Verse:Irta/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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'''Modern Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית מאָדערנית}} ''ʼivrís modérnis'' [(ʔ)ɪvˈʁis mɞˈdɛʁnɪs] or {{heb|עברית בת זמננו}} ''ʼivrís bas zmanếnu''), also known as '''Israeli Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית ישראלית}} ''ʼivrís yisreʼêlís''), was revived based on the [[w:Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]] of the [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian vocalization]].
The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)


==Phonology==
However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
===Consonants===
The Hebrew word for consonants is ''ʼitzurį́'' ({{heb|עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:


{| class="wikitable"
== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
|+Consonants
{{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}}
|-
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| [ɲ]
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|{{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan=2|
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-align=center
![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA|ts}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| {{IPA|tʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ʒ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|χ}} || rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʁ}}
| ({{IPA|h}})
|-align=center
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|
|}
[ɲ] arises from sequences of nasal vowel + /j/: {{heb|עניין}} ''ʼįyǫ́'' [ɪ̃ˑɲɔ̃ˑ] 'matter, interest'.


[ʀ] is freely interchangeable with [ʁ].
== Irta Sephardi Hebrew ==
Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} ä ä o{{lowered}} o{{lowered}} u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]


/ʔ/ and /h/ are often reduced to vowel phonation distinctions (creakiness and breathiness respectively) or silenced altogether.
== Chinese Hebrew ==
Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.  


===Vowels===
Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
Israeli Hebrew has 7 oral vowels and 6 nasal vowels, one of the largest vowel inventories to occur in any Semitic language and one of the few ones with nasal vowels (also cf. [[w:Inor language|Inor]]). Nasal vowels arise from historical oral vowels before a nasal coda. Vowels are also nasalized allophonically before nasal consonants.
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ''ey o u ü''
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin ''gh''
*/r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
* dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t&#810;ʰ t&#810; t&#810;]
* sin/undageshed tav is dental [s&#810;]
* both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
* kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
* Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated


{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
==Comparison==
![[Phoneme]]
=== Dror Yikra ===
! colspan=4|Example
Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.
|-
|{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐˈdø̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼadố&#808;''
| {{heb|אדון}}
|'lord, sir'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɐ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐ̃ˈtsi/}}</span>
| ''ʼątzí''
| {{heb|אמציא}}
|'I will invent'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔɛvɛ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼévę''
| {{heb|אבן}}
|'stone'
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔezɛʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼếzer''
| {{heb|עזר}}
|'aid'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɛ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɛ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼé&#808;''
| {{heb|אין}}
|'there is no'
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔiʃ/}}</span>
| ''ʼíš''
| {{heb|איש}}
|'man'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɪ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɪ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼį''
| {{heb|אם}}
|'if'
|-
|{{IPA|/o/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔov/}}</span>
| ''ʼóv''
| {{heb|אב}}
|'father'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɔ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼó&#808;''
| {{heb|עם}}
|'people, nation'
|-
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔøʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼốr''
| {{heb|אור}}
|'light'
|-
|{{IPA|/ø̃~ə̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔoˈsø̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼosố&#808;''
| {{heb|אתון}}
|'jenny'
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔäduˈmo/}}</span>
| ''ʼadumó''
| {{heb|אדומה}}
|'red' (f. sg.)
|-
|{{IPA|/ʊ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔʊ̃ˈnɔ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼųnó&#808;''
| {{heb|אומנם}}
|'indeed'
|}


Vowels tend to reduce in unstressed syllables: /ɛ/ reduces to [ə], /o/ to [ɞ], /ø/ to [ʏ], /ø̃/ to [ə̃], /u/ to [ʉ], and /i/ and final /e/ to [ɪ].
Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.


==Grammar==
[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."
Modern Hebrew no longer observes the distinction between masculine plural and feminine plural pronouns or verbal affixes, phonetically or orthographically (an edge case remains in the numeral + pronoun complexes שנינו/שתינו ''šnếnu/štếnu'' 'we two (m/f)', שניכם/שתיכם ''šnếchę/štếchę'' 'you two (m/f)' and שניהם/שתיהם ''šnếhę/štếhę'' 'they two (m/f)'). Gender in plural remains almost exclusively in nouns, adjectives, and the (participial) present tense, and numerals. Hence הלכתם (''holáchtę'' 'y'all went'); אתם הולכים\הולכות (''atę hôlchí&#808;/hôlchốs'' 'y'all go' (mp/fp)).


==Deviation from "correct" speech. Or: Mutations mutandis==
{{col-begin}}
Many normative phonetic alterations and grammar rules are not followed in spontaneous speech. To the errors normally committed by real-world Hebrew speakers add:
{{col-break}}
*The definite article is invariably [(h)ɐ], contra prescriptivist Hebrew where > /ho/ / _{ʔ, r} or _ʕV[+stress], and > /hɛ/ / _ʕV[-stress] or _{h, χ}o.
<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)


==Loanwords==
דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
Loanwords are usually spelt as in Yiddish (with the addition of ''chốlę'' for front rounded vowels; e.g. {{heb|גּוֹדֶעל}} for ''Gödel''), and the feminine ending ''-a'' in international words becomes ''-e'', (spelled {{heb|-ע}}).
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת


Nouns ending in /o/ are mapped directly to feminine nouns: טַאקָה, טַאקוֹת ''táko, tákôs'' 'taco, tacos'. This applies also to nouns ending in the Latinate suffix ''-io'': עוואלוציה ''evolútzyo'' 'evolution'.
דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי


Final /-m/ or /-n/ in foreign loanwords are spelt with a non-final מ and נ.
דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא


