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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
| | {{List subpages}} |
| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Fithid'' /ˈfi{{long}}t{{asp}}ɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fithi'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | Move to Spain? |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
| | Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one |
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| {{construction}}
| | Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew |
| | * ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing" |
| | * ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing" |
| | * ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i) |
| | * ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things" |
| | * ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey" |
| | * ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon" |
| | * ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon" |
| | * ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending) |
| | * ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons" |
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| {{Infobox language
| | == Phonology == |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| |nativename = Kibrið
| | === Vowels === |
| |image =
| | '''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/ |
| |setting =
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| |name = Cubrite
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| |pronunciation =
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| |region =
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| |states =
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| |speakers =
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| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Canaanite
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| |fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
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| }}
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| '''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans. Standard language is based on the Criadoch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔx/ from ''karyō ħadasō'') dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations. | | === Consonants === |
| | * (lost, not written) from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * /v/ '''v''' from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * /ɣ/ '''g''' from Old Knench /g/ |
| | * /ð/ '''d''' from Old Knench /d/ |
| | * /0/ '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * /w/ '''w''' from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * /z/ '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * /qʰ/ '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * /t˭/ '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/ |
| | * /j/ '''j''' from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * /kʰ/ '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * /l/ '''l''' from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * /m/ '''m''' from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * /n/ '''n''' from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * /s/ '''x''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * /ʁ{{tilde}}/ '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * /f/ '''f''' from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * /p˭/ '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/ |
| | * /t{{tiebar}}s˭| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * /k˭/ '''c''' from Old Knench /q/ |
| | * /ɾ/ '''r''' from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * /s{{ret}}/ '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * /tʰ/ '''th''' from Old Knench /t/ |
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| Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
| | '''qh''' is shifting to /x~h/ in Modern Knench. |
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| It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
| | === Mutation === |
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| Numbers:
| | == Morphology == |
| 0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmún, þešą, ηaxr
| | === Pronouns === |
| | * 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel) |
| | * 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi), ''-u/-ů'' |
| | * 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi) |
| | * 1pl: ''nu'' |
| | * 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3pl: <i>'m</i> |
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| 11-20: štąx, šnayąx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łixri
| | === Verbs === |
| | The lexical verb is usually in the infinitive form in Knench: |
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| 40: šnay łixri
| | : ''Re ni byl chilo laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Re ni by chilo i tha laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG FA bread) '(archaic) I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Chilo laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)' |
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| 41, 42, ...: šnay łixri óð/áð, šnay łixri šnay, ...
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited infinitive construct forms (the binyanim are fɣul, yfeɣyl, ythfeɣyl, feɣyl, efɣyl, ysthefɣyl) or from noun patterns. |
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| 60: šluš łixri
| | ==Sample texts==<!-- |
| | === Schleicher === |
| | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' |
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| ... | | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' |
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| 100: mír
| | Old Tog.: |
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| 10000: rubr
| | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' |
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| <!--
| | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | Hebrew: |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | {{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| -->
| | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} |
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| ==History== | | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== |
| | * ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' |
| | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' |
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| ==TODO== | | ===A biology abstract=== |
| *Icelandify/Samify?
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| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *''biuth'' or ''šą še...'' = when...
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| *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
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| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
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| *''šovuą'' = week
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| *''mødbár'' = conference
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| *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
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| **question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
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| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''bett'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
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| *''Makhin yo ngalekh likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?
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| ===Some sound changes===
| | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' |
| *non-rhoticity, H-dropping
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| *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
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| *ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
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| *dt, tt > st
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| *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
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| *ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
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| *OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
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| ==Phonology== | | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. |
| ===Consonants===
| | --> |
| */m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ~ʋ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
| | ===Newton's laws of motion=== |
| */p b f v t d ʔtʰ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
| | ''I: Re gif byl sbuth by demi, ylů by qhufuz bal-mystheny, chim força b acço ɣaju.'' |
| */s z ts ʃ ž ɧ h/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž x h}}
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| Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
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| ====Mutations====
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| Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.
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| ===Vowels=== | |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in its timeline:
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| /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
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| Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
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| The following is the traditional classification of vowels:
| | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. |
| *Shva: ø
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| *Short vowels: a e i o u
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| *Long vowels: á é í ó ú
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| *Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
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| *L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
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| *R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r
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| ===Prosody===
| | ''II: Re senůdaz ly momentaz ly gif by mathcini lid forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaj gifaz; u re senůdaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaju.'' |
| ====Stress====
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| Stress tends penultimate or final.
