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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Fithid'' /ˈfi{{long}}t{{asp}}ɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fithi'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | Move to Spain? |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
| | Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one |
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| {{Infobox language
| | Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | * ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing" |
| |nativename = Kibrið
| | * ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing" |
| |image =
| | * ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i) |
| |setting =
| | * ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things" |
| |name = Cubrite
| | * ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey" |
| |pronunciation =
| | * ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon" |
| |region =
| | * ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon" |
| |states =
| | * ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending) |
| |speakers =
| | * ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons" |
| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Canaanite
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| |fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
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| }}
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| '''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans. Standard Cubrite is based on the Kriantoscha (Cubrite ''Krirdox'' /kɹeːˈdɔɧ/ from ''karjō ħadasō''; Greek Κριαντόσχα) dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew and preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of [[Far East Semitic]]. Most modern Cubrites are Greek Orthodox; a few are Muslim, Jewish or neopagan.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | '''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/ |
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| Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
| | === Consonants === |
| | * (lost, not written) from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * /v/ '''v''' from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * /ɣ/ '''g''' from Old Knench /g/ |
| | * /ð/ '''d''' from Old Knench /d/ |
| | * /0/ '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * /w/ '''w''' from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * /z/ '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * /qʰ/ '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * /t˭/ '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/ |
| | * /j/ '''j''' from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * /kʰ/ '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * /l/ '''l''' from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * /m/ '''m''' from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * /n/ '''n''' from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * /s/ '''x''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * /ʁ{{tilde}}/ '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * /f/ '''f''' from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * /p˭/ '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/ |
| | * /t{{tiebar}}s˭| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * /k˭/ '''c''' from Old Knench /q/ |
| | * /ɾ/ '''r''' from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * /s{{ret}}/ '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * /tʰ/ '''th''' from Old Knench /t/ |
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| It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer. Linguist Hrafn Leifsson believes that the similarity between English and Cubrite aesthetics is due to similar Celtic substrates influencing both, English by Brythonic and Cubrite by an old Celtic language of Galatia.
| | '''qh''' is shifting to /x~h/ in Modern Knench. |
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| == Names == | | === Mutation === |
| === Native Cubrite names === | |
| * Parm (f.) is from baśam
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| ==History== | | == Morphology == |
| Non-rhoticity and the shift to auxiliaries was complete by the 12th century, and Cubrite has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation and gender.
| | === Pronouns === |
| | | * 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel) |
| ==TODO== | | * 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions) |
| *should be Cypriot? justify the name. Or rename | | * 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions) |
| *Swadesh list
| | * 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi), ''-u/-ů'' |
| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
| | * 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi) |
| *''biuth'' or ''šą har...'' = when... | | * 1pl: ''nu'' |
| *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
| | * 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions) |
| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God]) | | * 3pl: <i>'m</i> |
| *''šavų'' = week
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| *''mødbár'' = conference | |
| *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nr''
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| **question marker ''[FOCUS]=nr'' (with no ''re'') | |
| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'') | |
| *''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die? | |
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| ===Some sound changes===
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| *non-rhoticity, H-dropping
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| *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
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| *ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
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| *dt, tt > st
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| *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
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| *OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi | |
| *xr > x
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| */m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
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| */p ʔpʰ b f v t d ʔtʰ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b pp f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
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| */s z ts ʃ ž tʃ (voiceless ɹ) h~x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}
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| Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
| | === Verbs === |
| | The lexical verb is usually in the infinitive form in Knench: |
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| Stops are unaspirated.
| | : ''Re ni byl chilo laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Re ni by chilo i tha laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG FA bread) '(archaic) I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Chilo laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)' |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited infinitive construct forms (the binyanim are fɣul, yfeɣyl, ythfeɣyl, feɣyl, efɣyl, ysthefɣyl) or from noun patterns. |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Lõis:
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| /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə iː äo ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
| | ==Sample texts==<!-- |
| | === Schleicher === |
| | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' |
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| Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
| | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' |
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| The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels:
| | Old Tog.: |
| *Schwa: ø/r
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| *Short vowels: a e i o u
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| *Lengthened vowels: á é í ó ú
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| *Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
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| *L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
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| *R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur
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| ===Prosody===
| | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' |
| ====Stress====
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| Stress tends penultimate or final.
