʊ/
| '''High''' || /i/||/eɪ/||/u/||/oʊ/
|-
|-
| Low || /ɛ/||/aɪ/||/ɑ/||/aʊ/
| '''Mid''' || /ɛ/||/aɪ/||/ɔ/||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
1) /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


1) Stops are aspirated in word-initial position.
2) /tɬ, tʃ, kxʲ, kxʷ/ are realised as [tɬʰ, tʃʰ, kxʲʰ, kxʷʰ/ if in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2) /h/ is realised as [x] when in onset position after coda [ŋ].
3) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position before a voiceless onset.


3) The consonant clusters /ph, th, kh/ are realised as [f, s, x].
4) /ɹ̠/ is realised as [ʒ] in coda position elsewhere.


4) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].
5) /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [pf, ts, kx].
 
6) /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
 
7) /ll, ɹ̠ɹ̠/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].
 
8) In closed syllables /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ].


===Prosody===
===Prosody===


1) Words in Magellanican bear primary stress on the initial syllable.
1) Words in Avalonian bear primary stress on the initial syllable.


2) Magellanican words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.
2) Avalonian words bear secondary stress on every odd-numbered syllable following the initial syllable.


3) Rhythm type is trochaic.
3) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, the rhythm type of Avalonian is trochaic.


4) To an English speaker, Magellanican would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.
4) Avalonian is a stress-timed language with the uncommon quality for such a language of a lack of vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.
 
5) To an English speaker, Avalonian would appear to be spoken with a slower tempo than English is.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).
1) The syllable template is CV(C). According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, this is a moderately complex syllable structure.


2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/.
2) Permitted syllable coda consonants are:


3) /ʔ/ only occurs between vowels in hiatus.
/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ̠/.


4) Stops may not occur in the onset of a non-morpheme-initial closed syllable if that stop follows a short vowel, nasal or /l/.
3) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.


5) Stops may not occur in the onset of a non-morpheme-initial syllable which contains a long vowel if that stop follows a short vowel, nasal or /l/.
4) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.


6) Consonant clusters may not have more than two segments.
5) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:
 
7) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries within the word.
 
8) Permitted consonant clusters as per the table below:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|P||T||K||M||N||Q||L||
|'''P'''||'''T'''||'''K'''||'''M'''||'''N'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''||'''R'''||
|-
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''P'''
|-
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''T'''
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''K'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||||√||'''TL'''
|-
|√||||√||||√||||√||||'''TR'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KJ'''
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||√||'''KV'''
|-
|||||||√||||||||||'''PH'''
|-
|-
|||√||√||√||||||√||P
|||||||||√||||||||'''TH'''
|-
|-
|√||||√||||√||||√||T
|||||||||||√||||||'''KH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||||||||√||√||K
|√||√||√||√||||||√||√||'''M'''
|-
|-
|||||||√||||||√||BU
|√||√||√||||√||||√||√||'''N'''
|-
|-
|||||||||√||||√||R
|√||√||√||||||√||√||√||'''Q'''
|-
|-
|||||||||||√||√||GI
|||||||||||||√||||'''L'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||√||||H
|||||||||||||||√||'''R'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||√||M
|||||||||√||||||||'''LH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||√||N
|||||||||√||||||||'''RH'''
|-
|-
|√||√||√||||||||√||Q
|||||||||||√||||||'''JH'''
|-
|-
|||||||||√||||||L
||||||||||||√||||||'''VH'''
|}
|}


Line 233: Line 313:
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.
c) √ in a cell means the indicated consonant cluster is permitted.


9) Consonant clusters are coda consonant + onset consonant in terms of syllabification.
6) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /kxʲ, ŋʲ, lʲ, ʒʲ, j, xʲ/.


10) The consonant clusters /ph, th, kh/ are an exception to the preceding rule and both segments are considered to be entirely within the syllable onset.
7) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /kxʷ, ŋʷ, lʷ, ʒʷ, w, xʷ/.


11) /i, eɪ/ may not follow /j/.
8) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.


12) /u, oʊ/ may not follow /w/.
9) /oʊ, ɑʊ/ may not precede /w/.


13) /eɪ, aɪ/ may not precede /j/.
10) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.


14) /oʊ, aʊ/ may not precede /w, ʍ/.
11) Long vowels may only occur before /f, s, x, v, z, ɣ, h/ or in morpheme-final position.


15) Long vowels may not occur in closed syllables.
12) Vowel clusters do not occur.


16) Vowel clusters do not occur.
13) Native roots are most often disyllabic.


17) Canonical morpheme syllabification templates:
14) Monosyllabic roots are uncommon and mainly comprise pronouns and certain common nouns and verbs.


a) Roots: -(C)V(C)- or -(C)V(C)CV(C)-
15) Roots with more than two syllables are foreign loans and their syllabic templates generally become nativised over time.


b) Suffixes: -(C)(C)V(C) or -(C)V(C)CV(C)
16) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
 
c) Particles: (C)V(C) or (C)V(C)CV(C)
 
18) Monosyllabic roots are rare and mainly comprise pronouns and certain verbs such as na 'to exist'.
 
19) Monosyllabic suffixes may have a word-final allomorph consisting of a single coda consonant which is employed after a short vowel.
 
20) Roots originating through foreign borrowings may exceed two syllables.


