Talsmic languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Proto-Talsmic/Themsaran|Themsármai: '''Gávthir tálsmymir''']]


The '''Talsmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the Zachydic language family; with [[Raxic]] they form the [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]] subfamily. They are descended from '''Proto-Talsmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
==Characteristics==
The historical Talsmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions
*rigidly head-initial word order
**verb-initial clauses
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
**some languages use bare possessum forms.
*[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing
*prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
*Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ V_V, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
*Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into aspirated stops, which have fricativized in daughter languages.
*Assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.)  greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talsmic.
*Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
The following is the Proto-Talsmic sound system as reconstructed by Talsmicist Dàžiir pyr Chlìisa.
===Consonant inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="9"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *t
| *c
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
| *ɟ
| *g
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| *pʰ
| *tʰ
| *cʰ
| *kʰ
| *qʰ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ç
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *ƶ
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| *w
|
| *j
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| *r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
|
| *l
|
|
|
|
|}
/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].
===Vocalic inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
| *e *ē
|
| *o *ō
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
==Proto-Talsmic grammar==
===Nominal morphology===
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talsmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
[Genitive is partitive > indefinite?]
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension'''
!scope="col"|
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*çúma=ʔ'' 'air'
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*méisar'' 'segment'
|-
!scope="col"|Gender →
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!scope="col"|Case ↓
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!scope="col"|Nominative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúma''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōr''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmū''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisar''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoir''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisāne''
|-
!scope="col"|Accusative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmeç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūt''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisaç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoiç''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisina''
|-
!scope="col"|Genitive/Prepositional
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmu''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmār''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmakʰe''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méiset''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisair''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méis(in)ir''
|-
!scope="col"|Ablative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmenʔ''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisanʔ''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|-
!scope="col"|Allative
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|?
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|?
|-
!scope="col"|Instrumental
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmīl''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisai''
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|colspan="2" scope="col"|
|}
The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
===Pronominal morphology===
Proto-Talsmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
====Full personal pronouns====
====Possessive suffixes====
===Verbal morphology===
====Tense====
The Proto-Talsmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.
====Aspect====
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:
*perfect ''*-hle-''
*prospective ''*-eh-''
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-''
*cessative ''*-mbe-''
====Mood====
Proto-Talsmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (cf. jussive in Themsaran).
====Thematic suffixes====
Proto-Talsmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talsmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
*''*-īn'': basic verbs
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs
====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|''-dir''
|''-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁ-sē''
|''-n-sē''
|-
!|2
|''-r''
|''-r-sē''
|''-l-sē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
|''-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi''
|''-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Simple past
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-ʔne''
|''-sid''
|''-mā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
|-
!|2
|''-rʔe''
|''-rʔā''
|''-lʔā''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ā(-m)''
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri''
|''-ā-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ā-isi''
|''-ā-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Prospective
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-eh-īn''
|''-eh-dir''
|''-eh-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-eh-ʁsē''
|''-eh-nsē''
|-
!|2
|''-eh-r''
|''-eh-rsē''
|''-eh-lsē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-eh-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-''
|''-eh-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-eh-isi''
|''-eh-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsi''
|''-nsi''
|-
!|2
|''-h''
|''-rsi''
|''-lsi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Hortative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ti''
|''-dis-ti''
|''-mī-ti''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-ti''
|''-ns-ti''
|-
!|2
|''-ti''
|''-rs-ti''
|''-ls-ti''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ti''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
|''-ʁēj-ti''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ti''
|''-tēj-ti''
|-
!colspan="4" | Desiderative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ʔi''
|''-dir-ʔi''
|''-mī-ʔi''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsē-ʔi''
|''-nsē-ʔi''
|-
!|2
|''-r-ʔi''
|''-rsē-ʔi''
|''-lsē-ʔi''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ʔi''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
|''-ʁēj-ʔi''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ʔi''
|''-tēj-ʔi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Optative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-aʔ''
|''-dir-aʔ''
|''-mī-aʔ''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-aʔ''
|''-ns-aʔ''
|-
!|2
|''-r-aʔ''
|''-rs-aʔ''
|''-ls-aʔ''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-aʔ''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
|''-ʁ-aʔ''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is-aʔ''
|''-t-aʔ''
|}
===Other verbal affixes===
Other reconstructible affixes include:
*''*-iwe'': potential. (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-iwe-īn'' 'be able to say')
*''*-wa-'' passive suffix.