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| ====Intonation====
| | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. |
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| ===Phonotactics===
| | ''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u nyh{{umlaut}}focho.'' |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Orthography== | | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. |
| Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives.
| | <!-- |
| | ===O how quickly the sculpture of life=== |
| | <poem> |
| | ''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt'' |
| | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' |
| | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' |
| | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' |
| | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' |
| | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
| | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' |
| | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' |
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| Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist [???].
| | O how quickly the sculpture of life |
| | Shattered into tiny fragments! |
| | The splendor of the king on his throne |
| | Is completely swept away by sea-waves. |
| | Ye who come hither stationed here, |
| | By the grace of God ye are guests on earth. |
| | All of us are judged according to our actions; |
| | Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another. |
| | </poem> |
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| ==Morphology== | | ===Warming Up To You=== |
| {{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
| | <poem> |
| | '''Wetyhmem liðak''' |
| | Kenak at vė mėt in klėt, |
| | Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak, |
| | Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut, |
| | Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy; |
| | Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt |
| | Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr. |
| | </poem> |
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories: | | ===Stairway To Heaven=== |
| | <poem> |
| | '''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit''' |
| | Iš volt žė hi šur |
| | Køl žė nėher že žahav |
| | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit |
| | </poem> |
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| Nouns
| | ===UDHR=== |
| Adjectives
| | ''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.'' |
| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| --> | | --> |
| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
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| {{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.
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| Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: ''pdą'' 'tree', ''pdąrør'' 'trees'.
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| Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
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| Canaanite has lost the construct state.
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| Degree markers:
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| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
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| *Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
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| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirʔūðī'' 'when I see')
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| Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
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| ===Verbs===
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| Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, which is also used as an imperative. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Even for imperatives: ''ðett lomi hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
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| ====Inflected lexical verbs====
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| There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
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| *''juð'' 'to be'
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| *''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
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| *''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
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| *''laht'' 'to go'
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| *''kaht'' 'to take'
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| *''ðett'' 'to give'
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| The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
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| ! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''juð''
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| ! future
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| | ''é ni''
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| | ''þé ta''
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| | ''þí te''
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| | ''jé u''
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| | ''þé hi''
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| | ''né nu''
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| | ''þú tem''
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| | ''jú'm''
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| | ''jé/þé''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''éð i''
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| | ''és ta''
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| | ''és te''
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| | ''jo u''
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| | ''ðo hi''
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| | ''én nu''
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| | ''és tem''
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| | ''ju'm''
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| | ''jo/ðo''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''fluð''
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| ! future
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| | ''ąf i''
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| | ''þąf ta''
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| | ''þąf te''
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| | ''jąf u''
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| | ''þąf hi''
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| | ''nąf nu''
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| | ''þąflu tem''
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| | ''jąflu'm''
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| | ''jąf/þąf''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''fowð i''
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| | ''fows ta''
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| | ''fows te''
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| | ''fow u''
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| | ''fól hi''
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| | ''fown nu''
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| | ''fows tem''
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| | ''flu'm''
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| | ''fow/fól''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''ðuð''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''éð i''
| |
| | ''þés ta''
| |
| | ''þés te''
| |
| | ''jéð u''
| |
| | ''þéð hi''
| |
| | ''néð nu''
| |
| | ''þéðu tem''
| |
| | ''jéðu'm''
| |
| | ''jéð/þéð''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''powð i''
| |
| | ''pows ta''
| |
| | ''pows te''
| |
| | ''pow u''
| |
| | ''pól hi''
| |
| | ''pown nu''
| |
| | ''pows tem''
| |
| | ''plu'm''
| |
| | ''pow/pól''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''laht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''ley ni''
| |
| | ''tley ta''
| |
| | ''tley te''
| |
| | ''len u''
| |
| | ''tlen hi''
| |
| | ''ley nu''
| |
| | ''tlew tem''
| |
| | ''lew'm''
| |
| | ''ley/tley''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''laht i''
| |
| | ''laht ta''
| |
| | ''laht te''
| |
| | ''law u''
| |
| | ''lál hi''
| |
| | ''layn nu''
| |
| | ''laht tem''
| |
| | ''lølu'm''
| |
| | ''law/lál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''kaht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''key ni''
| |
| | ''tkey ta''
| |
| | ''tkey te''
| |
| | ''ken u''
| |
| | ''tken hi''
| |
| | ''key nu''
| |
| | ''tkew tem''
| |
| | ''kew'm''
| |
| | ''key/tkey''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''kaht i''
| |
| | ''kaht ta''
| |
| | ''kaht te''
| |
| | ''kaw u''
| |
| | ''kál hi''
| |
| | ''kayn nu''
| |
| | ''kaht tem''
| |
| | ''klu'm''
| |
| | ''kaw/kál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''ðett''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''ney ni''
| |
| | ''tney ta''
| |
| | ''tney te''
| |
| | ''nen u''
| |
| | ''tnen hi''
| |
| | ''ney nu''
| |
| | ''tnew tem''
| |
| | ''new'm''
| |
| | ''nen/tnen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''naht i''
| |
| | ''naht ta''
| |
| | ''naht te''
| |
| | ''naw u''
| |
| | ''nál hi''
| |
| | ''nayn nu''
| |
| | ''naht tem''
| |
| | ''nølu'm''
| |
| | ''naw/nál''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects, the masculine singular form is used.