===Morphophonemics===
===Morphophonemics===


====Internal Sandhi====
====Internal Sandhi====
The effects of internal sandhi are indicated in the orthography.
=====Consonantal Sandhi=====


1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
1) Consonant clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:
Line 271: Line 346:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  P||T ||K||F||Z||S||M||N||Q||L||
! P!! T!! K!! M!! N!! Q!!L!! R!!
|-
|pp||tp||kp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||'''P'''
|-
| pt|| tt|| kt|| nt|| nt|| nt||lt|| rt||'''T'''
|-
| pk|| tk|| kk|| qk|| qk|| qk||lk|| rk|| '''K'''
|-
|ptl||v̄tl||ktl||ntl||ntl||ntl||v̄tl||rtl||'''TL'''
|-
|ptr||v̄tr||ktr||ntr||ntr||ntr||ltr||v̄tr||'''TR'''
|-
|pkj||tkj||v̄kj||qkj||qkj||qkj||lkj||rkj||'''KJ'''
|-
|pkv||tkv||v̄kv||qkv||qkv||qkv||lkv||rkv||'''KV'''
|-
|v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄tl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||v̄nl||'''NL'''
|-
|v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄tr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||v̄nr||'''NR'''
|-
|v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||'''QJ'''
|-
|v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||'''QV'''
|-
|pp||v̄ph||v̄ph||mph||mph||mph||v̄ph||v̄ph||'''PH'''
|-
|v̄th||tt||v̄th||nth||nth||nth||v̄th||v̄th||'''TH'''
|-
|v̄kh||v̄kh||kk||qkh||qkh||qkh||v̄kh||v̄kh||'''KH'''
|-
|v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄ph||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||v̄mh||'''MH'''
|-
|v̄th||v̄th||v̄th||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||v̄nh||'''NH'''
|-
|v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄kh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||v̄qh||'''QH'''
|-
| pm || tm|| km||mm||mm|| mm|| lm|| rm||'''M'''
|-
| pn|| tn|| kn||nn|| nn|| nn|| ln|| rn||'''N'''
|-
|-
|pp||tp||kp||fp||zp||sp||mp||mp||mp||lp||P
| pq || tq|| kq|| qq|| qq|| qq|| lq|| rq|| '''Q'''
|-
|-
|pt||tt||kt||ft||zt||st||nt||nt||nt||lt||T
| v̄lh|| v̄tl|| v̄lh||v̄nl|| v̄nl|| v̄nl|| ll|| ll||'''L'''
|-
|-
|pk||tk||kk||fk||zk||sk||qk||qk||qk||ls||K
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄lj||v̄lj||'''LJ'''
|-
|-
|pv||tv||kv||f||zv||sv||mv||mv||mv||lv||V
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄lv||v̄lv||'''LV'''
|-
|-
|pr||tr||kr||fr||zr||sr||nr||nr||nr||lr||R
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄qj||v̄rj||v̄rj||'''RJ'''
|-
|-
| py||ts||ky||fy||s||s||qy||qy||qy||ly||Y
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄qv||v̄rv||v̄rv||'''RV'''
|-
|-
|ph||th||kh||f||z||s||qh||qh||qh||lh||H
| v̄rh|| v̄tr|| v̄rh|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| v̄nr|| rr|| rr||'''R'''
|-
|-
|pv||tv||kv||f||f||f||mf||mf||mf||lf||F
|v̄lh||v̄tl||v̄lh||nlh||nlh||nlh||v̄lh||v̄lh||'''LH'''
|-
|-
|pz||tz||kz||z||z||z||nz||nz||nz||lt||Z
|v̄rh||v̄tr||v̄rh||nrh||nrh||nrh||v̄rh||v̄rh||'''RH'''
|-
|-
|ps||ts||ks||s||s||s||qs||qs||qs||ls||S
| v̄jh || v̄jh|| v̄kj||v̄qj|| v̄qj|| v̄qj|| lj|| rj||'''J'''
|-
|-
|pm||tm||km||pm||tm||km||mm||mm||mm||lm||M
| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄vh|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| v̄qv|| lv|| rv|| '''V'''
|-
|-
|pn||tn||kn||pn||tn||kn||nn||nn||nn||ln||N
|v̄jh||v̄jh||v̄kj||qjh||qjh||qjh||v̄jh||v̄jh||'''JH'''
|-
|-
|pq||tq||kq||pq||tq||kq||qq||qq||qq||lq||Q
|v̄vh||v̄vh||v̄kv||qvh||qvh||qvh||v̄vh||v̄vh||'''VH'''
|-
|-
|pn||tn||kn||pn||tn||kn||nl||nl||nl||ll||L
|v̄ph||v̄th||v̄kh||v̄mh||v̄nh||v̄qh||v̄lh||v̄rh||'''H'''
|}
|}


Line 308: Line 421:
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.
b) First consonant of consonant cluster runs across top of table, second consonant of consonant cluster runs down riɡht of table.


2) If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation then the first consonant of that cluster is deleted.
c) The notation v̄ indicates the preceding vowel is lengthened.


3) If a vowel cluster results from suffixation then an epenthetic /ʔ/ is inserted between the vowels.
2) If suffixation results in a consonant cluster with three consonants before sandhi can be applied then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first consonant in that cluster.


4) If a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable due to suffixation then that long vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
=====Vocalic Sandhi=====


5) If a long front vowel occurs before /j/ due to suffixation then that long front vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
1) Vowel clusters resulting from suffixation undergo sandhi as per the table below:


6) If a long back vowel occurs before /w/ due to suffixation then that long back vowel is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! I!! U!! E!! A!! Ī!! Ū!! Ē!! Ā!!
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''I'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-||-q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''U'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''E'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''A'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ī'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ū'''
|-
| -q- || -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ē'''
|-
| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -q-|| -j-|| -v-|| -j-|| -v-|| '''Ā'''
|}


====External Sandhi====
NOTES:


1) External sandhi only occurs between words in the same phrase.
a) Latin script used for clarity.


2) A word-initial stop is realised as its fricative allophone if it follows an identical word-final stop.
b) First vowel of vowel cluster runs across top of table, second vowel of vowel cluster runs down right of table.


3) If word-initial /h/ is followed by a word-final stop, that stop is deleted and /h/ is realised as the fricative allophone of that stop.
c) The notation -g- indicates an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted between the two vowels.


4) A word-final nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following word-initial stop, continuant, sibilant, nasal or /l/.
d) The notation -j- indicates an epenthetic /j/ is inserted between the two vowels.


