Ilithian/Prakrit
TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||||
| nom. | aha, a̋, ha, ah | tou | sa | sa̋ | tah | - |
| acc. | me, mý | te, tý | ta | tő | tah | se, sý |
| gen. | mana̋ | tvana̋ | taš | tech | taš | svana̋ |
| dat. | meži, mej | tehi, tej | tamej | tašej, ta̋j | tamej | sehi, sej |
| ins. | maný (m), maja̋ (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvaja̋ (f) | taný | taja̋ | taný | svaný (m/n), svaja̋ (f) |
| loc. | maj | tvaj | tami | taší | tami | svaj |
| case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
| m. | f. | n. | ||||
| nom. | véh | jíh | sí | seh | ta̋ | |
| acc. | nas | jis | tőh | teh | ta̋ | |
| gen. | namő | jimő | týšő | ta̋šő | týšő | |
| dat. | nabh | jibh | týbh | ta̋bh | týbh | |
| ins. | nahi | jihi | týhi | ta̋hi | týhi | |
| loc. | namýš | jimýš | týš | ta̋š | týš | |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, ših (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čih
Nouns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
| vrk (m.) = wolf | lőšna̋ (f.) = moon, month | őšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vrk | vrký | lőšna̋ | lőšneh | őšta | őšta̋ |
| Genitive | vrka̋h | vrkő | lőšna̋h | lőšnő | őšta̋h | őštő |
| Dative | vrké | vrkabh | lőšné | lőšna̋bh | őšté | őštabh |
| Accusative | vrka | vrkőh | lőšnő | lőšneh | őšta | őšta̋ |
| Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkahi | lőšnaja̋ | lőšna̋hi | őštaný | őštahi |
| Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | lőšný, lőšnaší | lőšna̋š | őštami | őštýš |
| Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | lőšna! | lőšnech! | őšte! | őšta̋! |
i-stems
| ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěh | mař | maří |
| Genitive | agníh | agňű | matíh | maťű | maříh | mařű |
| Dative | agní | agněbh | matí | matěbh | maří | mařebh |
| Accusative | agni | agníh | mati | matěh | mař | maří |
| Instrumental | agněný | agněhi | matija̋ | matěhi | mařený | mařehi |
| Locative | agněmi | agníš | matí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
| Vocative | agně! | agní! | mati! | matěh! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
| patní (f.) = wife | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| Nominative | patní | patníh | |
| Genitive | patních | patňű | |
| Dative | patní | patníbh | |
| Accusative | patní | patníh | |
| Instrumental | patnija̋ | patníhi | |
| Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
| Vocative | patní! | patníh! | |
u-stems
| výju (m.) = wind | žőštou (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | výju | výjavý | žőštou | žőštaveh | medhu | medhou |
| Genitive | výjűh | výjavő | žőštőh | žőštavő | medhőh | medhavő |
| Dative | výjavé | výjubh | žőštava̋j | žőštubh | medhavé | medhubh |
| Accusative | výjou | výjouch | žőštou | žőštouch | medhu | medhou |
| Instrumental | výjuný | výjuhi | žőštuja̋ | žőštuhi | medhuný | medhuhi |
| Locative | výjumi | výjouš | žőštavý, žőštouší | žőštouš | medhumi | medhouš |
| Vocative | výjű! | výjavý! | žőštő! | žőstavah! | medhő! | medhou! |
n-stems
| žmů (m.) = human | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | žmů | žmený |
| Genitive | žmena̋ch | žmenő |
| Dative | žmené | žmenabh |
| Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
| Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenahi |
| Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
| Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
| vlamena (n.) = name | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| Nominative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
| Genitive | vlamena̋ch | vlamenő | |
| Dative | vlamené | vlamenabh | |
| Accusative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
| Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenahi | |
| Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
| Vocative | vlamena! | vlamena̋! | |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine.
-ýr nouns
| patýr (m.) = father | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | patýr | patrý |
| Genitive | patra̋ch | patrő |
| Dative | patré | patrabh |
| Accusative | patra | patrőch |
| Instrumental | patraný | patrahi |
| Locative | patrami | patrýš |
| Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | śmi | śme |
| 2nd | śi | śte |
| 3rd | jéch | śa̋ |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
| vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | vrk | vrk-al |
| Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-al-ach |
| Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-al-pi |
| Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-al-ej |
| Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-al-any |
| Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-al-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child