Glommish/Old: Difference between revisions

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'''Old Thedish''' (''þiudьska rarda''; Modern Thedish ''aldþiúsk'') is the most recent common ancestor of the Thedic languages, [[Thedish]] and [[Ufirlandisg]]. It is one of the classical Germanic languages of Lõis and is the most conservative subbranch of Germanic besides Gothic -- it has much less umlaut than Old English or Old Norse.
'''Old Glommish''' is a special register of Glommish used in Glommish theater to represent characters in ancient times.
 
==Morphology==
It evolved into [[Thedish/Middle|Middle Thedish]] by ca. the 1200s.
=== Article ===
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
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==Introduction==
 
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
!colspan="2"|  
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Velar
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
! nom.
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}}
| ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''that'' || ''thy'' || ''thá'' || ''thá''
| '''n''' {{IPA|n}}
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
! acc.
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ''than'' || ''thá'' || ''that'' || ''tho'' || ''thár'' || ''thá''  
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t}}
|
| '''k''' {{IPA|c~k}}
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
! dat.
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}}
| ''tham'' || ''thyre'' || ''tham''  
| '''d''' {{IPA|d}}
|colspan=3| ''thym''  
|  
| '''g''' {{IPA|ɟ~g}}
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
! gen.
| '''f''' {{IPA|f~v}}
| ''thas'' || ''thyrar'' || ''thas''  
| '''þ''' {{IPA|θ~ð}}
|colspan=3| ''thyra''  
| '''s''' {{IPA|s~z}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|ç~x~h}}
|-
!colspan=2| Resonant
| '''w''' {{IPA|ʋ}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|r}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|l}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
|}
|}
All consonants except {{recon|j}} can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization was still allophonic in Old Thedish but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.
*-anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr
*kw, hw > p, f
===Vowels===
Old Thedish had the following vowels:
'''a ā e ē i ī o ȯ ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu ъ y ь''' /a ɑː ɛ ɛː i iː ɔ o ɔː œ œː u uː y yː au ɛu iu ə əi ĭ/
U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)
Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:
a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu
Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú
Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
should be a direct descendant of PWGmc


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''wulfъ'' || ''wulfy''  
| ''wulfъ'' || ''wulfa''
|-
! Accusative
| ''wulfъ'' || ''wulfo''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
Line 126: Line 41:
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''wulfy'' || ''wulfъmъ''  
| ''wulfe'' || ''wulfъm''  
|-
|-
! Locative
! Instrumental
| ''wulfaþ'' || ''wulfъrъ''  
| ''wulfъ'' || ''wulfъm''  
|}
|}


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!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative/Accusative
| ''jukъ'' || ''juka''  
| ''jukъ'' || ''juka''  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''juky'' || ''jukъmъ''  
| ''juke'' || ''jukъm''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''jukъ'' || ''jukъm''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | eh2-stem: ''gefъ'' (f.) 'gift'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''gefъ'' || ''gefa''
|-
! Accusative
| ''gefa'' || ''gefa''
|-
! Genitive
| ''gefa'' || ''gefa''
|-
! Dative
| ''gefe'' || ''gefam''  
|-
|-
! Locative
! Instrumental
| ''jukaþ'' || ''jukъrъ''  
| ''gefъ'' || ''gefam''  
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''gēfa'' || ''gēfar''  
| ''gēfa'' || ''gēfan''
|-
! Accusative
| ''gēfan'' || ''gēfan''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''gēfar'' || ''gēfa''  
| ''gēfan'' || ''gēfana''  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''gēfai'' || ''gēfamъ''  
| ''gēfan'' || ''gēfam''  
|-
|-
! Locative
! Instrumental
| ''gēfai'' || ''gēfarъ''  
| ''gēfan'' || ''gēfam''  
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьmъ''  
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьmъ''  
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''gastь'' (m.) 'guest'
|-
|-
! Locative
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьrъ''  
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''gastь'' || ''gasti''
|-
! Genitive
| ''gastьs'' || ''gastьja''
|-
! Dative
| ''gasti'' || ''gastьmъ''  
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''mari'' || ''marьmъ''  
| ''mari'' || ''marьmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''mari'' || ''marьrъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''suni'' || ''sunъmъ''  
| ''suni'' || ''sunъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''sunew'' || ''sunъrъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''burgi'' || ''burgъmъ''  
| ''burgi'' || ''burgъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''burgь'' || ''burgъrъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъmъ''  
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''lambьrь'' || ''lambьrъrъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''augьnь'' || ''augъmmъ''  
| ''augьnь'' || ''augъmmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''augьnь'' || ''augarъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''harpanь'' || ''harpamъ''  
| ''harpanь'' || ''harpamъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''harpanь'' || ''harparъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþimъ''  
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþimъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''burþinь'' || ''burþirъ''
|}
|}