5) A word-initial nasal is realised as its corresponding voiced plosive if it follows a word-final nasal.
e) The notation -v- indicates an epenthetic /w/ is inserted between the two vowels.


6) Word-initial /l/ is realised as [ɬ] when it follows word-final /t/.
f) If the first vowel is long then it is reduced to its corresponding short vowel.


7) Word-initial /l/ is realised as [d] if it follows a word-final /l/.
g) If the second vowel is either of /i, eɪ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /j/.


8) If a word-initial vowel is followed by a word-final vowel then a prothetic /ʔ/ is inserted between the two vowels.
h) If the second vowel is either of /u, oʊ/ then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel if it follows /w/.


===Consonant Gradation===
2) If /eɪ, aɪ/ precedes /j/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [i, ɛ].


1) Consonant gradation comes into effect once sandhi has been resolved.
3) If /oʊ, ɑʊ/ precedes /w/ due to suffixation then they are reduced to [u, ɔ].


2) Consonant gradation is the lenition of stops under particular circumstances.
====External Sandhi====
 
3) /ʔ/ does not undergo consonant gradation.
 
4) The conditions under which consonant gradation is triggered are:


a) When the stop is the onset of a word-final open syllable, when that stop follows a short vowel, nasal or /l/, and when that syllable becomes closed owing to suffixation.
1) The effects of external sandhi are not indicated in the orthography.


b) When the stop is a word-final coda and becomes the onset of a closed syllable owing to suffixation.
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.


5) Once these conditions are met the affected stop lenites to its corresponding continuant.
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.


6) Morpheme-initial stops are not affected by consonant gradation.
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===


1) The morphological cateɡories used in Magellanican are summarised in the table below:
1) The morphological cateɡories used in Avalonian are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Category || Description|| Inflected?
| '''Category''' || '''Description'''|| '''Inflected?'''
|-
|-
| Noun || Nouns, pronouns, numerals || Yes
| Noun || Nouns, pronouns, numerals || Yes
Line 372: Line 500:
|}
|}


2) Magellanican is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.  
2) Avalonian is an affixal polysynthetic lanɡuaɡe and only one root per word is permitted.  


3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.
3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.


4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Magellanican has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.
4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Avalonian has a predominant preference for suffixinɡ.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


Line 402: Line 530:
====Number====
====Number====


1) Magellanican has a singular-plural number system
1) Avalonian nouns have two systems of number:
 
a) Singular-Plural


2) Singular nouns are singular by default and take the paucal or plural suffixes to indicate more than one instance.
b) Collective-Singulative


3) The paucal number mark nouns that are from two to five in number.
2) Nouns within the singular-plural class are inherently singular and take the plural suffix to denote multiple instances.


4) The plural number indicates nouns that are six or more in number.
3) Nouns within the collective-singulative class are inherently plural and take the singulative suffix to denote a single instance.


5) Number suffixes are summarised in the table below:
4) Avalonian grammatical numbers are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Number || Abbreviation||Suffix
! Number!! Abbreviation!! Suffix (Allomorph)
|-
| Singular || SG|| -∅
|-
|-
|Singular||SG||-∅
| Collective|| COL|| -∅  
|-
|-
| Paucal || PC||-at
| Plural || PL|| -ra (-r)
 
|-
|-
| Plural ||PL|| -zeq
|Singulative||SGV||-me (-m)
|}
|}
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Case====
====Case====
Line 428: Line 561:
1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.
1) Case marks relationships between noun and noun or noun and verb.


2) Magellanican cases are summarised in the table below:
2) Avalonian cases are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Case || Abbreviation || Suffix (Allomorph)||Functions
| '''Case''' || '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix (Allomorph)'''||'''Functions'''
|-
|-
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| a) Marks citation form of noun
b) Indicates definite O argument of a transitive verb
b) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb


c) Marks definite S argument of an intransitive verb
c) Marks S argument of an intransitive verb
|-
|-
| Ergative || NOM || -qu (-q)||a) Indicates definite A argument of a transitive verb
| Ergative || ERG || -nu (-n)||a) Marks A argument of a transitive verb


b) Indicates the possessor
b) Indicates the possessor
|-
|-
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks indefinite A argument of a transitive verb
|Equative||EQU||-te (-t)||a) Marks subject complement of the copula


b) Indicates beneficiary of action
b) Indicates similarity of manner or appearance


c) Used with a gerund indicates purpose or intent
c) Marks composition
 
d) Indicates source of comparison
|-
|-
| Instrumental || INST ||-tik||a) Marks indefinite O argument of a transitive verb
|Dative||DAT||-hē||a) Marks beneficiary or recipient
 
b) Indicates indefinite S argument of an intransitive verb
 
c) Marks use of tool or instrument


d) Indicates proximal cause
b) Indicates intention
|-
|-
| Equative || EQU || -te (-t)||a) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour
|Instrumental||INST||-tik||a) Marks tool or instrument


b) Indicates similarity to, likeness to
b) Indicates proximate causation
 
c) Made or consisting of a particular substance
 
d) Indicates the souce of comparison.
|-
|-
| Comitative || COM || -pe (-p)||a) Marks physical proximity or social connection to someone
|Comitative||COM|| -kve ||a) Marks accompaniment
 
b) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity
 
c) Marks reciprocicity


d) Indicates possessor when copula used in 'have' construction
b) Indicates collaboration or common effort towards a goal
|-
|-
| Locative || LOC || -ki (-k) ||a) Indicates place where
|Locative||LOC||-ki (-k)||a) Marks location in space or time


b) Marks time when
b) Indicates the possessor in 'have' constructions
|-
|-
| Allative || ALL || -va ||a) Marks motion towards
|Allative||ALL||-va||a) Marks motion towards


b) Indicates time until
b) Indicates until  


c) Marks destination or goal
c) Marks goal
|-
|-
| Ablative || ABL || -yā||a) Indicates motion away from
|Ablative||ABL||-jā||a) Marks motion away from
 
