Verse:Irta/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the Zohar are identical to ours. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Ăn Yidiș rather than Yiddish.)  
The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)  


However, many accents of Apple PIE Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
 
There is also a large group of people who call themselves "lost-tribe Israelites" (analogous to Samaritans) who live in Africa and preserve Palestinian-Hebrew like vowel points, but pronounced with aspirated stops for voiced fricatives.


== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
Used as a Jewish lingua franca rather than as a vernacular
{{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}}


Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew speakers, though it may sound a bit flowery.
== Irta Sephardi Hebrew ==
Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} ä ä o{{lowered}} o{{lowered}} u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]


The standard variety today is Sephardi Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar. Formal Hebrew is less of an Ăn Yidiș relex, and recent spoken Hebrew's more of an English relex.
== Chinese Hebrew ==
Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.  


* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) p= v k= ɣ t⁼ t⁼ h w ts⁼ χ t⁼ j kʰ χ l m n s ʁ pʰ f tsʰ kʰ r~ɻ ʃ tʰ s]
Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except  
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) e a a u o u Ø~ə a e o]
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ''ey o u ü''
* /r/ is alveolar and is often an approximant.
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation
* Undageshed tav is [s] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin ''gh''
* Irta Modern Hebrew doesn't have the /-ah/ > /-ha/ metathesis like our Israeli Hebrew.
*/r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
 
Grammatically, it is SVO like our Israeli Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
* much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... ''Lo ăni'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ăni'' in non  3rd person are solemn.
* Irish/Ăn Yidiș calques in some common expressions
** The following are used instead of בבקשה ''bevakasha'':
*** עם רצונך ''im retzonxa'' (lit. 'with your will', a calque of ''lă dă-thel'') 'please'
*** זה חייך ''ze xayéxa'' (lit. 'it's your life', like ''șe dă-bhethă'') 'you're welcome'
*** זה לך ''ze lăxa'' (lit. 'this is to you', like ''șa did'') 'here you go'
** רצון איתי ''ratzon iti'' 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי ''ȝadif iti'' 'I prefer' (''fyor lum''), ''ăni xofec bă-'' 'I want'
*** More formally ''ani rotze be-'' = 'I like, I am pleased with'
** ''haya racon iti'' 'I'd like'
** אפשר איתי ''efšar iti'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
* Question particles (''ha2im'', ''ha-'' in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences; they both have falling intonation. Question marks are not usually used.
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sas'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''aval'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''sameax''. כה ''ko'' is as common as כל כך ''kul káx'' for 'so (ADJ)'.
* Tenses are similar to our Modern Hebrew tenses but the ''haya okhel'' construction is more cpmmon.
** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective/progressive/conditional (corresponds to V'e ăg îth)
** הוא אוכל = Present
** הוא אכל = Past perfective
** הוא יאכל = Future
* Loazit ''-cya'' '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Ăn Yidiș/Tsarfati Hebrew ''-țyo''
* Prepositions can be weird, esp ''3al'' and ''3im'' (mapped to Irish ''ar'' and ''le'')
 
== Yevani Hebrew ==
Same as our timeline's Sephardi Hebrew
 
==Tsarfati Hebrew==
Modern Tsarfati Hebrew (עברית צרפתית ''ivrís țarfosís''; "Tsarf-osis" is a common pun) has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] (Judeo-Gaelic), but it's a result of a restandardization. It is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except  
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ey o u ü'' (/ej o u y/ in Standard Ăn Yidiș)
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped whenever possible in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap/trill or a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
*kuf and tet are unaspirated /k/ and /t/
* dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
*/p t k/ are aspirated
* sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
* Sibilants mergers are like in our TibH.
* both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
* Final /h/ (he mappiq) is pronounced, since An Yidish has final /h/. (חילל 'to desecrate' and הילל 'to praise' shouldn't be homophones)
* kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
* The most conservative Tsarfati readings keep geminate nun, lamedh and resh distinct from their non-geminated counterparts, pronouncing these as reflexes of Old Irish broad /N/, slender /L/ and broad /R/.
* Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated
 
Due to convergent evolution, Irtan Chinese Hebrew is identical to Tsarfati Hebrew pronounced in the Standard Ăn Yidiș accent, except
* Resh is always Mandarin ''r''
* Final /h/ is silent as in our Israeli Hebrew
 
== Old Tsarfati Hebrew==
Old Tsarfati Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the source of early Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș (before the pronunciation was re-standardized according to Tiberian niqqud, resulting in what is today called Tsarfati Hebrew).
 
