Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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==Semivowel stems==
==Regular verbs==
===''*j''-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike''
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
!colspan="3" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="3" | Present
|-
!|
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-''
|-
!|2
|''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-''
|''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-''
|-
!|3.an
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-''
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-''
|-
!|3.other
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-''
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-''
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperfect
|-
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.''
|-
!colspan="3" | Preterite
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-''
|''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-''
|-
!|2
|''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-''
|''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-''
|-
!|3.an
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-''
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-''
|-
!|3.other
|''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-''
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-''
|-
!colspan="3" | Future
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-''
|''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-''
|-
!|2
|''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-''
|''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-''
|-
!|3.an
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-''
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-''
|-
!|3.other
|''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-''
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-''
|-
!colspan="3" | Jussive
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-''
|-
!|2
|''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-''
|''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-''
|-
!|3.an
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-''
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-''
|-
!|3.other
 
|''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-''
|''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-''
|-
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperative
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-''
|-
!|2
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-''
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-''
|-
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms
|-
!Present<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-''
|-
!Imperfect<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.''
|-
!Preterite<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-''
|-
!Future<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-''
|-
!Infinitive
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>''
|-
!Supine
|colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>''
|}
 
==Semivowel stems==
===''*j''-stems===
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''áub'''ivs'''''
|''áub'''ins'''''
|-
!|2
|''áub'''i'''''
|''áub'''irs'''''
|''áub'''ils'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''áub'''iī'''''
|''áub'''idir'''''
|''áub'''ima'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''áub'''ivse'''''
|''áub'''inse'''''
|-
!|2
|''áub'''ir'''''
|''áub'''irse'''''
|''áub'''ilse'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''i'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr'''''
|''áub'''ivi'''''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
!|3/4.f
|-
|''áub'''īs'''''
!style="width: 50px; "|
|''áub'''iti'''''
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''áub'''ivs'''''
|''áub'''ins'''''
|-
!|2
|''áub'''i'''''
|''áub'''irs'''''
|''áub'''ils'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 33: Line 218:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''iī'''''
|''áub'''ín'''''
|''áub'''idir'''''
|''áub'''isid'''''
|''áub'''ima'''''
|''áub'''imi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ivse'''''
|''áub'''itar'''''
|''áub'''inse'''''
|''áub'''itā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ir'''''
|''áub'''ír'''''
|''áub'''irse'''''
|''áub'''irith'''''
|''áub'''ilse'''''
|''áub'''ilith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''i'''''
|''áub'''isa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí'''''
|''áub'''ivi'''''
|''áub'''isví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''īs'''''
|''áub'''isar'''''
|''áub'''iti'''''
|''áub'''istí'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ín'''''
|''áub'''ī́n'''''
|''áub'''isid'''''
|''áub'''ī́dir'''''
|''áub'''imi'''''
|''áub'''ī́ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''itar'''''
|''áub'''ī́vse'''''
|''áub'''itā'''''
|''áub'''ī́nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ír'''''
|''áub'''ī́r'''''
|''áub'''irith'''''
|''áub'''ī́rse'''''
|''áub'''ilith'''''
|''áub'''ī́lse'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''isa'''''
|''áub'''ī́'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri'''''
|''áub'''isví'''''
|''áubi'''ī́vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''isar'''''
|''áub'''ī́s'''''
|''áub'''istí'''''
|''áub'''ī́ti'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ī́n'''''
|''áub'''iī́'''''
|''áub'''ī́dir'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''áub'''ī́ma'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ī́vse'''''
|''áub'''ivt'''''
|''áub'''ī́nse'''''
|''áub'''int'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ī́r'''''
|''áub'''it'''''
|''áub'''ī́rse'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''áub'''ī́lse'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''ī́'''''
|''áub'''imá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá'''''
|''áubi'''ī́vi'''''
|''áub'''iħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''ī́s'''''
|''áub'''īsá'''''
|''áub'''ī́ti'''''
|''áub'''itá'''''
|}
|}


 
===*w-stems===
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''áub'''iī́'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ivt'''''
|''qér'''uvs'''''
|''áub'''int'''''
|''qér'''uns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''it'''''
|''qér'''y'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''qér'''urs'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
|''qér'''uls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|''áub'''imá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá'''''
|''áub'''iħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''īsá'''''
|''áub'''itá'''''
|}
 
===*w-stems===
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''qér'''uvs'''''
|''qér'''uns'''''
|-
!|2
|''qér'''y'''''
|''qér'''urs'''''
|''qér'''uls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,558: Line 1,708:


====''vā́cī́n'' - copula====
====''vā́cī́n'' - copula====
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', the preterite has the stem ''ðí(s)-'', and the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', while the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 1,592: Line 1,742:
|(''vā́c'''īn''''')
|(''vā́c'''īn''''')
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''')
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''')
|(''vā́c'''ma''''')
|(''vā́c'''mi''''')
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
Line 1,617: Line 1,767:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Preterite'''
!colspan="4" | '''Present subjunctive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,625: Line 1,775:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''ð'''ín'''''
|''ávā́c'''īn'''''
|''ð'''írid'''''
|''ávā́ch'''dir'''''
|''ð'''ími'''''
|''ávā́c'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ð'''ítar'''''
|''ávā́c'''yvse'''''
|''ð'''ítā'''''
|''ávā́c'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ð'''ír'''''
|''ávā́c'''yr'''''
|''ð'''írith'''''
|''ávā́c'''yrse'''''
|''ð'''ílith'''''
|''ávā́c'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ð'''ísa'''''
|''ávā́ce''
|rowspan="2"|''ð'''isrí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ávā́c'''ir'''''
|''ð'''isví'''''
|''ávā́c'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ð'''ísar'''''
|''ávā́c'''is'''''
|''ð'''istí'''''
|''ávā́ch'''ti'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,662: Line 1,812:
|''yntýn''
|''yntýn''
|''ýnsid''
|''ýnsid''
|''ýntmi''
|''ýntmā''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
Line 1,683: Line 1,833:
|''yntatí''
|''yntatí''
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect subjunctive'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''ēntýn''
|''ḕnsid''
|''ḕntmā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''ḕntar''
|''ḕntā''
|-
!|2
|''ēntýr''
|''ḕntrith''
|''ḕntlith''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''ḕnta''
|rowspan="2"|''ēntarí''
|''ēntaví''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''ḕntar''
|''ēntatí''
|}