b) Marks time since
 
c) Indicates the source or origin


d) Marks aversion to or opposition to
b) Indicates since


e) Indicates the source of comparison
c) Indicates aversion or opposition
|-
|-
|-
| Perlative || PERL || -am||a) Marks motion across, along, through or by way of
|Perlative||PERL||-am|| a) Marks motion through or along


b) Indicates duration
b) Indicates duration or simultaneity


c) Marks mode or means of transport or transmission
c) Marks mode or means of transportation or transmission


d) Indicates reason, motive or ultimate cause
d) Indicates topic of conversation


e) Marks topic of conversation
e) Marks ultimate causation
|-
|}
|}


Line 511: Line 628:
=====Personal Pronouns=====
=====Personal Pronouns=====


1) Magellanican personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:
1) Avalonian personal pronouns and their associated possessive suffixes are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Abbreviation ||Pronoun||Possessive Suffix
| '''Person''' || '''Abbreviation''' ||'''Pronoun'''||'''Possessive Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nzi
|-
| 2nd Person Singular ||2SG||ki ||-kzi
|-
|3rd Person Singular Proximal||3SG PROX||ti||-tzi
|-
|-
|3rd Person Sinɡular Medial||3SG MED||pi||-pzi
| 1st Person Singular || 1SG||ni || -nti
|-
|-
|3rd Person Singular Distal||3SG DIST||li||-lzi
| 2nd Person Singular ||2SG||ki ||-kti
|-
|-
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-nzuk
|3rd Person Singular||3SG||ti||-tti
|-
|-
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||nikuk||-nikzuk
|4th Person Sinɡular||4SG||pi||-pti
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Paucal||2PC||kuk||-kzuk
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||nuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Paucal Proxim||3PC PROX||tuk||-tzuk
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Paucal Medial||3PC MED||puk||-pzuk
| 2nd Person Paucal||2PC||kuk||-ktuk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Paucal Distal||3PC DIST||luk||-lzuk
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||tuk||-ttuk
|-
|-
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-nzat
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||puk||-ptuk
|-
|-
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||nikat||-nikzat
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||nat||-ntat
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Plural || 2PL||kat|| -kzat
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||nikat||-niktat
|-
|-
|3rd Person Plural Proximal||3PL PROX||tat||-tzat
| 2nd Person Plural || 2PL||kat|| -ktat
|-
|-
|3rd Person Plural Medial||3PL MED||pat||-pzat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||tat||-ttat
|-
|-
|3rd Person Plural Distal||3PL DIST||lat||-lzat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||pat||-ptat
|}
|}


2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Magellanican and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.
2) Clusivity is a relatively recent innovation in Avalonian and thus the inclusive pronouns and their possessive suffixes differ somewhat in form from the other paucal and plural pronouns.


3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.
3) Personal pronouns take case in the same manner as nouns.
Line 558: Line 669:
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd person pronouns.
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.


2) The locus of demonstration of each of these are displayed in the table below:
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.
 
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
 
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Pronoun Type  || Locus || English Equivalent
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Proximal|| Near speaker ||this, these
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Medial|| Near hearer|| that, those
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Distal||Away from speaker and hearer||yon
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
|}
3) Adnominal demonstratives are formed by suffixing the appropriate 3rd person pronoun to the noun. This is seldom done for core arguments except for emphasis.


=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated emphatic pronouns, but as verbs mark A, S and O arguments and Magellanican is pro-drop, the use of the pronouns correlating with these can be used for emphasis.
Avalonian is a pro-drop language so any use of pronouns in the role of A, S or O arguments marks emphasis.


=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====


These are no dedicated reflexive pronouns in Magellanican. Using the verbal absolutive pronominal suffix in the same number and person as the verbal ergative pronominal suffix is sufficient to convey reflexivity.
1) Avalonian lacks reflexive pronouns.


=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
2) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an O argument, both pronominal markers on the verb must have the same person and number.


1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: ye 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.
3) For reflexivity to be indicated in the case of an X argument, the pronoun must have the same person and number as the ergative pronominal marker in the case of a transitive verb or the absolutive pronominal marker in the case of an intransitive marker


2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: yek 'where?', yep 'with whom?'
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====


3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -se 'whose?'.
1) There is one interroɡative pronoun: je 'who, what' which is undifferentiated for number.


4) Suffixing -ye to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.
2) All other interrogatives are built from this by adding the appropriate case. Eɡ: jek 'where?', jekve 'with whom?'


5) The canonical word-order of Magellanican is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.
3) There is an interrogative pronominal possessive suffix: -jet 'whose?'.


6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, that verb takes plural agreement.
4) Suffixing -je to a noun gives the sense of 'which?'.


=====Relative Pronouns=====
5) The canonical word-order of Avalonian is VSOX. Interrogative pronouns or nouns taking an interrogative suffix violate this by being fronted to before the verb.


Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and therefore uses a strategy of gap relativatisation.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====


There is one indefinite pronoun: vahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one indefinite pronoun: wahu 'somebody, something'. When placed before a noun it indicates the concept of 'any'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.


=====Negative Pronouns=====
=====Negative Pronouns=====
Line 612: Line 725:


There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Adjectives====
1) Magellanican has no true adjectives.
2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:
a) Several derivational suffixes with an adjectival meaning attached to the noun.
b) A noun in equative case suffix following the noun they modify.
c) Relativised verbs following the noun.


====Possessive Constructions====
====Possessive Constructions====
Line 633: Line 734:
====Numerals====
====Numerals====


1) Magellanic uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system with a sub-base of 5..
1) Avalonian uses a hybrid vigesimal-decimal system.