Arabic loanwords are normatively spelled with a special transliteration of Arabic letters into corresponding Hebrew letters (but some hyper-Arabisms are added colloquially, such as ע replacing א.). The Arabic feminine ending is spelled with a final {{heb|ה}} pronounced ''-e''. Back-borrowings from Yiddish are spelled with an apostrophe before the final letter.
אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר


==Sample==
הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
<p align=right><span dir="rtl">רוח הצפון והשמש נכנסו פעם לויכוח, מי מהם חזקה יותר - והנה בא לקראתם הולך רגל, עטוף במעיל חם. השתים השכימו, שזאת אשר תצליח ראשונה להפשיט את האיש ממעילו, תיחשב כחזקה יותר. אז נשבה הרוח חזק ככל שייך לה - אבל ככל שנשבה יותר, כן התעטף האיש במעילו ביתר שאת, ולבסוף ויתרה הרוח על כל ניסיון נוסף. אז התחילה השמש להפיץ את קרניה החמות, ומיד פשט הולך הרגל את מעילו. וכך נאצלה הרוח להודות, שהשמש הזקה ממנה.</span></p>
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה


''Phonetic transcription of everyday speech:''
דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Proto-Chinese Hebrew


[ˌʁuɐχ ɐ t͡sɞˈfɔ̃ˑ və ɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ nɪχnəˈsu ˌpɐ̃ːˑ lə vɪˈkuɐχ ˈmi mɛ̃ːˑ χɐzɞˈko jʏˈseʁ | və ˈɪ̃nɪ ˈbo lɪkʁɐˌsɔ̃ˑ ʏˌleχ ˈʁɛgəl ɐˈtuf bə məˈil ˈχɐ̃ˑ | ɐ ʃˈtɐ̃ɪ̃ˑ ɪsˈkɪ̃mʉ ʃə ˈzøs ɐˌʃɛʁ tɐt͡sˈliɐχ ʁɪʃə̃ˈno ləɐfˈʃit əs ɐ ˈiʃ mɪ məɪˈlø teχɐˈʃev kɐ χɐzɞˈko jʏˈseʁ | ɞz nɞʃˈvo ɐ ˈʁuɐχ χɞˈzok kəˈχol ʃɐˈjoχ lɞ | ɐˌvol kəˈχol ʃə nɞˈʃvo jʏˈseʁ ˈkɛ̃ isɐˈtef ɐ ˈiʃ bə məɪˈlø bəˈjɛsəʁ seːs | və ləvɐˈsøf vɪtˈro ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ɐl ˈkol nɪsɞˈjø̃ˑ nʏˈsof | ɞz ɪsˈχilɞ ɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ ləɞˈfit͡s əs kɐʁˈneɞ ɐ χɐ̃ˈmøs | və mɪˈjod pɞˈʃɐt ʏˌleχ ɐ ˈʁɛgəl əs məɪˈlø | və ˈkoχ nɛːt͡sˈlo ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ləʏˈdøs ʃə ɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ χɐzɞˈko mɪˈmɛ̃nɞ]
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]


==Special words==
[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
*כָּחָנו'ת: a somewhat jocular phono-semantic interpretation of ''cojones'' (< AmE < Spanish), based on root K-Ḥ 'power', to be used interchangeably with חוצפ'ה (''chútzpe''; without stress shift, ''chutzpó'' means 'arrogance/gall'.)
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
*מָגִיבָן (''mogivón''): reactionary
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]
 
[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]
 
[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]
 
[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]
 
[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Chinese Hebrew
 
[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]
 
[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]
 
[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]
 
[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]
 
[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]
 
[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)
 
[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.
 
[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.
 
Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.
 
O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.
 
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
 
Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.
</poem>
{{col-end}}
 
== Irtan Hebrew poetry ==
=== Hebrew dán díreach ===
Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish ''dán díreach''.
 
Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș
 
Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)
 
Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines
 
For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so ''péle'' 'wonder' and ''qémaħ'' 'flour' rhyme)
 
Rhyming consonant groups:
# Qoph, teth and tsade
# Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
# Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
# Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
# Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
# Dageshed l, m, n
# Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
# Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)
 
:''ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,''
:''kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh.'' (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
: "I and the white Pangur,
: Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
 
:''Pángur ėno bi măkanė;''
:''Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.''
: "Pangur does not envy me;
: He delights in his playing."

Latest revision as of 07:41, 5 January 2023

The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)

However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.

Irta Modern Hebrew

Irta Sephardi Hebrew

Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew

  • Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
  • Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e̞ e̞ ä ä o̞ o̞ u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]

Chinese Hebrew

Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.

Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

  • Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ey o u ü
  • Shva na3 is ă /ə/ in careful pronunciation
  • undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin gh
  • /r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
  • dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
  • dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
  • sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
  • both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
  • kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
  • Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated

Comparison

Dror Yikra

Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.

Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.

[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."

Hebrew (Tiberian)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

Proto-Chinese Hebrew

[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]

[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]

[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]

[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]

[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]

[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]

Chinese Hebrew

[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]

[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]

[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]

[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]

[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]

[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]

English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)

[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.

[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.

Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.

O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.

Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.

Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.


Irtan Hebrew poetry

Hebrew dán díreach

Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish dán díreach.

Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș

Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)

Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines

For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so péle 'wonder' and qémaħ 'flour' rhyme)

Rhyming consonant groups:

  1. Qoph, teth and tsade
  2. Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
  3. Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  4. Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  5. Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
  6. Dageshed l, m, n
  7. Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
  8. Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)
ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,
kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh. (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
"I and the white Pangur,
Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
Pángur ėno bi măkanė;
Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.
"Pangur does not envy me;
He delights in his playing."