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'''Cuam''' (''CuamR'' /khuəm/ with rising tone) is an [[Verse:Irta|Irtan]] Southern Chinese/SEA language in the Cuam-Flei family; it has influenced the Scandinavian-inspired Irtan Chinese lect. Its loanwards are mainly from Chinese, Mon-Khmer and Far East Semitic. Cuam is official in Cuamland.
'''Paang''' (''rhư nténg Pa{{cvla}}ng'') is a classical language of Hmøøhian author Tsayfuan's fantasy world. It is a monosyllabic tonal language with initial consonant mutations. It is inspired in-universe by Talmic and Æ, and I was actually inspired by Insular Celtic and Southeast Asian languages.


Cuam is inspired by Irish, Thai and Hmong.
Paang poetry uses the Vietnamese lục bát meter, which Tsayfuan took from Æ poetry.


Cuam-Flei is believed to have come from the Middle East, and have undergone tonogenesis after incorporation in the Southeast Asian sprachbund. Some linguists connect the name Cuam to the PIE root *ķoy-m- via an old substrate language closely related to [[Azalic]], which would make it cognate with the word "home".
== Todo ==
* May liberally steal vocab from Celtic
** ''miền'' 'to desire'
** ''riêmh'' 'never'
** ''ciên'' 'old; distant'
** ''ciến'' (clf. ''ô{{cvla}}gh<sup>L</sup>'') 'age; distance'
** ''fiển'' (clf. ''lló<sup>L</sup>'') 'soldier'
** ''téng'' (clf. ''rhư''<sup>N</sup>)  'language'
** ''biêdh'' 'food'
** ''rhiền'' (clf. ''ngiềbh'') 'path'
** ''rhiên'' (clf. ''lló<sup>L</sup>'') 'maiden'
** ''gần''<sup>L</sup> 'without'
* ''Tol Kiền'': the creator god


==Phonology==
== Phonology ==
Initials: all Irish single consonants plus prenasalized stops and sh(n/l/r)-; allow br dr gr fr cr tr bl dl gl fl cl tl; p- only occurs in borrowings; stops are +asp/-asp like in Scottish Gaelic
Initials: /k kʰ χ ŋ ŋ{{v-}} ŋʰ ɣ
t tʰ θ n n{{v-}} nʰ ð
p φ f m m{{v-}} mʰ v
j r r{{v-}} l ɬ w ʍ s h ʔ/


shm- is only used in so-called ''shm''-reduplication
Nuclei: /i e ɛ a ɨ ə u o ɔ iə ɨə uə/


Séimhiú should have different outcomes from Irish
Finals: /{{ng}}{{tiebar}}m n {{ng}} r k{{tiebar}}p t k j ð ɨ{{nsyll}} w/


In unmutated words, all Irish unmutated initials + séimhiúed initials are permissible
Tones: a à a{{cvla}} á ả = mid low fall high rise


séimhiúed words can't séimhiú again, but when they get urúed it manifests as prenasalization:
<g c ch ng hng nc gh
d t th n hn nt dh
b p f m hm mp bh
j r rh l lh w wh s h 0
i ê e a ư ơ/â a u ô o ia/iê ưa/ươ ua/uô
mh n ng r b d g i dh gh u>


* ''**CV-(initial) > (lexically séimhiúed initial)''
My romanization spells /kʰ/ as ''k'' in certain names.
* ''**-n CV-(initial) > n:(initial) > nC (prenasalized initial)''
 
Vowels: all combos of +-pal x vowel allowed in Irish (assuming broad final)
 
Allowed finals: -b -d -g -idh (-j) -imh (nasalization + -j) -bh (-w) -mh (nasalization + -w) -m -n -il -r
 
Tones are essentially the same as in Thai:
* "Dead syllables" (checked):
** short vowel: a¹ a² (low high)
** long vowel; á¹ á² (low falling)
* "Live syllables" (non-checked): long: áM áL áF áH áR (mid low falling high rising, as in Thai)
 
entering tone syllables (open short vowel, or d/g final)  can only take a and à tones
 
forbids shm- like Irish but unlike Tigolic
 
== Grammar ==
absolute state is sometimes a floating mutating morpheme that marks gender (marks absolute state, construct state doesn't mutate). Sometimes absolute state manifests as a separate preposed word or syllable which may or may not mutate the word itself. (absolute state comes from a preceding classifier)
 
1-10: leidh¹, nán², feó¹, tlud¹, daimh⁵, án², ciúr³, shnán², shleidh¹, faoil²
==Diachronics ==
Some "possible" syllables should be disallowed bc of historical sound change, like unasp stop initial + nasal coda + 2nd tone syllables in Mandarin
 
Before having mutations, Cuam had long, short and ultrashort vowels. Mutations come from preceding ultrashort syllables that are lost.
 
After Cuam gained mutations, it underwent the medieval Sinosphere register/tone split like most other languages in the Sinosphere, resulting in mutation depending on tone. Early Modern Cuam had a very complex system of mutations and tonal ablaut, which Modern Cuam simplified to a finite set of noun genders by analogy.
 
==== Tone diachronics ====
Middle Cuam (before the tone split) had 3 tones, like Middle Chinese, marked in the native script as unmarked, tone 1 and tone 2.
 
Consonant classes (séimhiú didn't change the consonant class while urú did)
* Mid: *k- series, glottal stop
* High: *kh- series, voiceless fricatives, shR-
* Low: *g series, voiced fricatives, resonants
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tone chart
!class
!ending
!unmarked (tone A)
!"mai ek" (tone B)
!"mai tho" (tone C)
|-
|mid
|dead
| style="background: #fa4" |low
| -
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
|-
|mid
|alive
| style="background: #f66" |mid
| style="background: #fa4" |low
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
|-
|high
|dead
| style="background: #fa4" |low
| -
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
|-
|high
|alive
| style="background: #6fc" |rise
| style="background: #fa4" |low
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
|-
|low
|dead (short vowel)
| style="background: #cfa" |high
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
| -
|-
|low
|dead (long vowel)
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
| -
| style="background: #cfa" |high
|-
|low
|alive
| style="background: #f66" |mid
| style="background: #ff3" |fall
| style="background: #cfa" |high
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 16:29, 2 May 2023

Paang (rhư nténg Pa̍ng) is a classical language of Hmøøhian author Tsayfuan's fantasy world. It is a monosyllabic tonal language with initial consonant mutations. It is inspired in-universe by Talmic and Æ, and I was actually inspired by Insular Celtic and Southeast Asian languages.

Paang poetry uses the Vietnamese lục bát meter, which Tsayfuan took from Æ poetry.

Todo

  • May liberally steal vocab from Celtic
    • miền 'to desire'
    • riêmh 'never'
    • ciên 'old; distant'
    • ciến (clf. ô̍ghL) 'age; distance'
    • fiển (clf. llóL) 'soldier'
    • téng (clf. rhưN) 'language'
    • biêdh 'food'
    • rhiền (clf. ngiềbh) 'path'
    • rhiên (clf. llóL) 'maiden'
    • gầnL 'without'
  • Tol Kiền: the creator god

Phonology

Initials: /k kʰ χ ŋ ŋ̊ ŋʰ ɣ t tʰ θ n n̊ nʰ ð p φ f m m̊ mʰ v j r r̊ l ɬ w ʍ s h ʔ/

Nuclei: /i e ɛ a ɨ ə u o ɔ iə ɨə uə/

Finals: /ŋ͡m n ŋ r k͡p t k j ð ɨ̯ w/

Tones: a à a̍ á ả = mid low fall high rise

<g c ch ng hng nc gh d t th n hn nt dh b p f m hm mp bh j r rh l lh w wh s h 0 i ê e a ư ơ/â a u ô o ia/iê ưa/ươ ua/uô mh n ng r b d g i dh gh u>

My romanization spells /kʰ/ as k in certain names.

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