2) The numerals of Magellanican are listed in the table below:
2) The numerals of Avalonian are listed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|||Numeral
|'''Number'''||'''Numeral'''
|-
|-
|0||zeru
|0||thera
|-
|-
|1||in
|1||pat
|-
|-
|2||ek
|2||pik
|-
|-
|3||ma
|3||ilur
|-
|-
|4||su
|4||kvevher
|-
|-
|5||tam
|5||pārha
|-
|-
|6||tamin
|6||hi
|-
|-
|7||tamek
|7||haphi
|-
|-
|8||tamma
|8||hārhi
|-
|-
|9||tansu
|9||navan
|-
|-
|10||tuxet
|10||ampar
|-
|-
|11||tuxerin
|11||amparpat
|-
|-
|12||tuxerek
|12||amparpik
|-
|-
|13||tuxetva
|13||amparilur
|-
|-
|14||tuxetsu
|14||ampalkvevher
|-
|-
|15||tuxettam
|15||amparpārha
|-
|-
|16||tuxettamin
|16||ampārhi
|-
|-
|17||tuxettamek
|17||ampārhaphi
|-
|-
|18||tuxettamma
|18||ampārhārhi
|-
|-
|19||tuxettansu
|19||amparnavan
|-
|-
|20||liksi
|20||aki
|-
|-
|40||ektiksi
|40||pikaki
|-
|-
|60||matiksi
|60||iluraki
|-
|-
|80||suliksi
|80||kvevheraki
|-
|-
|100||neste
|100||elun
|-
|-
|200||ekreste
|200|| pik elun
|-
|-
|1.000||uzkap
|1.000|| milya
|-
|-
|1.965||uzkap tansuneste matiksi tam
|1.965||milya navan elun iluraki pārha
|-
|-
|3.000||maxuskap
|3.000||ilur milya
|-
|-
|10.000||paru
|10.000|| ampar milya
|-
|-
|50.000||tamparu
|50.000|| pikaki ampar milya
|-
|-
|100.000||akvē
|100.000|| elun milya
|-
|-
|600.000||taminakvē
|600.000|| hi elun milya
|-
|-
|1.000.000||jenni
|1.000.000|| milyan
|-
|-
|7.000.000||tamekjenni
|7.000.000|| haphi milyan
|}
|}


Line 718: Line 819:
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.
5) The decimal numerals from 100 and over are prefixed with a number from 1-9 as a multiplier.


6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun.
6) Cardinal numerals precede the noun which takes the equative cases.


7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
7) Ordinal numerals follow the noun and take the equative case. They take final position in the noun modifier string.
8) The numeral system bears a close resemblence to
those used in Basque and Iberian. It is believed that it was loaned from a relative of Basque or Iberian spoken in pre-Celtic Gallaecia which places the latest limit on the loan at before 1300 BCE. The Avalonian Isles were a rich source of tin at the time which likely explains the borrowing.


===Verbal Morphology===
===Verbal Morphology===
Line 726: Line 830:
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====


1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S and O arguments, aspect, valency and mood.
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.


2) Maximal verbal structure:
2) Maximal verbal structure:
Line 732: Line 836:
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix
verbal or nominal root + derivational suffix(es) + aspect suffix + mood suffix + ergative pronominal suffix + absolutive pronominal suffix


====Verbal Pronominal Suffixes====
====Verbal Argument Suffixes====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Person || Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)|| Ergative Suffix
| '''Person''' ||'''Abbreviation'''|| '''Absolutive Suffix (Allomorph)'''|| '''Ergative Suffix'''
|-
| 1st Person Singular || -ni (-n) || -nzi
|-
|2nd Person Singular||-ki(-k)||-kzi
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Singular Proximal|| -ti(-t)||-tzi
| 1st Person Singular|| 1SG || -ni (-n)||-nti
|-
|-
|3rd Person Sinɡular Medial||-pi (-p)||-pzi
|2nd Person Singular||2SG||-ki (-k)||-kti
|-
|-
|3rd Person Singular Distal||-li (-l)||-lzi
| 3rd Person Singular|| 3SG||-ti (-t)||-tti
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Exclusive || -nuk|| -nzuk
|4th Person Singular||4SG||-pi (-p)||-pti
|-
|-
| 1st Person Paucal Inclusive || -qkuk|| -nikzuk
|1st Person Paucal Exclusive||1PC EXCL||-nuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Paucal || -kuk|| -kzuk
|1st Person Paucal Inclusive||1PC INCL||-nikuk||-niktuk
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Paucal Proximal|| -tuk|| -tzuk
|2nd Person Paucal||2PC||-kuk||-ktuk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Paucal Medial||-puk||-pzuk
|3rd Person Paucal||3PC||-tuk||-ntuk
|-
|-
|3rd Person Paucal Distal||-luk||-lzuk
|4th Person Paucal||4PC||-puk||-ptuk
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Exclusive|| -nat || -nzat
|1st Person Plural Exclusive||1PL EXCL||-nat||-ntat
|-
|-
| 1st Person Plural Inclusive || -qkat|| -nikzat
|1st Person Plural Inclusive||1PL INCL||-nikat||-niktat
|-
|-
|2nd Person Plural||-kat||-kzat
|2nd Person Plural||2PL||-kat||-ktat
|3rd Person Plural||3PL||-tat||-ttat
|-
|-
|3rd Person Plural Proximal||-tat||-tzat
|4th Person Plural||4PL||-pat||-ptat
|-
|3rd Person Plural Medial||-pat||-pzat
|-
|3rd Person Plural Distal||-lat||-lzat
|}
|}


NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Voice====
====Topicalisation====
 
1) Transitive verbs in Magellanican have three voices:
 
a) Active


b) Antipassive
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.


c) Passive
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
 
2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Voice||Abbreviation||Ergative Suffix?||Absolutive Suffix?||Promoted Argument||Case Of Demoted Argument||Function
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|-
|Active||ACT||Yes||Yes||N/A||N/A||No topicalisation of either argument
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|-
|Antipassive||ANTIP||Yes||No||NOM||DAT||Topicalisation of A argument
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|-
|Passive||PAS||No||Yes||ABS||INST||Topicalisation of O argument
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
|}


3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
 
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
 
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
 
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.