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! Dative
! Dative
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъmъ''  
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъmъ''  
|-
! Locative
| ''fadrь'' || ''fadrъrъ''
|}
|}


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| ''leufa'' || ''leufas'' || ''leufa'' ||  ''leufam'' || ''leufaþ'' || ''leufan''
| ''leufa'' || ''leufas'' || ''leufa'' ||  ''leufam'' || ''leufaþ'' || ''leufan''
|-
|-
! past I
! past
| ''leufada'' || ''leufadest'' || ''leufade'' || ''leufadedъm'' || ''leufadedъd'' || ''leufadedъn''  
| ''leufada'' || ''leufadest'' || ''leufade'' || ''leufadedъm'' || ''leufadedъd'' || ''leufadedъn''  
|-
! past II
| ''leufas'' || ''leufast'' || ''leufas'' || ''leufasъm'' || ''leufasъd'' || ''leufaser''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
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| ''hylьja'' || ''hylis'' || ''hyli'' ||  ''hylim'' || ''hyliþ'' || ''hylin''
| ''hylьja'' || ''hylis'' || ''hyli'' ||  ''hylim'' || ''hyliþ'' || ''hylin''
|-
|-
! past I
! past  
| ''hylida'' || ''hylidest'' || ''hylide'' || ''hylidedъm'' || ''hylidedъd'' || ''hylidedъn''  
| ''hylida'' || ''hylidest'' || ''hylide'' || ''hylidedъm'' || ''hylidedъd'' || ''hylidedъn''  
|-
! past II
| ''hylis'' || ''hylist'' || ''hylis'' || ''hylisъm'' || ''hylisъd'' || ''hyliser''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
Line 440: Line 367:
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītyr'' || ''wrīty'' ||  ''wrītym'' || ''wrītyd'' || ''wrītyn''
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītyr'' || ''wrīty'' ||  ''wrītym'' || ''wrītyd'' || ''wrītyn''
|-
|-
! past I
! past
| ''wryt'' || ''wryst'' || ''wryt'' || ''wrytъm'' || ''wrytъd'' || ''wryter''
| ''wryt'' || ''wryst'' || ''wryt'' || ''writъm'' || ''writъd'' || ''writъn''  
|-
! past II
| ''writъ'' || ''writь'' || ''writ'' || ''writъm'' || ''writъd'' || ''writъn''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
Line 473: Line 397:
| ''keusa'' || ''keusyr'' || ''keusy'' ||  ''keusym'' || ''keusyd'' || ''keusyn''
| ''keusa'' || ''keusyr'' || ''keusy'' ||  ''keusym'' || ''keusyd'' || ''keusyn''
|-
|-
! past I
! past
| ''kaus'' || ''kaust'' || ''kaus'' || ''kaurъm'' || ''kaurъd'' || ''kaurer''
| ''kaus'' || ''kaust'' || ''kaus'' || ''kurъm'' || ''kurъd'' || ''kurъn''  
|-
! past II
| ''kusъ'' || ''kusь'' || ''kus'' || ''kurъm'' || ''kurъd'' || ''kurъn''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
Line 507: Line 428:
|-
|-
! past I
! past I
| ''band'' || ''banst'' || ''band'' || ''bandъm'' || ''bandъd'' || ''bander''
| ''band'' || ''banst'' || ''band'' || ''bundъm'' || ''bundъd'' || ''bundъn''  
|-
! past II
| ''bundъ'' || ''bundь'' || ''bund'' || ''bundъm'' || ''bundъd'' || ''bundъn''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
Line 526: Line 444:
|colspan="6"| ''bundъnъ''
|colspan="6"| ''bundъnъ''
|}
|}
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives had two declensions:
#a declension following the original PIE adjective declension, and
#a declension using the n-stem declension.
The first paradigm was used for predicative adjectives and circumstantial adjective phrases. The second paradigm was used for attributive adjectives.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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Skēpъ auk hrussy
Skēpъ auk hrussy


Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, fadь, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flōg skēpъ þurh akrъ.
Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, druhten, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flauh skēpъ þurh akrъ.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==

Latest revision as of 05:32, 8 February 2024

Old Glommish is a special register of Glommish used in Glommish theater to represent characters in ancient times.