| |
|
| |
| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
| |
| The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
| |
|
| |
| ====-t verbs====
| |
| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
| |
| *laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
| |
| *kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
| |
| *šaht /saxt/ = to go back
| |
| *šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
| |
| *ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
| |
| *lost /lɔst/ = to be born
| |
| *rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
| |
| *xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
| |
| *tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
| |
| *šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to travel
| |
| *gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
| |
| *dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
| |
| *tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant
| |
|
| |
| ====Regular nif3al====
| |
| The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
| |
|
| |
| ====Regular pi3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
| |
|
| |
| ====Regular hif3il====
| |
| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
| |
|
| |
| ====Regular hithpa3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
| |
| ====Other verbs====
| |
| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
| |
|
| |
| Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing ''lø-''.
| |
|
| |
| ===Auxiliaries===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
| |
| *''Re Dovíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
| |
| *''Piuth Dovíð ław šun'' = When David is about to sleep
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
| |
| ! | Non-pronominal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| |
| | ''i, ni''
| |
| | ''ta''
| |
| | ''te''
| |
| | ''u''
| |
| | ''hi''
| |
| | ''nu''
| |
| | ''tem''
| |
| | ''em''
| |
| | ''re'', ''r' '' before V
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| |
| | ''ngud i''
| |
| | ''ngud ta''
| |
| | ''ngud te''
| |
| | ''nguden u''
| |
| | ''nguden hi''
| |
| | ''ngud nu''
| |
| | ''ngud tem''
| |
| | ''ngud em''
| |
| | ''ngud''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| |
| | ''am ni, am i''
| |
| | ''am ta''
| |
| | ''am te''
| |
| | ''am u''
| |
| | ''am hi''
| |
| | ''am nu''
| |
| | ''am tem''
| |
| | ''am em''
| |
| | ''am''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur ni, ur i''
| |
| | ''tur ta''
| |
| | ''tri te''
| |
| | ''yur u''
| |
| | ''tur hi''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''tru tem''
| |
| | ''ru'm''
| |
| | ''yur/tur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''bar ni, bar i, bart i''
| |
| | ''bart ta''
| |
| | ''bart te''
| |
| | ''bar u''
| |
| | ''bro hi''
| |
| | ''barn nu''
| |
| | ''bart tem''
| |
| | ''bru'm''
| |
| | ''bar/bro''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''siv i''
| |
| | ''tsiv ta''
| |
| | ''tsiv te''
| |
| | ''isiv u''
| |
| | ''tsiv hi''
| |
| | ''nusiv nu''
| |
| | ''tsiv tem''
| |
| | ''isivu'm''
| |
| | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''seft i''
| |
| | ''seft ta''
| |
| | ''seft te''
| |
| | ''sev u''
| |
| | ''sivø hi''
| |
| | ''sev nu''
| |
| | ''seft tem''
| |
| | ''sivu'm''
| |
| | ''siv/sivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''tøzum ta''
| |
| | ''tøzum te''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''tøzum hi''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''tøzmu tem''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''atteb i''
| |
| | ''tatteb ta''
| |
| | ''tattbi te''
| |
| | ''yatteb u''
| |
| | ''tatteb hi''
| |
| | ''natteb nu''
| |
| | ''tatteb tem''
| |
| | ''yattebu'm''
| |
| | ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''ettebt i''
| |
| | ''ettebt ta''
| |
| | ''ettebt te''
| |
| | ''etteb u''
| |
| | ''ettibø hi''
| |
| | ''etteb nu''
| |
| | ''ettebt tem''
| |
| | ''ettebu'm''
| |
| | ''etteb''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ''kakht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
| |
|
| |
| The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąras ða ðuð fu hol ngeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
|
| |
| ====Object pronouns====
| |
| Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''ho/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
|
| |
| example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lah to
| |
| *2sg.f: lah te
| |
| *3sg.m: lomu hu
| |
| *3sg.f: lomi hi
| |
| *1pl. lon nu
| |
| *2pl. lahøm tem
| |
| *3pl. low'm
| |
|
| |
| Other prepositions:
| |
| *''túb lø'' = for
| |
| *''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
| |
| *''łøj'' = on, above
| |
| *''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
| |
| *''pøłé'' = inside, within
| |
| **sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
| |
| *''pølip'' = amidst
| |
| *''wén'' = without
| |
| *''møné'' = before, in front of
| |
| *''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
| |
| *''xár'' = after
| |
| *''møłál'' = above
| |
| *''møþál'' = below
| |
| *''þaht'' = instead of
| |
| *''til'' = like, as
| |
| *''hakr'' = until
| |
| *''gu'' = up to
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
|
| |
| :'''''R'isas bø hél ablas.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
|
| |
| :'''''Re béð u bø de-rul til stadi.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
| |
|
| |
| :'''''Fól hi ða ląsuð halkkbeth hi pø ro-múhr.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
|
| |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
|
| |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס נינר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus ninø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
| |
|
| |
| It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
| |
|
| |
| :Fow Móše prah ða hél.