====Mood and Modality====
====Mood and Modality====


1) Magellanican has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:
1) Avalonian has four formally marked moods. These are listed in the table below:




{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Mood||Abbrevation||Suffix||Function
|'''Mood'''||'''Abbrevation'''||'''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
|Indicative||IND||-∅||Declarative statements
Line 815: Line 912:
|Conditional||COND||-ntu||"If" statements
|Conditional||COND||-ntu||"If" statements
|-
|-
|Coordinative||COORD||-tvā||Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.
|Coordinative||COORD||-tkā||Marks an action going on at the same time as another action.
|}
|}


Line 830: Line 927:
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.
1) The imperative indicates that an order to perform an action is made. The base form of the verb marks the imperative.


2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle va before the base form of the verb.
2) The prohibitive marks that an order to not perform an action is made. The prohibitive is formed by placing the negative particle tā before the base form of the verb.


====Tense====
====Tense====


Magellanican lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.
Avalonian lacks tense as a grammatical category. However, tense-like functions are provided by several derivational suffixes.


====Aspect====
====Aspect====


1) Magellanican has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:
1) Avalonian has two aspects. These are listed in the table below:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|Name|| Abbreviation|| Suffix||Function
|'''Name'''|| '''Abbreviation'''|| '''Suffix'''||'''Function'''
|-
|-
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
|Imperfective||IPFV||-∅||Indicates an ongoing action
Line 853: Line 950:
====The Gerund====
====The Gerund====


1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes


2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====


1) Magellanican lacks true adverbs.
1) Avalonian lacks true adverbs.


2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:
2) Forms conveying adverbial meanings appear in three classes:
Line 869: Line 970:
====Relativisation====
====Relativisation====


1) Magellanican lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.
1) Avalonian lacks relative pronouns and uses gap relativisation.


2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.
2) A relativised clause follows the noun it modifies.


===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.


===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adpositions====
====Adpositions====
1) Magellanican lacks true adpositions.
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.


2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:
2) It does have three classes of adposition-equivalents:
Line 888: Line 1,000:
====Derivational Suffixes====
====Derivational Suffixes====


1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Magellanican and they fall into the following types:
1) There are hundreds of derivational suffixes in Avalonian and they fall into the following types:


a) Denominalisers
a) Denominalisers
Line 912: Line 1,024:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 923: Line 1,042:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|amber ||verhu
|-
|apple||hakar
|-
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|-
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|Avalonians ||kammir
|-
|badger||wekpek
|-
|banana ||mhanana
|-
|bear ||kārha
|-
|bee||aral
|-
|beer ||hurmi
|-
|beryl||larhin
|-
|billy goat ||ahar
|-
|bird||hari
|-
|black tea ||trā
|-
|blackbird ||haha
|-
|-
|Africa||Afrika
|boar ||hārha
|-
|-
|Afro-Eurasia|| Afraxūrasa
|boat ||kilya
|-
|-
|Americas||Amerika
|borax||itte
|-
|-
|Antarctica||Antaktika
|boy ||tunni
|-
|-
|apple||manzan
|bread ||aki
|-i
|Arctic Ocean||Aktik
|-
|-
|Asia||Asa
|Britain (island)||alpigan
|-
|-
|Atlantic Ocean||Atzantik
|brother ||larin
|-
|-
|Australia||Azralya
|bridge||hilta
|-
|-
|banana||vanna
|bull ||āhan
|-
|-
|beryl||laprin
|butter ||ampan
|-
|-
|boat||kilya
|cart, wagon||kurti
|-
|-
|borax||ithe
|cat ||kattu
|-
|-
|boy||tunni
|cheese ||kathan
|-
|-
|brother||larin
|cheetah ||trita
|-
|-
|cat (placental)||yatu
|chicken, hen ||jara
|-
|-
|cheetah (marsupial)||altan
|chip, French fry ||trip
|-
|-
|coal||munra
|coal||munra
|-
|-
|cow (marsupial)||jazke
|cockerel, rooster ||haljak
|-
|cow ||pigi
|-
|celebration||lipta
|-
|child ||lāphi
|-
|chill, coldness ||pelē
|-
|-
|cow (placental)||vaka
|chocolate ||trakalat
|-
|-
|celebration||lipra
|clitoris||tāra
|-
|-
|child||laphi
|coffee ||kaphe
|-
|-
|chocolate||sukzat
|community, group||qara
|-
|-
|coffee||kaphe
|copper||wēke
|-
|-
|community||qara
|cost, price||lhitu
|-
|-
|copper||vēke
|crab ||hārhag
|-
|-
|cost, price||zitu
|cultivated field ||heli
|-
|-
|dagger||elha
|dagger||ērha
|-
|-
|dog (marsupial)||kepvek
|darkness ||vallu
|-
|-
|dog (placental)||peru, ūrī
|ditch||lhata
|-
|-
|doll||numvak
|dog ||kipmik
|-
|-
|domestic species of Magellanican goose||haqhi
|doll||nugwak
|-
|-
|drop bear (marsupial)||makra
|duck||lakka
|-
|-
|dwarf (mythological)||takzā
|dwarf (mythological)||takal
|-
|-
|eel||ninrak
|eel||ninrak
Line 997: Line 1,156:
|elf||eyak
|elf||eyak
|-
|-
|Eurasia||Ūrasa
|face||lurti
|-
|father||atta
|-
|-
|Europe||Ūrapa
|fellow ||nihan
|-
|-
|face||lusti
|finger||karak
|-
|-
|father||ata
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|-
|fellow||itsup
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|-
|finger||akrak
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|-
|finger-ring||keprun
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|-
|-
|fire||ayas
|football ||phutpal
|-
|-
|flower||vetta
|foreigner ||kihan
|-
|-
|football||futval
|fort ||rhīkhi
|-
|-
|forest||nuna
|forest||nuna
|-
|-
|fox (marsupial)||rekve
|fox ||hintak
|-
|garden||rhūha
|-
|-
|garden||zūsa
|garlic||rhema
|-
|-
|giant otter (monotreme)||hitre
|gay person ||kī
|-
|-
|girl||lisa
|girl ||lirha
|-
|-
|glass||hellu
|glass (substance)||lagya
|-
|goat ||anū
|-
|god||uttak
|-
|gold ||urra
|-
|-
|good fortune||anak
|good fortune||anak
|-
|grain||qalle
|-
|-
|grandfather||anra
|grandfather||anra
|-
|-
|grandmother||apva
|grandmother||avha
|-
|grape||panā
|-
|green tea ||tē
|-
|guinea pig ||kamhē
|-
|hand||arkak
|-
|head||nahuk
|-
|-
|heartbeat||tuntun
|heartbeat||tuntun
|-
|-
|horse (placental)||kaval
|horns ||valluk
|-
|horse ||halti
|-
|deer||tunta
|-
|house ||enlu
|-
|human being ||hamin
|-
|-
|house||enlu
|human right, need for autonomy||mēran
|-
|-
|ice||hilku
|ice||hilku
|-
|-
|idiot||qalla
|idiot||nalla
|-
|-
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|Indian Ocean||Innik
|-
|internet||uggutti janukennu
|-
|Ireland (island)||Hivarjan
|-
|iron ||harna
|-
|island||hāri
|-
|-
|king||tanek
|king||tanek
|-
|-
|language||nakva
|lady ||anter
|-
|land, country || tela
|-
|language||navha
|-
|letter, word||liter
|-
|life||mūge
|-
|liquor||traju
|-
|liver||kapil
|-
|lord||antā
|-
|stag||munnu
|-
|man ||janak
|-
|mouse||luhā
|-
|milk ||ahan
|-
|money ||thalir
|-
|-
|letter||ulyek
|month||ille
|-
|-
|life||mūxe
|moon||ille
|-
|-
|liquor||satsu
|mountain||kaja
|-
|-
|Magellanica||Telku
|mother||amma
|-
|-
|mammoth (marsupial)||munnu
|net, web||ugga
|-
|-
|man||yanak
|night||natar
|-
|-
|money||eksep
|nitre||irkun
|-
|-
|month||ziqa
|orange||naran
|-
|-
|moon||ziqa
|otter ||hirta
|-
|-
|mountain||kaya
|pasture ||larre
|-
|-
|mother||ama
|penis||nhanner
|-
|-
|negro||nekru
|people, folk, nation ||lūki
|-
|-
|night||natra
|pig||urti
|-
|-
|nitre||ikruq
|pillow||ajen
|-
|-
|North America||Zeptenrixa
|pistol||ērha ghārhut
|-
|-
|Oceania||Atsexaqya
|plough ||kalta
|-
|-
|orange||naraq
|puppet ||ithal
|-
|-
|Pacific Ocean||Patsifik
|rabbit||keppa
|-
|-
|person||lūhi
|rain||bakan
|-
|-
|pig (marsupial)||pakrā
|ram, male sheep ||anri
|-
|-
|pig (placental)||kellu, puxa
|rib (anatomy)||thela
|-
|-
|pillow||ayeq
|rifle||elhā ghārhut
|-
|-
|pistol||elha ayaste
|road||vige
|-
|-
|rabbit (marsupial)||keppa
|rock||karra
|-
|-
|rain||vakan
|room||kanra
|-
|-
|raccoon (marsupial)||villū
|salt ||rhūne
|-
|-
|rifle||ekzaz ayaste
|sea ||īthā
|-
|-
|sabre-tooth tiger (marsupial)||kaptan
|shadow ||keppet
|-
|-
|sea||atsu
|sheep ||arti
|-
|-
|shadow||yevet
|silver ||hirra
|-
|-
|sister||kalū
|sister||kalū
|-
|-
|sky||lahi
|sky||lāhi
|-
|-
|social group||qara
|slave, thrall ||nhaka
|-
|-
|South America||Meritsa
|soft drink ||kigkatpitkal
|-
|-
|Spain||Ezpaq
|Spain||Hiphagja
|-
|-
|spear||ekzaz
|spear||elhā
|-
|-
|spouse||melki
|spouse||melki
|-
|-
|stone (substance)|| tulke
|stallion ||halluk
|-
|-
|sun||zahā
|star||kakhā
|-
|-
|sword||sixak
|stone (substance)|| karra
|-
|-
|taro||tara
|sugar ||thukar
|-
|-
|tea||itē
|sun||rhahā
|-
|-
|tapir (marsupial)||tunta
|sword ||ghiqak
|-
|-
|tavern||pūni
|tavern||pūni
Line 1,143: Line 1,364:
|thing||latpu
|thing||latpu
|-
|-
|thumb||kuptu
|throne ||tronu
|-
|thumb ||kulhu
|-
|-
|tree||zuxē
|tin (metal) ||thakna
|-
|-
|vampire (European)||vanre
|trans person ||tranthi
|-
|-
|voice||nakva
|tree||rhugē
|-
|-
|water||ninta
|vampire (European) ||vampir
|-
|-
|wind||fezu
|voice ||navha
|-
|-
|wolf (marsupial)||qāru
|vulva||villū
|-
|-
|woman||kimet
|war ||hāghat
|-
|-
|world||hanra
|water ||ninta
|-
|-
|word||ulyek
|wheel||raha
|-
|-
|zebra (marsupial)||hapa
|wind ||hvethut
|-
|wolf ||lhajhu
|-
|woman ||kimet
|-
|world ||hanra
|-
|zebra||therha
|}
|}


