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:[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]]
:[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]]
:[[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list|Swuntsim Swadesh list]]
'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''Swəntsiv'' /ˈswəntsiv/, originally an exonym) is a language inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = təSfətsiv
|pronunciation=  /təˈsfətsiv/
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|region =
|fam1=[[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh]]
|familycolor=tsn
|script=Windermere script
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]]. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma.
 
It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.


Some typological characteristics:
Some typological characteristics:
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
*It is pro-drop.
*It is pro-drop.
*Head-directionality is mixed.
*Head-directionality is mixed, but unusual in that it is SVO and RelN.
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.
"Simplified/partly creolized non-Standard Average Talman grammar"
SVO and RelN/AdjN~NAdj/GenN~NGen, kinda like Chinese


==Todo==
==Todo==
Line 32: Line 17:
*''tjway'' (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
*''tjway'' (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is...
*''Cətjway go...'' = My name is...
*''Tidhavo!'' = See you!
*''Tidhavo!'' = See you!
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
Line 67: Line 52:
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''fisj vo fisdüch viway'' '26 names'
*''fisj vo fisdüch əvay'' '26 names'


The numbers:
The numbers:
Line 81: Line 66:
9 aay
9 aay
10 cwidh
10 cwidh
11 səyeu
11 sjüv əσ cwidh
12 sdüch
12 fisj əσ cwidh
13 sjüv vo sdüch
20 fiscwidh
14 fisj vo sdüch
30 iyəvcwidh
24 fisdüch
100. pridh
36 iyəvdüch
144. cme < cmen


==Diachronical sketch==
==Diachronical sketch==
Line 108: Line 91:


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script. Words from Sacred Swuntsim are written in the original Swuntsim orthography.
Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 208: Line 191:


Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).
Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).
Some speakers in Skella may use intrusive L [ɴ̆~ʁ] as in [[Skellan/Accents|non-nasal Skellan accents]] to prevent hiatuses.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.
===Nouns===
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
''-s-'' is often inserted between nouns in compounds.
Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with ''gü-'' in this case.
Original noun class prefixes:
#'ə-, pl. cə-/c-
#u-, pl. də-/d-
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
#s-, pl. dus-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
#c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
#sju-, pl. N-
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
#ti-/t-, no plural
#ti-, no plural
#pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
Expected noun class affixes:
#'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
#ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
#*0-, pl. dü-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
#pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)
===Pronouns===
*''o'' = I
*''fo'' = you (sg)
*''ot'' = we
*''tsü'' = you (pl)
====Possessive pronouns====
*1sg o-
*2sg fo-
*1pl gwə-
*2pl tsü-
===Determiners===
TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
*many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)'
*few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
===Adjectives===
Like in English, there is a class of adjectives, which denote relatively permanent states. Adjectives agree with the noun in animacy. and come after the noun.
Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs):
*Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
*Attributive:
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
**''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'
===Verbs===
The infinitive affix is ''t-'' for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ''ti-'' for verb stems beginning with a consonant.
====Concord====
The animate subject affix is ''ə-'' in the singular and ''tsə-'' in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.
Personal affixes:
*1sg ''cwə-''
*2sg ''fo-''
*1pl ''gwə-''
*2pl ''tsü-''
====Tense====
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
*''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet'
*''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet'
*''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met'
*''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet'
*''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met'
*''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met'
*''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet'
etc.
*''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet
====Mood====
The imperative mood is formed as follows:
*''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg)
*'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl)
====Voice====
Voices:
*active: 0-
*mediopassive: ''tσə-''
*applicative: ''gwiσ-''
*causative: ''u-''
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
====Emphatic====
One way to emphasize a verb is to place the emphatic clitic ''=tf'' after it.
===Derivational morphology===
*''-əσ'' = adverbializer
*reduplication = verbalizer
*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs


==Constructions==
==Constructions==
Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop:
:'''''Chə'əcwev təSfətsivəσ.'''''
:/χəˈʔəkʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/
:chə-ʔə-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ
:NEG.PRES-3SG.AN-say Swuntsim-ADV
:''He does not speak Swuntsim.''
*The copula is ''go'' (inflected for tense).
*The relativizer is ''i'' (from an interrogative ''*yi'')
*The complementizer is ''ti'' (acc. tə + yi)
Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.
The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause.
AdjN:
:''sjgwətjes zde''
:sj-gwətje-s s-de
:SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower
: 'red flower'
NGen:
:''tjway əd cwə'əmams''
:tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s
:SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN
:'my mother's name'
NRel:
:'''''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfii'odh fi zdowe.'''''
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh
:SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind
:''The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.''
VComp:
:'''''Cwəchsla' ti fəv'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh.'''''
:cwə-ch-sla' ti fə-v-'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh
:1SG-PRES-know COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint SG-man yesterday
:''I know that you went out with the man yesterday.''
Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case.
*''ef'' (+ gen.) = in
*''tə'' (+ nom.) = accusative
==="Have" construction===
Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used.
:''co djec go tjvits''
:1SG with COP SG-house
:"I have a house"
==Vocabulary==
Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages.
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

Latest revision as of 08:14, 23 October 2024

Swuntsim/Lexicon

Swuntsim (SWUN-tsim; natively Swəntsiv /ˈswəntsiv/, originally an exonym) is a language inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.

Some typological characteristics:

  • It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
  • It is pro-drop.
  • Head-directionality is mixed, but unusual in that it is SVO and RelN.
  • It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.

"Simplified/partly creolized non-Standard Average Talman grammar"

SVO and RelN/AdjN~NAdj/GenN~NGen, kinda like Chinese

Todo

  • -cütsi (8, various; pl) = 'hard, firm'
    • Scütsi (4, collectives and augmentatives) = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
  • tjway (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
  • Yəy, yo fətjway? = Hello, what's your name?
  • Cətjway go... = My name is...
  • Tidhavo! = See you!
  • ξəp (7) = world
  • ti-vayəξoe-σ = progressive
  • Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
  • assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
  • i'ist = a name?

Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.

Prefix sandhi rules

ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf

Swuntsim gib

Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'.

Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs.

Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'.

Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü.

Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'.

Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov.

ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs.

Numbers

Talman Swuntsim has a set of base 10 numerals inherited from Sacred Swuntsim. Unlike in Sacred Swuntsim, however, base 12 is usually used.

Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with sjü '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ts- for animates. For example:

  • tsfisj 'two people'
  • a vo sdüch əσü '13 women' (Note singular form əσü is used for 'woman', not the plural tsəσü.)
  • fisj vo fisdüch əvay '26 names'

The numbers: 0 ξoi 1 a (an.), sjü (inan; default) 2 fisj 3 iyəv 4 uzoc 5 tu 6 tjayəzj 7 vutjo 8 gwivə 9 aay 10 cwidh 11 sjüv əσ cwidh 12 fisj əσ cwidh 20 fiscwidh 30 iyəvcwidh 100. pridh

Diachronical sketch

  • m n > v dh
  • sm sn > zv zd
  • b d > b d
  • g > gh > compensatory lengthening

Getting the aesthetic

  • gʷ > w when not word initial.
  • sb sd > zv zd
  • xʷ > f
  • ʔC > C: (geminate)
  • /ʔb ʔd/ > /b d/
  • Usacsj əsocwəv əzəpətj ef tüdjo = the living fish swims in water
  • əmam = mother; əpap = father
  • tüdjo = water
  • tjvic = house
  • üvC > uuC
  • yʔ, wʔ > y, w

Orthography

Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script.

Phonology

Consonants

Like many Tsimulh languages, Swuntsim has no liquids in most native words. However, liquids can occur in loaned vocabulary.

Swuntsim consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Laryngeal Glottal
central lateral plain lab'zed
Nasal m m (n n) (ŋ ŋ)
Stop tenuis p p t t c k cw kʷ ' ʔ
voiced b b d d g g gw gʷ
Fricative voiceless f f s s σ ɬ sj ʃ ch χ chw χʷ h h
voiced v v dh ð
z z		 zj ʒ
Affricate tenuis ts ts ξ tɬ tj tʃ
voiced dj dʒ
Approximant (r r) y j w w (l ɴ̆)

gw, chw become g, ch before rounded vowels /y u o/.

r, l, m, n, ŋ are mainly used in loanwords. m is found in a limited number of native words.

Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i ü u e ə o a/

Stress

Stress is not fixed, but will always fall on one of the two last syllables.

Morphology

Constructions

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