| |
| :PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
| |
| :It's meat that Moshe ate.
| |
|
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:
| |
| *Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
| |
| *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
| |
| Examples:
| |
| *''xadr'' = a room
| |
| *''xadras'' = the room
| |
| *''xadrør'' = rooms
| |
| *''xadril'' = the rooms
| |
| *''xadr grú'' = a big room
| |
| *''xadras grulas'' = the big room
| |
| *''botr grulr'' = big houses
| |
| *''botil grulil'' = the big houses
| |
|
| |
| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem mawkas'' = the king's name.
| |
|
| |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az šom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze šom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
|
| |
| The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
| |
|
| |
| ===Words for yes and no===
| |
| *''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
| |
| *''aj'' (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
| |
| *''ríð'' (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
| |
| *''lu fow'' (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
| |
| *''jąf'' (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
| |
| *''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
| |
| *''aw'' (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'
| |
|
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ====VN constructions====
| |
| *''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
| |
| *''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár jið pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
| |
| *''re Parm '''døs''' laht'' = Parm just went
| |
| *''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
| |
| *'''''fól''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm went
| |
| *'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm will go
| |
| *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
| |
| *'''''Tenu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
| |
|
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mɐ/ (from לאמר ''lēmōr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
| |
|
| |
| ===Relativizer===
| |
| Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
| |
|
| |
| *''I bø hél ablas har pø xadr i.'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
| |
|
| |
| === Serial verb construction ===
| |
| Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
| |
|
| |
| : Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše ðuð kaht él prah.
| |
| : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
| |
| :Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
| |
|
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:
| |
|
| |
| # Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šngúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
| |
| # Celtic substrates
| |
| # Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
| |
| # L-Arabic loans
| |
| # Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as [[Togarmite]], and Modern Greek
| |
|
| |
| Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.
| |
|
| |
| Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
| |
| *''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
| |
| *''klalib'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
|
| |
| Some productive affixes are:
| |
| *pen-/ple- = agentive
| |
| ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen har 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
| |
| *peδ- = place noun
| |
| *pəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
| |
| **''pdą'' = tree, from *pett ya3r 'daughter of forest'
| |
| *-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
| |
|
| |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| :'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost til xofšr; em b'is łøj akšoprepil e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkuð jax ražún he kulalib, e re łøj em liðaléh jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''
| |
| :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
| |
| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| |
|
| |
| ===Tower of Babel===
| |
|
| |
| {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
| |
| ! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| # ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
| |
| # ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarrm, flu'm ða þakkiw pø mišuras Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e piri pø ze, jąf ruš u ða ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łøj þó law þebwas."''
| |
| # ''Wini fow Kižas ða rost bu, há jąf u ða xettném el kríras e pirisr har ju plenšil bø bnuð.''
| |
| # ''Fow Kižas mur: "Šą har flu'm ða laþól fluð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mú mihšul mul el mádovr har jąflu'm ða zúm fluð!''
| |
| # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin šúv."''
| |
| # ''He me feni fow Kižas ða vasir em łøj þó law þebwas, e flu'm ða látul bnuð kríras.''
| |
| # ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fow Kižas ða bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Kižas ða vasir em łøj þó law þebwas.''
| |
| ||
| |
| #Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
| |
| #Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
| |
| #Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
| |
| #Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
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| #Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
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| #Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
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| #Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sfat re'ehu.
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| #Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
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| #Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai sfat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
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| |}
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|
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| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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|
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
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| *''Šoløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
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| *''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
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| *''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
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| *''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
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| *''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
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| **also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
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| *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
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| * ''Ay šemas tkey to?'' = What's your name?
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| *''Key ni šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
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|
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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