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| ====Intonation====
| | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' |
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| ===Phonotactics===
| | Hebrew: |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Orthography==
| | {{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} |
| Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives. <sch> for x?
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| Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his work ''Vergleichende Grammatik der Balkansprachen''.
| | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} |
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| ==Morphology== | | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== |
| {{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
| | * ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' |
| | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' |
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| | ===A biology abstract=== |
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| Nouns
| | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' |
| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. |
| --> | | --> |
| ===Nouns and adjectives=== | | ===Newton's laws of motion=== |
| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number. Cubrite has lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
| | ''I: Re gif byl sbuth by demi, ylů by qhufuz bal-mystheny, chim força b acço ɣaju.'' |
| ==== Number and definiteness ====
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| {{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ūδ''). ''-u'' nouns become ''-lr'' in the plural: ''þebu, þeblr'' 'a world, worlds'.
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| Words ending in a nasal or R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. Words ending in a long vowel add ''-ør''.
| | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. |
| * ''pdą'' 'tree', ''pdąrør'' 'trees'
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| * ''elú'' 'god', ''eluwør'' 'gods'
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| Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
| | ''II: Re senůdaz ly momentaz ly gif by mathcini lid forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaj gifaz; u re senůdaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaju.'' |
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| Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows:
| | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. |
| *Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
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| ** -u nouns become -was: ''abu, abwas'' 'an apple, the apple'
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| *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
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| ** ''ablr, ablil'' 'apples, the apples'
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| Examples:
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| *''xadr'' = a room
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| *''xadras'' = the room
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| *''xadrør'' = rooms
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| *''xadril'' = the rooms
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| *''xadr grú'' = a big room
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| *''xadras grú'' = the big room
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| *''botr grulr'' = big houses
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| *''botil grulr'' = the big houses
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| ''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-matr'' in the plural: ''þema, þemasr, þematr, þematil'' 'topic, theme'. | | ''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u nyh{{umlaut}}focho.'' |
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| ==== Degree ==== | | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. |
| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
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| *Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
| | ===O how quickly the sculpture of life=== |
| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
| | <poem> |
| | ''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt'' |
| | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' |
| | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' |
| | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' |
| | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' |
| | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
| | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' |
| | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' |
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| Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
| | O how quickly the sculpture of life |
| | Shattered into tiny fragments! |
| | The splendor of the king on his throne |
| | Is completely swept away by sea-waves. |
| | Ye who come hither stationed here, |
| | By the grace of God ye are guests on earth. |
| | All of us are judged according to our actions; |
| | Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another. |
| | </poem> |
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| === Pronouns === | | ===Warming Up To You=== |
| Cubrite has a pronoun system similar to European languages, except that there is no grammatical gender and ''se'' "that" is used as an inanimate or gender-neutral pronoun. There is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun. ''ha/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''ta/te/tem'' in some dialects.
| | <poem> |
| | '''Wetyhmem liðak''' |
| | Kenak at vė mėt in klėt, |
| | Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak, |
| | Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut, |
| | Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy; |
| | Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt |
| | Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr. |
| | </poem> |
