Verse:Irta/Icelandic Gaelic: Difference between revisions

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'''Irish in the [[Albionian]] timeline''' has absorbed significant Slavic (e.g. [[Albionian]]) influence, and Slavic elements even penetrated grammar and grammatical morphemes.
Gaelic + Inuit + Hivantish + English
==History==
The Protestant Reformation culminated in the establishment of a form of Protestantism as the state religion of Albion, and Albionian became associated with Protestantism. In response, the Catholic Church promoted the Irish language and Irish nationalism in Ireland as part of its Counter-Reformation program, which involved associating Catholicism and anti-Albionian sentiment with Irish national identity. The program included purifying the Irish language by removing Slavic words and morphology and incorporating Old Irish elements. However, the purism was not entirely successful, as Slavic had already deeply influenced the colloquial language.


Today's Irish is a compromise between the artificially purified Irish and the colloquial, simplified Irish of that period. Inherited Celtic words are more common in the literary language, while Slavic and English words are more common in the colloquial language.
Greekify Irish slender consonants


==Todo==
Inuit words subject to Irishy sound changes
''beidḃéid'' (m) = bear (from Slavic, plus ''mh/bh'' confusion)


Default verbing suffix is ''-uaiġ'' (''-uaim, -uair, -uann sé, -uaimid, -uaiṫid, -uann siad'', verbnoun ''-úḋ'' or colloquially ''-uainí''), from Slavic ''-ovati'' verbs
word order is more flexible than in Old Irish
*e.g. ''companuaiġ'' = to compose music (From Albionian ''componowaṫ'')
*e.g. ''zachuaiġ'' = to behave
*Swear words of Slavic origin are mainly used in Northern Ireland. These are the four main ones:
**''pam-boize'' 'Jesus'
**''Cad é sin, páizneásach?'' = 'what the hell is that?'
**''probag'' (expresses exasperation)
**''buaiḃí'' = 'God knows' (Also in standard colloquial language)


==Nouns==
Capital: Daomaist, from Hivantish "Dymuwistu" <- dhuHmo-h2westu
The neuter gender and dative plural ''-aiḃ'' is preserved but there are fewer declension classes. The nominative plural of masculines and feminines is uniformly ''-(a)i'' /ɪ/ (by Slavic influence) and plural of neuters is usually ''-a''.


The indefinite article is ''den'' (from ''den'' 'from the' + Slavic *edìn 'one'); it or lack thereof is part of the case/number/gender declension.
Preserves Old Irish /θ ð/


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
"What if Old Irish became a Balkan sprachbund language, losing infinitives etc."
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''fear'' (m.) = man
! colspan=2| ''stránca'' (f.) = bulletin board
! colspan=2| ''sceul'' (n.) = story, news
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''den fear''<br/>''an fear'' ||''fearai''<br/>''ant fearai''
|''dent stránca''<br/>''ant stránca'' ||''stráncai''<br/>''na stráncai''
|''den sceul''<br/>''an sceul''  ||''sceula''<br/>''na sceula''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dent fhear''<br/>''ant ḟear''  ||''fear''<br/>''na ḃfearaiḃ''
|''dena stránca''<br/>''na stránca'' ||''stránca''<br/>''na stráncaiḃ''
|''dent sceul''<br/>''ant sceul'' ||''sceul''<br/>''na sceulaiḃ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Prepositional'''
|''dent fear''<br/>''ant fear''  ||''fearaiḃ''<br/>''na fearaiḃ''
|''dent stránca''<br/>''ant stránca'' ||''stráncaiḃ''<br/>''na stráncaiḃ''
|''dent sceul''<br/>''ant sceul'' ||''sceulaiḃ''<br/>''na sceulaiḃ''
|}


Nouns that end in long vowels decline as follows:
==Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
Preserves a lot of case inflection in suffixed indefinite articles, via a suffixed ''áirithe'' "certain"


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Possessive suffices from OIr emphatic clitics? "his" is (lenition)--san
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''staiḃiní'' (n.) = (slang) police office
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''den staiḃiní''<br/>''an staiḃiní''  ||''staiḃiní''<br/>''na staiḃiní''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dent staiḃiní''<br/>''ant staiḃiní'' ||''staiḃiní''<br/>''na staiḃiníḃ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Prepositional'''
|''dent staiḃiní''<br/>''ant staiḃiní'' ||''staiḃiníḃ''<br/>''na staiḃiníḃ''
|}


Adjectives only change in the dative plural (ignoring initial mutation):
*nom sg. ''ech áirithe'' > ''echar'' 'a horse'
*gen sg. ''eich áirithi'' > ''eichri''
*prep sg. ''euch áirithiu'' > ''echru''
*acc sg. ''euch n-áirithe'' > ''echna''
*nom pl ''eich áirithi'' > ''eichri''
*gen pl ''ech n-áirithe'' > ''echna''
*prep pl ''echaibh''
*acc pl ''echu h-áirithi'' > ''echuhar''
Definite nouns get the OIr definite article mutations (with no preposed article) + -a(i)s:
* nom sg ''t-echsa'' 'the horse'
* gen sg ''eichse''
* prep sg ''echsa''
* acc sg ''n-echsa''
* voc sg ''a eich!''
* nom pl ''eichse''
* gen pl ''n-echsa''
* prep pl ''echaibhse''
* acc pl ''h-echus''
* voc pl ''a echu!''
==== o-stem masc. ====
*nom sg. ''echar''
*gen sg. ''eichri''
*prep sg. ''echru''
*acc sg. ''echna''
*nom pl ''eichri''
*gen pl ''echna''
*prep pl ''echaibh''
*acc pl ''echur''
* nom sg ''t-echsa''
* gen sg ''eichse''
* prep sg ''echsa''
* acc sg ''n-echsa''
* voc sg ''a eich!''
* nom pl ''eichse''
* gen pl ''n-echsa''
* prep pl ''echaibhse''
* acc pl ''h-echus''
* voc pl ''a echu!''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
==== ā-stem fem. ====
|-
* nom sg ''túathar''
!
* gen sg ''túaither''
! colspan=2| After masculine
* prep sg ''túaithri''
! colspan=2| After feminine
* acc sg ''túathnai''
! colspan=2| After neuter
* nom pl ''túathár''
|-
* gen pl ''túathna''
!
* dat pl ''túathaib''
!singular
* acc pl ''túathár''
!plural
=== Verbs ===
!singular
Preserves object prefixes but simplifies them; only conjunct and prototonic forms are used for most verbs
!plural
* no-m-(L), no-t-(L), n-a-(N), no-s-(N), no-n-, no-bh-, no-s(N)- (no- can be replaced with another preverb e.g. ní-)
!singular
 
!plural
Get object incorportaion from focused objects?
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''den fear '''b'''eag'' ||''fearai '''b'''eag''
|''dent stránca '''ḃ'''eag'' ||''stráncai '''b'''eag''
|''den sceul '''mb'''eag'' ||''sceula '''ḃ'''eag''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dent fhear '''ḃ'''eag''  ||''fear '''mb'''eag''
|''dena stránca '''b'''eag'' ||''stránca '''mb'''eag''
|''dent sceul '''ḃ'''eag'' ||''sceul '''mb'''eag''
|-
|align="right" |'''Prepositional'''
|''dent fear '''ḃ'''eag''  ||''fearaiḃ '''b'''eagaiḃ''
|''dent stránca '''ḃ'''eag'' ||''stráncaiḃ '''b'''eagaiḃ''
|''dent sceul '''ḃ'''eag'' ||''sceulaiḃ '''b'''eagaiḃ''
|}
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 03:56, 19 December 2022

Gaelic + Inuit + Hivantish + English

Greekify Irish slender consonants

Inuit words subject to Irishy sound changes

word order is more flexible than in Old Irish

Capital: Daomaist, from Hivantish "Dymuwistu" <- dhuHmo-h2westu

Preserves Old Irish /θ ð/

"What if Old Irish became a Balkan sprachbund language, losing infinitives etc."

Morphology

Nouns

Preserves a lot of case inflection in suffixed indefinite articles, via a suffixed áirithe "certain"

Possessive suffices from OIr emphatic clitics? "his" is (lenition)--san

  • nom sg. ech áirithe > echar 'a horse'
  • gen sg. eich áirithi > eichri
  • prep sg. euch áirithiu > echru
  • acc sg. euch n-áirithe > echna
  • nom pl eich áirithi > eichri
  • gen pl ech n-áirithe > echna
  • prep pl echaibh
  • acc pl echu h-áirithi > echuhar

Definite nouns get the OIr definite article mutations (with no preposed article) + -a(i)s:

  • nom sg t-echsa 'the horse'
  • gen sg eichse
  • prep sg echsa
  • acc sg n-echsa
  • voc sg a eich!
  • nom pl eichse
  • gen pl n-echsa
  • prep pl echaibhse
  • acc pl h-echus
  • voc pl a echu!

o-stem masc.

  • nom sg. echar
  • gen sg. eichri
  • prep sg. echru
  • acc sg. echna
  • nom pl eichri
  • gen pl echna
  • prep pl echaibh
  • acc pl echur
  • nom sg t-echsa
  • gen sg eichse
  • prep sg echsa
  • acc sg n-echsa
  • voc sg a eich!
  • nom pl eichse
  • gen pl n-echsa
  • prep pl echaibhse
  • acc pl h-echus
  • voc pl a echu!

ā-stem fem.

  • nom sg túathar
  • gen sg túaither
  • prep sg túaithri
  • acc sg túathnai
  • nom pl túathár
  • gen pl túathna
  • dat pl túathaib
  • acc pl túathár

Verbs

Preserves object prefixes but simplifies them; only conjunct and prototonic forms are used for most verbs

  • no-m-(L), no-t-(L), n-a-(N), no-s-(N), no-n-, no-bh-, no-s(N)- (no- can be replaced with another preverb e.g. ní-)

Get object incorportaion from focused objects?

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