It has the following sound changes from PSem:
*emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as H and x.
* Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
 
Old Tsarfati Hebrew also distinguished
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל ''chul'' 'sand' (*Hāl; ~ Aramaic ''Hālā'') and חוֹל ''choal'' '(something) secular' (*Hull; ~ חילל 'he desecrated')
 
== Hyper-Israeli ==
This reading tradition is used by a sect of Karaite Jews.
 
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
 
==Camalanàbha Hebrew==
Lost Tribe Hebrew
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ] ''k kh g gh''
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ] ''č ǰh'' (*S/*Z *ð)
*/tś ź/ [ts dzʰ] ''c jh'' (*D *z)
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n] ''t th d dh n''
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m] ''p ph b bh m''
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w~v] ''y r l v''
*/s *þ ś ʃ h ħ X ʔ ʕ G/ [s ʃ s ʃ h qʰ ʔ q] ''s š s š h h qh ' ' q''
 
tet -> voiceless unaspirated, tav -> aspirated with no lenition, dalet series -> voiced, aspiration corresponds to lenition
 
Voiced plosives without dagesh are aspirated. Dagesh forte is always realized as gemination.
 
Roughly: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə/e o] ''i e a a ā o o u a a/e o''
 
[bəreʃitʰ bara ʔelohim ʔətʰ həʃʃaməjim ʋəʔətʰ haʔarəts]
 
[ʋəhaʔarəts hajətʰa tʰohu ʋabʰohu ʋəqʰo(ʃ)ekʰ qəl pʰəne tʰəhom ʋəruqʰ ʔelohim mərəqʰəpʰətʰ qəl pʰəne həmmajim]
 
Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'loho/ 'God'.
 
''ǰhimmer'' 'to overpower', ''jhimmer'' 'to play music'


==Comparison==
==Comparison==
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<poem>
<poem>
Proto-Tsarfati
Proto-Chinese Hebrew


[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
Line 185: Line 101:
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
<poem>
Tsarfati
Chinese Hebrew


[dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈ[h]ʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]


[dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]


[dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]


[ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]


[haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]


[dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]
</poem>
</poem>
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Grant peace like a flowing river.
Grant peace like a flowing river.


Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts melt with terror and distress them,
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
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=== Yedid Nefesh ===
== Irtan Hebrew poetry ==
Yedid Nefesh ("Friend of the Soul") is a 16th-century Shabbat piyyut originally from the Sephardi tradition. In our timeline Ashkenazi Jews sing a slightly different version; I use the Ashkenazi version here to illustrate the difference between various accents of Tsarfati Hebrew.
=== Hebrew dán díreach ===
Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish ''dán díreach''.


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Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș
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<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)
יְדִיד נֶפֶשׁ אַב הָרַחְמָן
מְשׁוֹךְ עַבְדְּךָ אֶל רְצוֹנֶךָ
יָרוּץ עַבְדְּךָ כְּמוֹ אַיָּל
יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה אֶל מוּל הֲדָרֶךָ
יֶעֱרַב לוֹ יְדִידוּתֶךָ
מִנֹּפֶת צוּף וְכָל טָעַם<!--


הָדוּר נָאֶה זִיו הָעוֹלָם
Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)
נַפְשִׁי חוֹלַת אַהֲבָתֶךָ
אָנָּא אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא לָהּ
בְּהַרְאוֹת לָהּ נֹעַם זִיוֶךָ
אָז תִּתְחַזֵּק וְתִתְרַפֵּא
וְהָיְתָה לָהּ שִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם


וָתִיק יֶהֱמוּ נָא רַחֲמֶיךָ
Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines
וְחוּסָה נָּא עַל בֶּן אֲהוּבֶךָ
כִּי זֶה כַּמֶּה נִכְסוֹף נִכְסַפְתִּי
לִרְאוֹת בְּתִפְאֶרֶת עֻזֶּךָ
אֵלֶּה חָמְדָה לִבִּי
חוּסָה נָּא וְאַל תִּתְעַלָּם