Morphology

Article

Definite article
case singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
nom. sa sá that thy thá thá
acc. than thá that tho thár thá
dat. tham thyre tham thym
gen. thas thyrar thas thyra

Nouns

o-stem: wulfъ (m.) 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative wulfъ wulfa
Accusative wulfъ wulfo
Genitive wulfъs wulfa
Dative wulfe wulfъm
Instrumental wulfъ wulfъm


o-stem: jukъ (n.) 'yoke'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative/Accusative jukъ juka
Genitive jukъs juka
Dative juke jukъm
Instrumental jukъ jukъm


eh2-stem: gefъ (f.) 'gift'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gefъ gefa
Accusative gefa gefa
Genitive gefa gefa
Dative gefe gefam
Instrumental gefъ gefam


eh2-stem: gēfa (f.) 'gift'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gēfa gēfan
Accusative gēfan gēfan
Genitive gēfan gēfana
Dative gēfan gēfam
Instrumental gēfan gēfam


i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gastь gasti
Genitive gastьs gastьja
Dative gasti gastьmъ


i-stem: gastь (m.) 'guest'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gastь gasti
Genitive gastьs gastьja
Dative gasti gastьmъ


i-stem: marь (n.) 'sea'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative marь mari
Genitive marьs marьja
Dative mari marьmъ


u-stem: sunъ (m.) 'son'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative sunъ sunir
Genitive sunor sunьwa
Dative suni sunъmъ


C-stem: burgь (f.) 'fortification'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burgь burgir
Genitive burgir burga
Dative burgi burgъmъ


z-stem: lambъ (m.) 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lambъ lambьra
Genitive lambьrь lambьra
Dative lambьrь lambьrъmъ


an-stem: auga (n.) 'eye'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative auga augana
Genitive augьnь augъna
Dative augьnь augъmmъ


n-stem: harpa (f.) 'harp'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative harpa harpanь
Genitive harpanь harpana
Dative harpanь harpamъ


n-stem: burþi (f.) 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burþi burþinь
Genitive burþinь burþina
Dative burþinь burþimъ


r-stem: fader (m.) 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fader fadrь
Genitive fadъr fadra
Dative fadrь fadrъmъ

Verbs

Weak

leufanъ 'to love'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative leufa leufasь leufaþь leufamъ leufaþ leufanþь
present subjunctive leufa leufas leufa leufam leufaþ leufan
past leufada leufadest leufade leufadedъm leufadedъd leufadedъn
past subjunctive leufadedi leufadedir leufadedi leufadedim leufadedid leufadedin
imperative - leufa! - - leufaþ! -
present participle leufand
past participle leufadъ


hylinъ 'to heal'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative hylьja hylisь hyliþь hylimъ hyliþ hylinþь
present subjunctive hylьja hylis hyli hylim hyliþ hylin
past hylida hylidest hylide hylidedъm hylidedъd hylidedъn
past subjunctive hylidedi hylidedir hylidedi hylidedim hylidedid hylidedin
imperative - hyli! - - hyliþ! -
present participle hylind
past participle hylidъ

Strong

wrītъnъ 'to write'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative wrīta wrītьrь wrītьdь wrītъmъ wrītьd wrītъndь
present subjunctive wrīta wrītyr wrīty wrītym wrītyd wrītyn
past wryt wryst wryt writъm writъd writъn
past subjunctive writi writir writi writim writid writin
imperative - wrīt! - - wrītъd! -
present participle wrītъnd
past participle writъnъ


keusъnъ 'to choose'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative keusa kiusьrь kiusьþь keusъmъ kiusьd keusъndь
present subjunctive keusa keusyr keusy keusym keusyd keusyn
past kaus kaust kaus kurъm kurъd kurъn
past subjunctive kuri kurir kuri kurim kurid kurin
imperative - keus! - - kiusьd! -
present participle keusъnd
past participle kurъnъ


bindъnъ 'to bind'
tense ek þū ir/sī/it wīr jūr ija
present indicative binda bindьrь bindьþь bindъmъ bindьd bindъndь
present subjunctive binda bindyr bindy bindym bindyd bindyn
past I band banst band bundъm bundъd bundъn
past subjunctive bundi bundir bundi bundim bundid bundin
imperative - bind! - - bindьd! -
present participle bindъnd
past participle bundъnъ

Adjectives

Syntax

Constituent order

If the first constituent of a clause was the subject, it was verb final. Otherwise, the verb followed the first constituent, thus using a V2 word order.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Schleicher

Skēpъ auk hrussy

Skēpъ, þat wulla ne hafde, hrussy sāw: ynъ þungъnъ wagnъ teuhъndъ, auk ynъ mauranъ hlostъ, auk ynъ gumъnъ sneumъ berъndъ. Nu sagide skēpъ hrussъmъ: "Herta mir darjьþь sewъndy gumъnъ drīfъndъ hrussy." Þanne sagiden hrussy: "Hauri, skēp! Herta unsь darjьþь þana sewъndъmъ: guma, druhten, ūtъ skēpъs wullai wurkiþь sir warmъnъ klyþъ; auk skēpъ wulla ne hafyþь." Þat hauridъ, flauh skēpъ þurh akrъ.

Other resources

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