*the ''*-ska-'' causative.
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
==Syntax==
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages.
==Sound changes to Proto-Talsmic==
*<nowiki>*</nowiki>wj
**> *j / #_
**> *w / otherwise
*/ř/ > */r/ _V, */l/ otherwise
*/*ɢ/ > /*ʁ/
*C[+ejective]
**> C[+aspirated] (the pathway may have been /*kʼ/ > /*kˀ/ > /*k<sup>ʡ</sup>/ > /*kᴴ/ > /*kʰ/)
**> C[-aspirated] / _C
**> /*ʔ/ / _#
*C[-ejective]
**> C[-aspirated]
**> C[+aspirated] / _C
*/*z/ > /*r/ / V_V, V_#
*/*c *ʒ *cʰ/ > /*s *z *s/, /*cc *ʒʒ *ccʰ/ > /*ts *dz *ts/
*/*nr/ > /*mr/
==Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic==
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
|-
|+ '''Talsmic consonant correspondences'''
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
|-
| '''*m'''  || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
|-
| '''*p'''  || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*b'''  || ''b'' || /b/ ||    ||    || /b/
|-
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ ||    ||    || /p/
|-
| '''*n'''  || ''n'' || /n/ ||    ||    || /n/
|-
| '''*t'''  || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ ||    || || /t/
|-
| '''*d'''  || ''d'' || /j/ ||    ||    || /d/
|-
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/    || /t/
|-
| '''*s'''  || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ ||  ||    /s/ || /s/
|-
| '''*z'''  || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ ||  || /z/ || /z/
|-
| '''*ç'''  || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|-
| '''*ƶ'''  || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || /j/
|-
| '''*c'''  || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/  || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/  || /ts/
|-
| '''*ɟ'''  || ''ł'' || /j/ ||  /j/, /ɧ/ || /dʒ/      || /dz/
|-
| '''*k'''  || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/  || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*g'''  || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
|-
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
|-
| '''*q'''  || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*ʁ'''  || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
|-
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
|-
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ ||    || || /l/
|-
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ ||    || /ʁ/ || /r/
|-
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ ||    || /f/ || /b/, /w/
|-
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ ||    ||  || /j/
|-
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ ||    ||  || Ø
|-
| '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø ||    ||  || Ø
|}
<!--
===to Snaħħian===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
/ts dz/ > /st zd/
/ʁ/ > /ʁ/
/h/ > /ʔ/
/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
/b d g/
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/
[ð ɣ]
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front]
[β]
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#
<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
/l/ > /w/ / _C
-->
===to Tizian===
*/w/ > /v/
*/ʁ/
**> /w/ _C[-velar],
**> /ʕ/ otherwise
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
*Stress accent develops from initial stress.
*/aː/ > /o/
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/
*/ç ʝ/
**> /ʃ ʒ/
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
**_V[+high tone]
**_C[+fricative]#
==Vocabulary==
===ʔ===
*''*ʔāzda'': ‘great, big’ > Thm. ''ā́rd'' ‘ibid.’
*''*ʔáʔmar=ʔ'': ‘fist’ > Thm. ''ámmái'' ‘grip, handle’
*''*ʔā́cʰa'': ‘god, heaven’ > Thm. ''ā́thym'' ‘holy’
*''*ʔikta'': > Thm. ''ícht'' ‘jar, jug’
*''*ʔina'': ‘I’ (1sg pronoun) > Thm. ''ná'' 'ibid.'
*''*ʔinh-'': ‘lie, to settle down’ > Thm. ''inthī́'' ‘let me lie’, ''insé'' ‘city, town’
[[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Language families|T]][[Category:Talsmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:53, 12 November 2018

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