הִגָּלֶה נָא וּפְרוֹשׂ חֲבִיבִי עָלַי
For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so ''péle'' 'wonder' and ''qémaħ'' 'flour' rhyme)
אֶת סֻכַּת שְׁלוֹמֶךָ
תָּאִיר אֶרֶץ מִכְּבוֹדֶךָ
נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָךְ
מַהֵר אֱהוֹב כִּי בָא מוֹעֵד
וְחָנֵּנוּ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם-->
</poem>
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<poem>
Standard Ăn Yidiș accent
[jəd̥ɪd̥ ne̞fe̞ʃ o̞v ho̞ɾäχmo̞n]
[məʃʊχ ävdəχo̞ e̞lɭ ɻətsˑʰʊne̞χo̞]
[jo̞ɻy̠tsˑʰ ävdəχo̞ kʰəmu (ʔ)äjo̞l]
[jɪʃtʰäχäve̞ ʔe̞l my̠l häd̥o̞ɻe̞χo̞]
[je̞ʔe̞ɻäv lʊ jəd̥ɪd̥y̠se̞χo̞]
[mɪnʊfe̞s tsʰy̠f vəχo̞l t⁼o̞(ʔ)äm]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Ballmer
[jɛ̈ðɪð neɪfeɪʃ uv huraχmun]
[mɛ̈ʃoʊχ ävdɛ̈χu eɪəɫ rɛ̈tsʰoʊneɪχu]
[juritsʰ ävdɛ̈χu kʰɛ̈moʊ äjuɫ]
[jɪʃtʰäχäveɪ eɪəɫ mɪɫ häðureɪχu]
[je̞jɛräv ɫoʊ jəðɪðɪseɪχu]
[mɪnoʊfe̞ɪs tsʰɪf vɛ̈χuɫ t⁼uʔäm]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>


</poem>
Rhyming consonant groups:
{{col-break}}
# Qoph, teth and tsade
<poem>
# Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
English
# Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
O friend of the soul, merciful father!
# Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
Please draw me, Your servant, towards Your pleasure.
# Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
Your servant runs like a deer
# Dageshed l, m, n
And falls before Your splendor.
# Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
More pleasant to him is Your companionship
# Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)
Than honey, nectar, or any taste.<!--
 
O glorious and beautiful one, light of the world!
My soul is sick for Your love.
I pray You, God, please, heal my soul
By showing her the pleasantness of Your light,
Then she will strengthen and be restored,
and she will have eternal joy.


O faithful one, [we all] yearn greatly for Your mercy,
:''ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,''
Please show compassion to Your beloved one.
:''kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh.'' (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
For so much have I been longing for You,
: "I and the white Pangur,
To look upon Your glorious power.
: Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
That is what my heart desires;
Please have mercy and do not neglect me.


Please reveal Yourself and spread out over me
:''Pángur ėno bi măkanė;''
Your canopy of peace.
:''Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.''
Illumine the earth with Your glory,
: "Pangur does not envy me;
And let us rejoice and be glad because of You.
: He delights in his playing."
Make haste, and give us love, for the time has come,
And be gracious to us as in the days of old.-->
</poem>
{{col-end}}

Latest revision as of 07:41, 5 January 2023

The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)

However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.

Irta Modern Hebrew

Main page: Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew

Irta Sephardi Hebrew

Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew

  • Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
  • Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e̞ e̞ ä ä o̞ o̞ u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]

Chinese Hebrew

Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.

Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except

  • Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ey o u ü
  • Shva na3 is ă /ə/ in careful pronunciation
  • undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin gh
  • /r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
  • dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
  • dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
  • sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
  • both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
  • kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
  • Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated

Comparison

Dror Yikra

Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim to use an Arabic-derived meter.

Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.

[X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."

Hebrew (Tiberian)

דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת
וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת
נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת
שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת

דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי
וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי
נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי
שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי

דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה
וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה
נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה
שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא

אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר
הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר
וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר
שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר

הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא
בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה
וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה
לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה

דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ
וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ
נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ
שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ

Proto-Chinese Hebrew

[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
[nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
[s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]

[dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
[wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
[năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
[[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]

[dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
[wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
[năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
[ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]

[ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
[hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
[wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
[ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]

[hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
[băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
[wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
[lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]

[dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]

Chinese Hebrew

[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]

[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]

[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]

[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]

[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]

[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]

English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)

[God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.

[God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
And show me a sign of salvation.
Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
Attend to the cries of my people.

Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
And Babylon which overpowered [us].
Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
Hear my voice when I call.

O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
Grant peace like a flowing river.

Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.

Know what is wise for your soul,
And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
Guard your Holy One's commandment,
Keep your holy Sabbath.


Irtan Hebrew poetry

Hebrew dán díreach

Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish dán díreach.

Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș

Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)

Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines

For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so péle 'wonder' and qémaħ 'flour' rhyme)

Rhyming consonant groups:

  1. Qoph, teth and tsade
  2. Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
  3. Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  4. Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
  5. Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
  6. Dageshed l, m, n
  7. Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
  8. Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)
ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,
kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh. (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
"I and the white Pangur,
Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
Pángur ėno bi măkanė;
Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.
"Pangur does not envy me;
He delights in his playing."
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