Line 1,170: Line 1,401:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|aggravate, irritate||trummu
|-
|be awake||alwin
|-
|be beautiful||wata
|-
|be beneath, be under||uggu
|-
|be between, be among||janu
|-
|be brave|| tathak
|-
|be cold||hekal
|-
|-
|be awake||alfin
|be crazy||enni
|-
|-
|be beautiful||vata
|be diseased||narun
|-
|-
|be brave|| tatzak
|be English||hākha
|-
|-
|be diseased||qarun
|be free, have freedom||elē
|-
|-
|be good||iktū
|be good||iktū
|-
|-
|be important||aran
|be green||latha
|-
|be important||qaran
|-
|be kind||taara
|-
|be named||haltran
|-
|be sad||ewē
|-
|-
|be kind||tāra
|be thirsty||arwaa
|-
|-
|be thirsty||azvā
|be wicked||truke
|-
|-
|be wicked||masra
|bind||netak
|-
|-
|bite||kalka
|bite||kalka
Line 1,194: Line 1,447:
|blame||kāma
|blame||kāma
|-
|-
|carouse||tiyam
|bring||kamha
|-
|-
|choose||kīmi
|bully, dog, harry||nipmin
|-
|-
|die||hisu
|burn something||lhirhak
|-
|-
|discuss||keqya
|carouse||tijam
|-
|-
|drink||yeqqat
|choose||kiimi
|-
|die||hirhu
|-
|discuss||kenja
|-
|dream||alar
|-
|drink||kigkat
|-
|drive, strike||rhanka
|-
|-
|eat||matu
|eat||matu
|-
|-
|enjoy||tayak
|enjoy||tajak
|-
|-
|examine||nara
|examine||nara
|-
|exist||na
|-
|-
|fade||miki
|fade||miki
|-
|-
|flee||uktē
|fight||jhunni
|-
|find||rinnil
|-
|flee||quktee
|-
|-
|go||palka
|go||palka
|-
|-
|hate||varen
|hate||waren
|-
|hear||lhaathi
|-
|help||qalma
|-
|howl||nawa
|-
|hunt||rhikar
|-
|jump, leap||phatte
|-
|-
|help||alma
|kill||utpa
|-
|-
|howl||qava
|know||iktē
|-
|-
|kill||utva
|laugh||lalha
|-
|-
|laugh||laza
|learn||qitta
|-
|-
|learn||itta
|like||tajak
|-
|-
|like||tayak
|love||kimje
|-
|-
|love||kiqye
|meet||ānhim
|-
|-
|merit||ipru
|merit||irhu
|-
|-
|return||tuli
|return||tuli
|-
|-
|sleep||ikna
|rule||malik
|-
|see||hintu
|-
|sleep||qikna
|-
|-
|tell||penta
|tell||penta
|-
|-
|urinate||ukruk
|urinate||qurhuk
|-
|-
|wander||vilte
|wander||wilte
|-
|-
|wane||miki
|wane||miki
|-
|-
|weave||kumū
|weave||kumuu
|}
|}


Line 1,253: Line 1,536:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|-
|agentive deverbaliser||-yak
|agentive nominaliser||-juk
|-
|-
|allow, let, permit||-fim
|allow, let, permit||-hvim
|-
|always||-utkū
|-
|-
|be big||-pkak
|be big||-pkak
|-
|be black, be dressed in black, be brown-haired||-kthat
|-
|-
|be filled with||-havit
|be filled with||-havit
Line 1,265: Line 1,552:
|be good||-tara
|be good||-tara
|-
|-
|be grey, be dressed in grey, be grey-haired, be old||-liza
|be grey, be dressed in grey, be grey-haired, be old||-litta
|-
|-
|be hungry||-krā
|be hungry||-karā
|-
|-
|be lean, be skinny, be underfed||-tīla
|be lean, be skinny, be underfed||-tīla
|-
|-
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rūsa
|be red, be dressed in red, be red-haired||-rutta
|-
|be required to||-mimmi
|-
|-
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
|be white, be dressed in white, be fair-haired||-karik
Line 1,277: Line 1,566:
|can||-nnus
|can||-nnus
|-
|-
|cute, small||-zkal
|cute, sickly sweet, small, twee||-tkal
|-
|for a time||-tpi
|-
|-
|for a time||-spi
|forever||-qyup
|-
|-
|from mud, using mud||-maru
|from mud, using mud||-maru
|-
|-
|group of things||-qalve
|group of things||-kalve
|-
|-
|have a nostalgic quality||-jāri
|have a nostalgic quality||-yāri
|-
|-
|have an urge to||-kafit
|have an urge to||-kavhit
|-
|-
|intend to||-nnep
|intend to||-nnep
|-
|-
|instrumental deverbaliser||-tpet
|instrumental nominaliser||-tpet
|-
|-
|just now||-tukze
|just now||-tukhe
|-
|-
|must||-mitsu
|must||-mithu
|-
|-
|need||-lyū
|need||-lyū
|-
|-
|objective deverbaliser||-pin
|oblique nominaliser||-kmhit
|-
|-
|possibly||-nē
|possibly||-nē
|-
|-
|so it is said||-kventa
|result of a process||-thul
|-
|-
|subjective deverbaliser||-pin
|so it is said||-kpenta
|-
|-
|through, piercing||-knuz
|still, nonetheless||-jū
|-
|subjective/objective nominaliser||-pin
|-
|through, piercing||-knut
|-
|-
|to be||-mmek
|to be||-mmek
Line 1,317: Line 1,612:
|to have||-min
|to have||-min
|-
|-
|to make||-tuva
|to make||-tuwa
|-
|-
|to regret||-evē
|to regret||-qevē
|-
|-
|to seem||-luthi
|to seem, to be like||mhe
|-
|-
|tomorrow||-yesre
|tomorrow||-yerhe
|-
|-
|truly||-atsan
|truly||-qathan
|-
|-
|under||-nnu
|under||-nnu
|-
|undo, negate||-nhir
|-
|-
|very||-pkak
|very||-pkak
Line 1,338: Line 1,635:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|English||Magellanican
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|and (connects clauses)||yam
|-
|-
|and||yam
|and (connects nouns)||nu
|-
|-
|but||yam
|but||yam
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Avalonian"