Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions

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TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
= Early Prakrit =
= Early Prakrit =
== Pronouns ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''aha, a̋, ha, ah'' || ''tou'' || ''sa'' || ''sa̋'' || ''tah'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''me, mý'' || ''te, tý'' || ''ta'' || ''tő'' || ''tah'' || ''se, sý''
|-
! gen.
| ''mana̋'' || ''tvana̋'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svana̋''
|-
! dat.
| ''meži, mej'' || ''tehi, tej'' || ''tamej'' || ''tašej, ta̋j'' || ''tamej'' || ''sehi, sej''
|-
! ins.
| ''maný'' (m), ''maja̋'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvaja̋'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''taja̋'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svaja̋'' (f)
|-
! loc.
| ''maj'' || ''tvaj'' || ''tami'' || ''taší'' || ''tami'' || ''svaj''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''véh'' || ''jíh'' || ''sí'' || ''seh'' || ''ta̋''
|-
! acc.
| ''nas'' || ''jis'' || ''tőh'' || ''teh'' || ''ta̋''
|-
! gen.
| ''namő'' || ''jimő'' || ''týšő'' || ''ta̋šő'' || ''týšő''
|-
! dat.
| ''nabh'' || ''jibh'' || ''týbh'' || ''ta̋bh'' || ''týbh''
|-
! ins.
| ''nahi'' || ''jihi''|| ''týhi'' || ''ta̋hi'' || ''týhi''
|-
! loc.
| ''namýš'' || ''jimýš'' || ''týš'' || ''ta̋š'' || ''týš''
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, ših (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čih
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
=== o-stems ===
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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!
!
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=2| ''lőšna̋'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=2| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=2| ''őšta'' (n.) = mouth
|-
|-
!
!
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrký''
|''vrk''||''vrký''
|''loušná''||''loušnaḥ''
|''lőšna̋''||''lőšneh''
|''oušta'' || ''ouštá''
|''őšta'' || ''őšta̋''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrka̋h'' ||''vrkő''
|''loušnaḥ'' ||''loušnou''
|''lőšna̋h'' ||''lőšnő''
|''ouštaš'' ||''ouštou''
|''őšta̋h'' ||''őštő''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabh''
|''vrké'' ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnej'' ||''loušnábh''
|''lőšné'' ||''lőšna̋bh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabh''
|''őšté'' ||''őštabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrkőh''
|''loušnou'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''lőšnő'' ||''lőšneh''
|''oušta'' ||''ouštá''
|''őšta'' ||''őšta̋''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrky'' ||''vrkýḥ''
|''vrkaný'' ||''vrkahi''
|''loušňá'' ||''loušnýḥ''
|''lőšnaja̋'' ||''lőšna̋hi''
|''oušty'' ||''ouštýḥ''
|''őštaný'' ||''őštahi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrci'' ||''vrkýš''
|''vrkami'' ||''vrkýš''
|''loušni'' ||''loušnáš''
|''lőšný, lőšnaší'' ||''lőšna̋š''
|''oušti'' ||''ouštýš''
|''őštami'' ||''őštýš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrký!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrký!''
|''loušna!'' ||''loušnáḥ!''
|''lőšna!'' ||''lőšnech!''
|''oušte!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''őšte!'' ||''őšta̋!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=2| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=2| ''mať'' (f.) = thought, idea
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agní''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''matěh''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agníh'' ||''agňű''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matíh'' ||''maťű''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''maříh'' ||''mařű''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňebh''
|''agní'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťebh''
|''matí'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébha'' ||''mařebh''
|''maří'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agníḥ''
|''agni'' ||''agníh''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''matěh''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' ||''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňebh''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťebh''
|''mařéḥ'' || ''mařébha'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňéḥ''
|''agněný'' ||''agněhi''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matija̋'' ||''matěhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébha'' || ''mařéḥ''
|''mařený'' || ''mařehi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agněmi'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''matí, matěší'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařemi'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' ||''agní!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''mati!'' ||''matěh!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}


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!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' ||''patníh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' ||''patňű''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbh''
|''patní'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' ||''patníh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbhi''
|''patnija̋'' ||''patníhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijí, patníší'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patníḥ!''
|''patní!'' ||''patníh!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=2| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''žőštou'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=2| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''výju'' ||''výjavý''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavaḥ''
|''žőštou'' ||''žőštaveh''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhou''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''výjűh'' ||''výjavő''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žőštőh'' ||''žőštavő''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhőh'' ||''medhavő''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubh''
|''výjavé'' ||''výjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žőštava̋j'' ||''žőštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavé'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúḥ''
|''výjou'' ||''výjouch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúḥ''
|''žőštou'' ||''žőštouch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' ||''medhou''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouḥ'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubh''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouḥ'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubhi''
|''výjuný'' ||''výjuhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žőštuja̋'' ||''žőštuhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhuný'' ||''medhuhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''výjumi'' ||''výjouš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žőštavý, žőštouší'' ||''žőštouš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medhumi'' ||''medhouš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''výjű!'' ||''výjavý!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavaḥ!''
|''žőštő!'' ||''žőstavah!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhő!'' ||''medhou!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
! colspan=2| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
Line 229: Line 255:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmena̋ch'' ||''žmenő''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej''  ||''žmenabh''
|''žmené''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenaḥ''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenach''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenáḥ'' ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmeny'' ||''žmenýḥ''
|''žmenaný'' ||''žmenahi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni'' ||''žmenýš''
|''žmenami'' ||''žmenýš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 251: Line 274:


=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
! colspan=3| ''vlamena'' (n.) = name
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|''vlamena''||''vlamena̋''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vlamena̋ch'' ||''vlamenő''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenabh''
|''vlamené'' ||''vlamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|''vlamena'' ||''vlamena̋''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenáḥ'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenéḥ''
|''vlamenaný'' ||''vlamenahi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vlamenami'' ||''vlamenýš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|''vlamena!'' ||''vlamena̋!''
|}
|}


=== s-stems ===
=== s-stems ===
''nebh'' regularizes to ''nebhes''
''nebh'' regularizes to ''nebhesa''


=== Other athematics ===
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine.


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
! colspan=2| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|''patýr''||''patrý''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patra̋ch'' ||''patrő''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbh''
|''patré'' ||''patrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕḥ''
|''patra'' ||''patrőch''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréḥ'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbhi''
|''patraný'' ||''patrahi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patrami'' ||''patrýš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''patre!'' ||''patrý!''
|}
|}
== Copula ==
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''śmi'' || ''śme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''śi'' || ''śte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jéch'' || ''śa̋''
|-
|}
= Late Prakrit =
= Late Prakrit =
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar
== Nouns ==
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
|-
! |
! | Singular
! | Plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk'' || ''vrk-al''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrk-ach'' || ''vrk-al-ach''
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative/Allative'''
|''vrk-pi'' || ''vrk-al-pi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''vrk-ej'' || ''vrk-al-ej''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrk-any'' || ''vrk-al-any''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrk-ami'' || ''vrk-al-ami''
|}
== Adjectives ==
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child

Latest revision as of 02:30, 5 March 2024

TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.

Early Prakrit

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. reflexive
m. f. n.
nom. aha, a̋, ha, ah tou sa sa̋ tah -
acc. me, mý te, tý ta tő tah se, sý
gen. mana̋ tvana̋ taš tech taš svana̋
dat. meži, mej tehi, tej tamej tašej, ta̋j tamej sehi, sej
ins. maný (m), maja̋ (f) tvaný (m/n), tvaja̋ (f) taný taja̋ taný svaný (m/n), svaja̋ (f)
loc. maj tvaj tami taší tami svaj
case 1pl. 2pl. 3pl.
m. f. n.
nom. véh jíh sí seh ta̋
acc. nas jis tőh teh ta̋
gen. namő jimő týšő ta̋šő týšő
dat. nabh jibh týbh ta̋bh týbh
ins. nahi jihi týhi ta̋hi týhi
loc. namýš jimýš týš ta̋š týš