Line 1,719: Line 1,905:
|}
|}


====''morī́'' - 'exist'====
====''morī́n'' - 'exist'====


===Reduplicating stems===
===Reduplicating stems===
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
===Eliding stems===
===Eliding stems===

Latest revision as of 02:26, 27 March 2015

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Plural
1.ex mólīn, mólī(n)1-
irḗdain, irēdai(n)1-
gā́lein, gā́lei(n)1- 		mólmaech, mólmaech-
irēdámaech, irēdamaech-
gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-
1.in - mólynse, mólynse-
irēdánse, irēdanse-
gā́lénse, gā́lense-
2 mólyr, mólyr-
irḗdar, irēdar-
gā́ler, gā́ler- 		mólylse, mólylse-
irēdálse, irēdalse-
gā́lélse, gā́lelse-
3.an mólym, mólm-
irḗdam, irēdam-
gā́lem, gā́lem- 		mólyri, mólyrie-
irēdári, irēdarie-
gā́léri, gā́lerie-
3.other mólis, mólisi-
irḗdais, irēdaisi-
gā́leis, gā́leisi- 		mólti, móltie-
irēdáti, irēdatie-
gā́léti, gā́letie-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Plural
1.ex mólýn, mólýn-
irēdán, irēdán-
gā́lén, gā́lén- 		mólmor, mólmor-
irēdámor, irēdamor-
gā́lémor, gā́lemor-
1.in - móltor, móltor-
irēdátor, irēdator-
gā́létor, gā́letor-
2 mólýr, mólýr-
irēdár, irēdár-
gā́lér, gā́lér- 		mólylis, mólylis-
irēdális, irēdalis-
gā́lélis, gā́lelis-
3.an móla, mólam-
irḗdā, irḗdām-
gā́lea, gā́leam- 		mólarí, mólaríe-
irēdārí, irēdāríe-
gā́learí, gā́learíe-
3.other mólar, mólar-
irḗdār, irḗdār-
gā́lear, gā́lear- 		mólatí, mólatíe-
irēdātí, irēdātíe-
gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-
Future
Singular Plural
1.ex mólḗn, mólḗn-
irēdā́n, irēdā́n-
gā́líen, gā́líen- 		mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-
irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-
gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-
1.in - mólḗnse, mólḗnse-
irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-
gā́líense, gā́líense-
2 mólḗr, mólḗr-
irēdā́r, irēdā́r-
gā́líer, gā́líer- 		mólḗlse, mólḗlse-
irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-
gā́líelse, gā́líelse-
3.an mólḗm, mólḗm-
irēdā́m, irēdā́m-
gā́líem, gā́líem- 		mólḗri, mólḗri-
irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-
gā́líeri, gā́líeri-
3.other mólḗsi, mólḗsi-
irēdā́si, irēdā́si-
gā́líesi, gā́líesi- 		mólḗti, mólḗti-
irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-
gā́líeti, gā́líeti-
Jussive
Singular Plural
1.ex mólī́n, mólī́(n)1-
irēdáin, irēdái(n)1-
gā́léin, gā́léi(n)1- 		mólmáech, mólmáech-
irēdamáech, irēdamáech-
gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-
1.in - mólynt, mólynti-
irḗdant, irēdanti-
gā́lent, gā́lenti-
2 mólt, mólti-
irḗdat, irēdati-
gā́let, gā́leti- 		mólylt, mólylti-
irḗdalt, irēdalti-
gā́lelt, gā́lelti-
3.an mólmór, mólmór-
irēdamór, irēdamór-
gā́lemór, gā́lemór- 		mólyrór, mólyrór-
irēdarór, irēdarór-
gā́lerór, gā́lerór-
3.other mólisór, mólisór-
irēdasór, irēdasór-
gā́lesór, gā́lesór- 		móltór, móltór-
irēdátór, irēdatór-
gā́létór, gā́letór-
Imperative
Singular Plural
1.in - mólyns, mólyns-
irḗdans, irēdans-
gā́lens, gā́lens-
2 mól, mól-
irḗda, irḗda-
gā́le, gā́le- 		mólyls, mólyls-
irḗdals, irēdals-
gā́lels, gā́lels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle 		mólyrylF, mólyrl-
irēdárylF, irēdárl-
gā́lérylF, gā́lérl-
Imperfect
participle 		Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle 		mólnárylF, mólnárl-
irēdanárylF, irēdanárl-
gā́lenárylF, gā́lenárl-
Future
participle 		mólḗrylF, mólḗrl-
irēdā́rylF, irēdā́rl-
gā́líerylF, gā́líerl-
Infinitive mólsM
irēdásM
gā́lésM
Supine mólḗðM
irēdā́ðM
térieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌chtā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn bóssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌tā
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m bóssa bōsrí bōsví
3/4.f bóssar bōstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bōmá bohirá bōħá
3/4.f bohisá bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́cmí
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

morī́n - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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