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| ===Verbs=== | | ===Stairway To Heaven=== |
| Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct). The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett lo hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''benin'' 'to build'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
| | <poem> |
| | '''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit''' |
| | Iš volt žė hi šur |
| | Køl žė nėher že žahav |
| | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit |
| | </poem> |
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| ====Inflected lexical verbs==== | | ===UDHR=== |
| There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
| | ''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.'' |
| *''juð'' 'to be' (past is cognate to Arabic ''kāna'')
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| *''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
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| *''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
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| *''laht'' 'to go'
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| *''kaht'' 'to take'
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| *''ðett'' 'to give'
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| The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
| | --> |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
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| ! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''juð''
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| ! future
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| | ''é ni''
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| | ''þé ta''
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| | ''þí te''
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| | ''jé u''
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| | ''þé hi''
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| | ''né nu''
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| | ''þú tem''
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| | ''jú'm''
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| | ''jé/þé''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''hant i''
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| | ''han ta''
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| | ''han te''
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| | ''han u''
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| | ''han hi''
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| | ''han nu''
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| | ''han tem''
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| | ''hanu'm''
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| | ''han''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''fluð''
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| ! future
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| | ''ąf i''
| |
| | ''þąf ta''
| |
| | ''þąf te''
| |
| | ''jąf u''
| |
| | ''þąf hi''
| |
| | ''nąf nu''
| |
| | ''þąflu tem''
| |
| | ''jąflu'm''
| |
| | ''jąf/þąf''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''fowð i''
| |
| | ''fows ta''
| |
| | ''fows te''
| |
| | ''fow u''
| |
| | ''fól hi''
| |
| | ''fown nu''
| |
| | ''fows tem''
| |
| | ''flu'm''
| |
| | ''fow/fól''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''luð''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''eð i''
| |
| | ''þes ta''
| |
| | ''þes te''
| |
| | ''jeð u''
| |
| | ''þeð hi''
| |
| | ''neð nu''
| |
| | ''þeðu tem''
| |
| | ''jeðu'm''
| |
| | ''jeð/þeð''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''powð i''
| |
| | ''pows ta''
| |
| | ''pows te''
| |
| | ''pow u''
| |
| | ''pól hi''
| |
| | ''pown nu''
| |
| | ''pows tem''
| |
| | ''pu'm''
| |
| | ''pow/pól''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''laht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''lej ni''
| |
| | ''tlej ta''
| |
| | ''tlej te''
| |
| | ''len u''
| |
| | ''tlen hi''
| |
| | ''lej nu''
| |
| | ''tlew tem''
| |
| | ''lew'm''
| |
| | ''lej/tlej''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''laht i''
| |
| | ''laht ta''
| |
| | ''laht te''
| |
| | ''law u''
| |
| | ''lál hi''
| |
| | ''lajn nu''
| |
| | ''laht tem''
| |
| | ''lølu'm''
| |
| | ''law/lál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''kaht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''kej ni''
| |
| | ''tkej ta''
| |
| | ''tkej te''
| |
| | ''ken u''
| |
| | ''tken hi''
| |
| | ''kej nu''
| |
| | ''tkew tem''
| |
| | ''kew'm''
| |
| | ''kej/tkej''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''kaht i''
| |
| | ''kaht ta''
| |
| | ''kaht te''
| |
| | ''kaw u''
| |
| | ''kál hi''
| |
| | ''kajn nu''
| |
| | ''kaht tem''
| |
| | ''kalu'm''
| |
| | ''kaw/kál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''ðett''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''nej ni''
| |
| | ''tnej ta''
| |
| | ''tnej te''
| |
| | ''nen u''
| |
| | ''tnen hi''
| |
| | ''nej nu''
| |
| | ''tnew tem''
| |
| | ''new'm''
| |
| | ''nen/tnen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''naht i''
| |
| | ''naht ta''
| |
| | ''naht te''
| |
| | ''naw u''
| |
| | ''nál hi''
| |
| | ''najn nu''
| |
| | ''naht tem''
| |
| | ''nølu'm''
| |
| | ''naw/nál''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Most non-pronominal forms come in non-feminine and feminine, and agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects the non-feminine form is used.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
| |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
| |
| | |
| ====-t verbs====
| |
| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
| |
| *laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go by foot
| |
| *kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
| |
| *šaht /ʃaxt/ = to go back
| |
| *šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
| |
| *ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
| |
| *lost /lɔst/ = to be born
| |
| *rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
| |
| *xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
| |
| *tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
| |
| *šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to go by vehicle
| |
| *gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
| |
| *dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
| |
| *tątt /tãːʔt/ = to farm, to grow (plants)
| |
| | |
| ====Regular nif3al====
| |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The L appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular pi3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hif3il====
| |
| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hithpa3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *liδCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
| |
| | |
| ====Other verbs====
| |
| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
| |
| | |
| === Auxiliaries ===
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
| |
| ! | Non-pronominal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| |
| | ''i, ni''
| |
| | ''ta''
| |
| | ''te''
| |
| | ''u''
| |
| | ''hi''
| |
| | ''nu''
| |
| | ''tem''
| |
| | ''rem''
| |
| | ''re'', ''r' '' before V
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| |
| | ''łud i''
| |
| | ''łud ta''
| |
| | ''łud te''
| |
| | ''łuden u''
| |
| | ''łuden hi''
| |
| | ''łud nu''
| |
| | ''łud tem''
| |
| | ''łud em''
| |
| | ''ngud''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur i''
| |
| | ''þur ta''
| |
| | ''þri te''
| |
| | ''jur u''
| |
| | ''þur hi''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''þru tem''
| |
| | ''ru'm''
| |
| | ''jur/þur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''barð i''
| |
| | ''bart ta''
| |
| | ''bart te''
| |
| | ''bar u''
| |
| | ''bro hi''
| |
| | ''barn nu''
| |
| | ''bart tem''
| |
| | ''bru'm''
| |
| | ''bar/bro''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''siv i''
| |
| | ''tsiv ta''
| |
| | ''tsiv te''
| |
| | ''isiv u''
| |
| | ''tsiv hi''
| |
| | ''nusiv nu''
| |
| | ''tsiv tem''
| |
| | ''isivu'm''
| |
| | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''seft i''
| |
| | ''seft ta''
| |
| | ''seft te''
| |
| | ''sev u''
| |
| | ''sivø hi''
| |
| | ''sev nu''
| |
| | ''seft tem''
| |
| | ''sivu'm''
| |
| | ''siv/sivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''þøzum ta''
| |
| | ''þøzum te''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''þøzum hi''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''þøzmu tem''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |}
| |
| ''I'' (/i:/ or /i/) is the default form for the 1sg subject pronoun; ''ni'' is used after a vowel.
| |
| | |
| ''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
| |
| *''Re Davíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
| |
| *''Pið Davíð ław šun, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
| |
| | |
| Yes-no questions are marked by a rising intonation, using the focus particle ''=nr'' (cognate to Hebrew נא) after the word/phrase whose truth value is asked about, and dropping ''re'' in sentences with a nominal subject. In sentences without a specific focused constituent, ''nr'' appears sentence-finally in sentences with no finite verb, and after the finite verb if there is one.
| |
| * ''Davíð ław šun nr?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral)
| |
| * ''Davíð nr ław šun?'' = Is it David who's going to bed?
| |
| * ''Fows nr ta [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Did you marry Maria yesterday?
| |
| * ''Fows ta nr [nexú] jax Marijr amž?'' = Is it you who married Maria yesterday?
| |
| | |
| ''kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
| |
| | |
| The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah ta mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah ta!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
| | |
| example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at' is inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lah ta
| |
| *2sg.f: lah te
| |
| *3sg.m: lomu hu
| |
| *3sg.f: lo hi
| |
| *3sg.n: løze
| |
| *1pl. lon nu
| |
| *2pl. lahøm tem
| |
| *3pl. low'm
| |
| | |
| Other prepositions:
| |
| *''men'' = from
| |
| *''túb lø'' = for
| |
| *''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
| |
| *''łej'' = on, above
| |
| *''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
| |
| *''pøłé'' = inside, within
| |
| **sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
| |
| *''pølip'' = amidst
| |
| *''wen'' = without
| |
| *''møné'' = before, in front of
| |
| *''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
| |
| *''xár'' = after
| |
| *''møłál'' = above
| |
| *''møþál'' = below
| |
| *''þaht'' = instead of
| |
| *''til'' = like, as
| |
| *''xakr'' = until
| |
| *''gu'' = up to
| |
| | |
| === Numbers ===
| |
| | |
| Danish system?
| |
| | |
| 0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xáð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluš, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
| |
| | |
| 11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łexi
| |
| | |
| 21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
| |
| | |
| 31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
| |
| | |
| 41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xáð, šné łexi šném, ...
| |
| | |
| 60: šluš łexi
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| | |
| 100: mír
| |
| | |
| 1000: awv
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
| | |
| :'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re béð u bø degrú til stadi.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Fól hi ða fluð halkkbéð hi bø ro-múxr.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
| | |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mahumō lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
| | |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads.
| |
| | |
| It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re Móše prah ða bø hél.'''''
| |
| :PRES Moshe meat ÐA PRES eat.INF
| |
| :It's meat that Moshe eats.
| |
| | |
| === Noun phrase ===
| |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
| | |
| The abstract demonstrative is ''suð''.
| |
| | |
| ===Words for yes and no===
| |
| *''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
| |
| *''haj'' (from hajjē "where?") = present 'no'
| |
| *''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
| |
| *''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
| |
| *''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
| |
| *''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
| |
| *''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
| |
| | |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ====VN constructions====
| |
| *''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
| |
| *''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár juð pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
| |
| *''re Parm '''døš''' laht'' = Parm just went
| |
| *''re Parm '''wen''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
| |
| *'''''fól''' Parm laht'' = Parm went
| |
| *'''''þąf''' Parm laht'' = Parm will go
| |
| *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
| |
| *'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
| |
| | |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mo/ (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
| |
| | |
| ===Relativizer===
| |
| Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'').
| |
| | |
| *{{gentium|''I bø hél abwas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
| |
| | |
| === Serial verb construction ===
| |
| Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| : Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše luð kaht él prah.
| |
| : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
| |
| :Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
| |
| | |
| Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' 'hence', ''bu'' 'hither' and ''kub'' 'movement together with another person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Cubrite has the following vocabulary layers:
| |
| | |
| # Most of the common words are inherited from the Semitic ancestor of Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
| |
| # Celtic substrates
| |
| # Ancient Greek, Aramaic
| |
| # Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
| |
| | |
| Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
| |
| | |
| Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
| |
| *''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
| |
| *''kraleb'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
| | |
| Some productive affixes are:
| |
| *pen-/ple- = agentive
| |
| ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen harr 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
| |
| *peδ- = place noun
| |
| *pød-/pd-/pl- = associated inanimate, esp. singulative of a collective noun (from peθθ 'daughter')
| |
| ** ''pdą'' = tree (*pett ja3r)
| |
| ** ''pdam'' = wave (*pett jamm)
| |
| ** ''pdémr'' = word (*pett himrō)
| |
| ** ''pdeš'' = flame
| |
| ** ''pled'' = echo
| |
| ** ''pødnár'' = stream
| |
| ** ''pødgašøm'' = (''poetic'') petrichor (''mattr'' is the normal word for 'rain')
| |
| *''-l'' = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
| |
| * -es: -ess (from Celtic)
| |
| ** ''vasiles'' 'queen' < ''vasil'' 'king'
| |
| ** ''mášives'' 'witch' < ''mášiv'' 'mage, wizard'
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| :{{gentium|'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost bø xor e bø šaw łej hobdas e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkud jax režún e kraleb, e rem bø xett liðalih jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''}}
| |
| :[hɔl ˈplɛnʃɪl bɹʊm ˌlɔzd bə ˈɧoː‿ɹ.ə bə ˈʃaw ɴɛj hɔbdas ə ðɪˈtʃɔmatɪl ‖ bɹʊm ˌfkʊd jaɧ ɹɪˈʒɨːn ə kɹaˈlɛb, ə ɹɛm bə ɧɛʔt lɪˈðalɪx ˌjaɧəm ˈʃɨːf pə nəˈʃaom ˈaɧwə]
| |
| :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood.
| |
| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| |
| | |
| ===Tower of Babel===
| |
| # ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
| |
| # ''Wini pið em bø laht me mikkarrm, flu'm vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu benin krír lon nu e piri pøze, jąf ruš se ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łej þó law þebwas."''
| |
| # ''Wini fow Kižas rost bu, há jąf u xettném el kríras e pirisr har han plenšil bø benin.''
| |
| # ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr flu'm laxel fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mul mihšul el mádøbr har jąflu'm zúm fluð!''
| |
| # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin núm šúv."''
| |
| # ''E me feni fow Kižas vasir em łej þó law þebwas, e flu'm látul benin kríras.''
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| # ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas Babel -- feni fow Kižas bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me feni fow Kižas vasir em łej þó law þebwas.''
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| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
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| *''Šoløm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
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| *''Xakr!'' = See you!
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| *''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
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| *''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
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| *''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
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| **also ''plíz'' [pli:z] (from English)
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| *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
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| * ''Ajšr šemas tkej ta/te?'' = What's your name?
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| *''Kej ni ða šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
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| *''Powð i men...'' = I'm from...
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| *''Barð i lost pø...'' = I was born in...
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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