Demonstratives: ši, ší, ših (distance-neutral)

Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čih

Nouns

(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian

o-stems

vrk (m.) = wolf lőšna̋ (f.) = moon, month őšta (n.) = mouth
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Nominative vrk vrký lőšna̋ lőšneh őšta őšta̋
Genitive vrka̋h vrkő lőšna̋h lőšnő őšta̋h őštő
Dative vrké vrkabh lőšné lőšna̋bh őšté őštabh
Accusative vrka vrkőh lőšnő lőšneh őšta őšta̋
Instrumental vrkaný vrkahi lőšnaja̋ lőšna̋hi őštaný őštahi
Locative vrkami vrkýš lőšný, lőšnaší lőšna̋š őštami őštýš
Vocative vrče! vrký! lőšna! lőšnech! őšte! őšta̋!

i-stems

ageň (m.) = fire mať (f.) = thought, idea mař (n.) = sea
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Nominative ageň agní mať matěh mař maří
Genitive agníh agňű matíh maťű maříh mařű
Dative agní agněbh matí matěbh maří mařebh
Accusative agni agníh mati matěh mař maří
Instrumental agněný agněhi matija̋ matěhi mařený mařehi
Locative agněmi agníš matí, matěší matíš mařemi maříš
Vocative agně! agní! mati! matěh! maře! maří!

Feminines in -í

patní (f.) = wife
singular plural
Nominative patní patníh
Genitive patních patňű
Dative patní patníbh
Accusative patní patníh
Instrumental patnija̋ patníhi
Locative patnijí, patníší patníš
Vocative patní! patníh!

u-stems

výju (m.) = wind žőštou (f.) = meat medhu (n.) = honey
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Nominative výju výjavý žőštou žőštaveh medhu medhou
Genitive výjűh výjavő žőštőh žőštavő medhőh medhavő
Dative výjavé výjubh žőštava̋j žőštubh medhavé medhubh
Accusative výjou výjouch žőštou žőštouch medhu medhou
Instrumental výjuný výjuhi žőštuja̋ žőštuhi medhuný medhuhi
Locative výjumi výjouš žőštavý, žőštouší žőštouš medhumi medhouš
Vocative výjű! výjavý! žőštő! žőstavah! medhő! medhou!

n-stems

žmů (m.) = human
singular plural
Nominative žmů žmený
Genitive žmena̋ch žmenő
Dative žmené žmenabh
Accusative žmena žmenach
Instrumental žmenaný žmenahi
Locative žmenami žmenýš
Vocative žmů! žmený!

ma-stems

-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)

vlamena (n.) = name
singular plural
Nominative vlamena vlamena̋
Genitive vlamena̋ch vlamenő
Dative vlamené vlamenabh
Accusative vlamena vlamena̋
Instrumental vlamenaný vlamenahi
Locative vlamenami vlamenýš
Vocative vlamena! vlamena̋!

s-stems

nebh regularizes to nebhesa

Other athematics

Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine.

-ýr nouns

patýr (m.) = father
singular plural
Nominative patýr patrý
Genitive patra̋ch patrő
Dative patré patrabh
Accusative patra patrőch
Instrumental patraný patrahi
Locative patrami patrýš
Vocative patre! patrý!

Copula

Present

Singular Plural
1st śmi śme
2nd śi śte
3rd jéch śa̋

Late Prakrit

Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar

Nouns

Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.

vrk (m.) = wolf
Singular Plural
Nominative vrk vrk-al
Genitive vrk-ach vrk-al-ach
Dative/Allative vrk-pi vrk-al-pi
Accusative vrk-ej vrk-al-ej
Instrumental vrk-any vrk-al-any
Locative vrk-ami vrk-al-ami

Adjectives

Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore

/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child

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