Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
|
(53 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''Modern Hivatish''' (native name: ''Risened hivatuppp tangu'') is an Estonian-inspired descendant of [[Hivatish]]. | | '''Celtic Nurian''' (Old ''Nūratambās'', Modern ''Nüüretampur''; in-universe English: Nurian, in-universe Irish: ''an Núrais'') is a stem-Celtic language (called Celtic in Irta) spoken in Irta's North Africa. It evolved under strong Semitic, especially Arabic influence. It is inspired by [[Nurian]], a Talmic language with a similar premise. |
|
| |
|
| Numbers: ''õin, tua, tria, kidur, pik, huu, heht, õst, neu, tis''
| | "Proto-Hyper-Celtic Palified then Khmerized" |
|
| |
|
| ''Tepader!'' = an oath, like "Jesus" or "Christ" in our English
| | [[Category:Stem-Celtic]] |
| | |
| ''kuruunaawihuh'' = coronavirus, ''kõuvid'' = COVID
| |
| | |
| ''udra'' = water
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| Consonants: p b v t d δ k g s z h m n ng w r l j /p b v t d ð k g s z h~χ m n ŋ w ʀ l j/
| |
| | |
| Vowels: a e i u õ /a e i u ɤ/ + long vowels and diphthongs
| |
| | |
| ==Nouns==
| |
| no gender
| |
| === Consonant declension ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''valg'' 'wolf' (< ''valkuq'')
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''valg''||''valgar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''valga''||''valgu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''valge''||''valgav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''valged'' ||''valgav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''wirδ'' 'word' (< ''wirdun'')
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''wirδ''||''werδar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''werδa''||''wirδu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''wirδe''||''wirδav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''wirδed'' ||''wirδav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === a-declension ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''võga'' 'city' (< ''vukaa'')
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''võga''||''võgar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''võgar''||''võgu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''võge''||''võgav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''võgad'' ||''võgav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === i-declension ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''inn'' 'fire' (< ''ingniq'')
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''inn''||''innir''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''innir''||''innu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''inne''||''inniv''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''innid'' ||''inniv''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === u-declension ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''suht'' 'attempt'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''suht''||''suhtur''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''suhter''||''suhtu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''suhte''||''suhtuv''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''suhtud'' ||''suhtuv''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Athematic declension ===
| |
| Athematic nouns are the most irregular:
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''ree'' 'king'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''ree''||''reejer''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''reeja''||''reeju''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''rei''||''reejav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''reejed'' ||''reejav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''igalu'' 'trout'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''igalu''||''igalur''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''igaluja''||''igalu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''igale''||''igalav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''igalud'' ||''igalav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''anur'' 'storm'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''anur''||''anurir''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''anure''||''anuri''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''anure''||''anuriv''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''anurid'' ||''anuriv''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''em'' 'sea'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''em''||''emar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''imer''||''imu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''eme''||''emav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''emad'' ||''emav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === n-stem declension ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''nõma'' 'name'
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''nõma''||''nõmanar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''nõmar''||''nõmanu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''nõmane''||''nõmanav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''nõmaned'' ||''nõmanav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Reborrowed classical nouns ===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''wihuh'' 'virus' (reborrowed from ''wiquq'')
| |
| |-
| |
| !| !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''wihuh''||''wihar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''wiha''||''wihu''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''wihe''||''wihav''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative-Locative
| |
| |''wihed'' ||''wihav''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Adjectives==
| |
| Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns. The u-declension is the regular one for adjectives, except for ones that end in a vowel or ''-r''.
| |
| *Nominative: ''tali wirδ'' 'long word', ''taljar werδar'' 'long words'
| |
| *Genitive: ''talja werδa'', ''talju wirδu''
| |
| *Dative: ''talje wirδe'', ''taljav wirδav''
| |
| *Abl-loc: ''taljad wirδed'', ''taljav wirδav''
| |
| | |
| ==Pronouns==
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || colspan="2" | interrogative/relative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "he" || "she" || "it" || "who" || "what"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! nom.
| |
| | ''ja'' || ''tu'' || ''se'' || ''sa'' || ''sud'' || ''am'' || ''ju'' || ''sir'' || ''-'' || ''ke'' || ''kid''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! acc.
| |
| | ''mi'' || ''ti'' || ''sun'' || ''san'' || ''sud'' || ''ang'' || ''jung'' || ''sur'' || ''hi'' || ''kun'' || ''kid''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! gen.
| |
| | ''min'' || ''tiv'' || ''siv'' || ''sõrar'' || ''ta'' || ''angar'' || ''jungar'' || ''sar'' || ''hiv'' || ''kiv'' || ''kia''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! dat.
| |
| | ''mõi'' || ''tõi'' || ''sõme, sõm'' || ''sõre, sõr'' || ''tõme, tõm'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hõi'' || ''kõme, kõm'' || ''kiime, kiim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! abl.-loc.
| |
| | ''mined, med'' || ''tived, ted'' || ''sõmed'' || ''sõred'' || ''tõmed'' || ''angav'' || ''jungav'' || ''siv, serav'' || ''hived, hed'' || ''kõmed'' || ''kiimed''
| |
| |}
| |
| (oblique forms of ''kid'' are from Qivattu ''kit'' 'what' + appropriate case forms of the neuter sg. relative pronoun ''jut'')
| |
| | |
| ==Verbs==
| |
| TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality
| |
| | |
| Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.
| |
| | |
| There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.
| |
| | |
| Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with ''tar'' 'through' plus the accusative case: ''Tar sin teisedõim.'' 'He will find me.'
| |
| | |
| As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.
| |
| | |
| teised "he finds":
| |
| *Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, se/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
| |
| *Past imperfective: ja teiser, tu teiset, se/sa/sud teiser, am teiseme, ju teisete, sir teiser
| |
| *Past perfective: teisedim, teiseder, teiseded, teisedime, teisedite, teisedud
| |
| *Future perfective: teisetõim, teisetõir, teisetõid, teisetõime, teisetõite, teisetõjud
| |
| | |
| vinned "he binds":
| |
| *Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, se/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
| |
| *Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, se/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
| |
| *Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
| |
| *Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud
| |
| | |
| teepudad "he rules":
| |
| *Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, se teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
| |
| *Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, se teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
| |
| *Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
| |
| *Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Languages]] | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |