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'''Irta''' (Hivantish for "Earth") is an alternate history of IE and nearby cultural regions. The premise is "different diachronic evolutions of English, Hebrew, Māori and a few other languages". Some other languages like French and Arabic are a bit more different from our timeline. Some names refer to completely different languages: for example "Yiddish" is not a Judeo-German but a Judeo-Gaelic, with native name ''[[ăn Yidiș]]'' [ən 'jɪdɪʃ]
(the name we will use to avoid confusion).
 
The proto-branch of English in this universe is set in what would be Spain and Portugal in our timeline.
 
The only IE branches in Irta not directly inspired by any real life IE languages are Mixolydian, [[Thurish]] and [[Hivantish]].
 
==Sketchpad==
Hivantish can be dominant in the British Isles and most of continental Europe while English is mostly spoken in former colonies?
 
South America is mainly French- and Irish-speaking?
 
Mexico is Spanish-speaking
 
== Sprachbünde ==
=== North African ===
Khmerization (from RTR/emphaticness > creaky voice, ATR/nonemphatic > breathy voice), resulting in some of the largest vowel systems in Irta
 
Uvular R, which vocalizes in some languages
 
Headedness varies but likes suffixed definite articles
* [[Padmanábha|Bhadhaghanábha]]
* [[Nūratambās]]
* Irtan Maghrebi Arabic
* an Azalic language
* Skézaric?
 
==Mixolydian==
A satem IE isolate written in the Latin alphabet; pronunciation is quite similar to Pinyin
 
Inspired by Polish and Albanian (aesthetically); Greek and Latin (grammatically)
 
z c s zh ch sh r rr j q x = /z ts s ʐ ʈʂ ʂ ɹ/ɽ r ʑ tɕ ɕ/
 
dz dzh dj = voiced versions of c ch q
 
Stop aspiration is as in Persian (st sounds like sth etc.)
 
j from PIE *y, y is used for /j/ in loanwords and from vowel breaking of PIE *e, e.g. yest "is" <- Proto-Mixolydian *esti
 
today Mixolydian is a small minority language; Mixolydians have almost entirely shifted to local languages (English, Greek, Romance, Iranian, Indian, Chinese)
 
==Latin and Romance==
Latin is a tonal language like Greek and Sanskrit
===Hyperfrench===
French through Proto-Slavic -> Russian sound changes (nasal vowels get denasalized etc.)
 
r -> h consistently; a four way stop distinction as in Hindi
 
===Modern Latin===
A language actually named after a cognate of "Latin" spoken in Latium; it has a roughly Catalan/Romanian/Occitan aesthetic
 
''Latzial''?
 
Should be close to Southern Italian lects (that gave us "capeesh")?
 
=== Spanish and Ladino ===
Same as in our timeline, but spoken in our Portugal
 
Influences Japanese like Portuguese did in our timeline
 
==Modern Greek==
 
Written in a version of Linear B, roughly Syllabics + katakana inspired
 
a lot more ways to write /i/ depending on PIE etymon? maybe *i and *iH can use different glyphs?
 
===Hypergreek===
 
Some sound splits conditioned by PIE etymon which are merged in Proto-Greek but do not affect intelligibility for a Modern Greek speaker
 
==Mitanni==
 
Weirdest interpretation of Mitanni cuneiform
 
==English==
 
Most in-universe English dialects don't merge some PIE sounds, like *ei and *ī, which are merged in Proto-Germanic. Otherwise they sound a lot like English accents from our timeline.
 
===Hyperamerican===
 
an English accent with lots of non-Germanic sound splits as well as General American sound mergers
 
LOT ~ THOUGHT, but PIE ey !~ PIE ī
 
==Semitic==
*Proto-Central Semitic
** PNWS
*** [[Togarmite]]
*** Hebrew
*** Aramaic
** Arabic
*Proto-East Semitic
** Akkadian
** [[Far East Semitic]]
===Hebrew===
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Hebrew]]''
Paleo-Hebrew in this universe distinguishes most consonants of Proto-Semitic, unlike in our timeline. This is reflected in some in-universe Hebrew accents which preserve distinctions like צׁ (tsadi w/ right dot) /ts̠/ vs צׂ (tsadi w/ left dot) /ts/, cognate with Arabic emphatic S/Z and D.
 
Though in-universe Tiberian Hebrew is identical to that in our timeline, some in-universe reading traditions, such as Gaelic Hebrew, distinguish
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u and *aw = /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā = /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = Swedish u (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct. Hyper-Israeli reflects the first (and qamatz qatan) as (Seoul) Korean eo, the second as Korean o, and the third as Korean u.
 
=== Arabic ===
Classical Arabic is the same as in our timeline
==Egyptian ==
get "Noether" or "Paf-Noether" (a Padmanábha surname) from *nāťar 'god', via a divergent descendant of Old Egyptian
 
==Māori==
 
Proto-Austronesian in Irta has the same urheimat as in our timeline but a very different phonology and morphology; its phonology is small like Finnish and its morphology is Altaic-ish; its evolution into Māori as we know it, a VSO language, is analogous to PIE's evolution into Irish.
 
== Celtic ==
No ē-ey-iH merger?
 
*(Hyper)Celtic
**Old Irish
*** [[Verse:Irta/Icelandic Gaelic]]
*** Middle Irish
**** [[Ăn Yidiș]]
**** Modern Irish
**[[Galoyseg]]
**Nūratambās (spoken in North Africa)
*** Modern language is Samanasphuore gib
 
=== Galoyseg ===
P-Celtic with a Yiddish touch; Post-laryngeal PIE ē > æ: > a; PCel short a > ā > o
 
=== Alternate history Canadian Gaelic===
 
Can date back to Primitive Irish times, incorporates Algonquian loanwords
 
or should it be a Celtic-Algonquian creole?
 
=== Revived Old Irish ===
Used in liturgy by certain Celtic neopagans, though OIr was originally associated with Catholicism rather than paganism. It's mainly used this way by people with little exposure to Catholicism, such as Japanese people and former Jews. The difficulty of the language is itself a barrier to entry to this pagan sect! They also deliberately write it in Ogham.
 
dh and th are /ð θ/ respectively
 
it's "read literally" and simplified in casual usage though in a different way from Irish
 
No broad slender, most notably
 
==A priori ==
=== Some Middle Eastern lang w/ Basque sibilants ===
 
==Sinitic and Sino-Xenic==
===Mandarin===
In-universe Mandarin has two scripts: an alternate history Pinyin and a Hebraization invented by __.
 
East Asian languages in Irta generally use the Roman alphabet
 
Alternate history pinyin: uses Zhuang tone letters
 
b p m f, d t n l, z c s, zr cr sr r, ź ć ś (or otherwise unmarked; clear from context), g k h
 
a, ae, au, an, ang
 
y for Pinyin e
 
"z" by itself is used for Pinyin "zi", Pinyin "ji" is written "zi" or sometimes "gi" (this alternate history Pinyin is introduced during Early Modern Mandarin times so literate users keep older distinctions though spelling mistakes are common nowadays)
 
=== Judeo-Mandarin ===
A form of Zhongyuan or Southwestern Mandarin
 
used in the Jewish Autonomous Region of Apple PIE China
==== Initials ====
באָ פאָ מאָ ףאָ טא תא נא לא קא כא חא ק'יִ צ'יִ שיִ זרי צרי שרי רי זי צי סי
 
==== Rimes ====
אַ א איִ/אי אָ אוֹ אוּ a e i/(i after retros and dentals) o u ü; the dot in יִ can be omitted.
 
אַי עי אַל' אָל' אַן אן אַנק אנק אוֹנק אר/-ר ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er/-r
 
ל'אַ אָ ל'אַי ל'עי ל'אַן ל'אן ל'אַנק ל'אנק wa o wai wei wan wen wang weng
 
ייאַ ייע ייאל' ייאָל' ייען ייִן ייאַנק ייִנק ייוֹנק ya ye yao you yan yin yang ying yong
 
אוּע אוּען אוּן yue yuan yun
 
ole telisha-gedola etnahta darga = Tones 1 2 3 4 (not motivated by similarity to cantillation melodies; important thing is visual distinguishability)
 
should use tone letters instead, Hmoob style
 
==== Sample ====
{{Hebpara|ר&#1440;אן־ר&#1440;אן ש&#1451;ראנק א&#1440;ר ז&#1447;י־י&#1440;אָל׳, ז&#1447;אַי ז&#1451;ל׳אן־י&#1440;ען ח&#1440;א ק&#1440;׳וּען־ל&#1447;יִ ש&#1447;ראַנק י&#1451;יִ־ל&#1447;וֹ פ&#1440;ינק־ט&#1425;אנק. ת&#1451;אַ־מאן ף&#1447;וֹ־י&#1425;אָל׳ ל&#1425;יִ־ש&#1447;יִנק ח&#1440;א ל&#1440;יאַנק־ש&#1451;יִן, ב&#1447;יִנק י&#1451;יִנק י&#1425;יִ ש&#1451;יוֹנק־ט&#1447;יִ ק&#1451;ל׳אַן־ש&#1447;יִ טא ק&#1451;׳יִנק־ש&#1440;ראן ח&#1447;וֹ־ש&#1451;יאַנק ט&#1447;ל׳אי־ט&#1447;אַי.}}
 
Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
 
===Japanese===
 
ch, j written as slender t d/z
 
Subete no ningen va, umarenagara ni site ziıụ de ari, catsu, songen to cenli to ni tsuite bioηdoη de aru. Ningen va, liseη to lioηsin to o sazucerarete ori, tagai ni doηhọ no sẹsin o motte cọdọ sinacereba naranai.
 
R in native words, L in sino words
 
η for historical -ng
 
-ts, -c for final -tsu, -ku in sino words
 
ceu /kjo:/ "today" <- *kefu?
 
English words and wasei-eigo are written in italics; this isn't true of Romance words, e.g. pan "bread"
 
the word for thank you is written "obligatọ" by folk etymology
 
===Accents===
 
Apple PIE Japanese can distinguish slender d and slender z
 
===Korean===
 
 
모든 인간은 태어날 때부터 자유로우며 그 존엄과 권리에 있어 동등하다.
 
boðɨn inɡänɨn tʰæeɤnaʁ tæeβuʰtɤ d̤z̤äjuʁoumjə xɨ d̤z̤onɤmɣwä xwɤ̃ʁiɛj isə d̤oŋðɨŋäðä
 
''Modyn inganyn tæ'enar ptæbute zaıuroumıe gy zonymgwa gwenriei isse doňdyňhada''
 
===alt-history Sinitic languages===
==== Swedish/Icelandic inspired Sinitic ====
Develops its own version of erhua from Cuam influence but it means something different
 
===Sinospheric IE===
=== Cuam ===
A Southern Chinese/SEA language isolate; influences the Scandinavian-inspired Chinese lect
 
Hmooberno-Thai
 
Initials: all Irish single consonants plus prenasalized stops and sh(n/l/r)-; allow br dr gr fr cr tr bl dl gl fl cl tl; p- is rare; stops are +asp/-asp like in Scottish Gaelic
 
Séimhiú should have different outcomes from Irish
 
In unmutated words, all Irish unmutated initials + séimhiúed initials are permissible
 
séimhiúed words can't séimhiú again, but when they get urúed it manifests as prenasalization:
 
* ''**CV-(initial) > (lexically séimhiúed initial)''
* ''**-n CV-(initial) > n:(initial) > nC (prenasalized initial)''
 
Vowels: all combos of +-pal x vowel allowed in Irish (assuming broad final)
 
Allowed finals: -d -g -idh (-j) -imh (nasalization + -j) -bh (-w) -mh (nasalization + -w) -m -n -il -r
 
Tones are essentially the same as in Thai:
* "Dead syllables" (checked):
** short vowel: a² a⁴ (low high)
** long vowel; á² á³ (low falling)
* "Live syllables" (non-checked): long: á¹ á² á³ á⁴ á⁵ (mid low falling high rising, as in Thai)
 
entering tone syllables (open short vowel, or d/g final)  can only take a and à tones
 
forbids shm- like Irish but unlike Tigolic
 
absolute state is sometimes a floating mutating morpheme that marks gender (marks absolute state, construct state doesn't mutate). Sometimes absolute state manifests as a separate preposed word or syllable which may or may not mutate the word itself. (absolute state comes from a preceding classifier)
 
1-10: leidh, nán², feór¹, tlud, daimh, án², ciúr³, shnán², shleidh, faoil²
==== Diachronics ====
Some "possible" syllables should be disallowed bc of historical sound change, like unasp stop initial + nasal coda + 2nd tone syllables in Mandarin
 
After the tone split, Cuam had long, short and ultrashort vowels.
 
Mutations come from preceding ultrashort syllables that are lost; this has to come after the medieval Sinosphere tone split to not have mutations depend on tone, perhaps around 1600 CE
 
t d th dh > t t- th dh
==== Orthography ====
A Far East Semitic based abugida
 
==Indosphere and Austroasiatic==
Tamil can use Cyrillic
 
Vietnamese can use an abugida based on the Far East Semitic abugida
 
==Religions of Irta==
===Europe===
* French, Modern Latin and Irish: Catholicism
* Azalic: Azalo-Buddhism (Buddhism travels further west in Irta), Protestantism, minority Catholicism (Azalic-speaking areas were the birthplace of the Protestant Reformation; however the King James Bible does not exist as we know it)
* Hivantish: Hivantish paganism, Protestants are a minority
* Greek: Greek Orthodox
* Ăn Yidiș and Ladino: Judaism (obviously)
===Africa===
* Maghreb: Buddhist, Catholic
 
===Asia===
*Tamil, Indian Austroasiatic: druids; Catholic, Protestant, Sufi (various levels of syncretism)
*Togarmite: Sufi, various Hellenistic
*Far East Semitic: Sufi, druids, animist, Jewish

Latest revision as of 21:53, 4 May 2023

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