Tseer: Difference between revisions

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|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = døluder Tseer
|nativename = dølud Tseer
|pronunciation =   
|pronunciation =   
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
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'''Tseer''' is a classical language of Talma, second to [[Windermere]]; it left a significant influence on [[Windermere]] and [[Scellan]]. It is the language of parts of the Latlaseekh and other philosophical, historical and literary texts from Ancient Tseer civilization. It is inspired by Somali, Hmong and Vietnamese.
'''Tseer''' (natively ''dølud Tseer'' [d̪ɵˈluð t͡sɛ̃r̝]) is a classical language of Talma, second to [[Naeng]]; it left a significant influence on [[Scellan]] and [[Naeng]]. It is aesthetically inspired by Somali, Polish, Hmong and Vietnamese and grammatically inspired by Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Irish.


The predominant vernacular of the Fnüeng dynasty was no longer Classical Windermere, but a form of Tseer. When the Windermere Empire fell in 1004 fT in the aftermath of the Jeodganite-Ngedhraist Revolt, many Tseeric- and Talmic-speaking peoples newly settled in the land. These Tseeric vernaculars represented variation that already existed in the originally Tseer-speaking area. These Tseeric vernaculars were already separate languages by then, and they came to be associated with different nation-states in Talma.
Tseer is the language of parts of the Fornloíd and other philosophical, historical and literary texts from Ancient Tseer civilization, and it is also the language of some Pidaic texts. Today Classical Tseer survives in liturgical use in Mărotłism.  


Today Classical Tseer survives in liturgical use in Mărotłism; it is the language of some Pidaic texts.
The predominant vernacular of the Fnüeng dynasty was no longer Classical Naeng, but a form of Tseer. When the Naeng Empire fell in 1004 fT in the aftermath of the Jeodganite-Ngedhraist Revolt, many Tseeric- and Talmic-speaking peoples newly settled in the land. These Tseeric vernaculars represented variation that already existed in the originally Tseer-speaking area. These Tseeric vernaculars were already separate languages by then. Neo-Tseer languages and [[Vornian]] are the only modern Talman languages with phonemic retroflex stops.


==Todo==
==Todo==
Wdm and Tseer: like Hebrew and Aramaic?
Wdm and Tseer: like Hebrew and Aramaic?
Nasal vowel dissimilation rule for prefixes (no nasal before nasal)
Grammatical schwebeablaut (CVCC and CCVC root alternations) in verbs


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
Compared to Classical Windermere, Classical Tseer has more conservative vowels but less conservative consonants.
Compared to Classical Naeng, Classical Tseer has more conservative vowels but less conservative consonants.


Like Windermere, Tseer merged *H and *F (into **φ), believed by some to be a shared innovation characterizing "Talmo-Lakovic" (Naengic and Tseer). But unlike Windermere it vocalized some laryngeals in clusters, namely *Q, *H, *F but not *X. It also merged PLak *a and *ā into /a/.
Unlike Naeng, Tseer merged *H and *F (into **φ) and vocalized some laryngeals in clusters, namely *Q, *H, *F but not *X. It also merged PLak *a and *ā into /a/.


Vocalized *f, vowels which were colored by *f, and u-umlaut of /a/  and /e/ are the main sources of /ø/ in Tseer.
Vocalized *f, vowels which were colored by *f, and u-umlaut of /a/  and /e/ are the main sources of /ø/ in Tseer.


The laryngeals *X and *F~*H produced breathy vowels, which eventually became nasal vowels.
The laryngeals *X produced breathy vowels, which eventually became nasal vowels.


*Nasal vowels merge with nonnasal vowels before m/n/ng/l
*Nasal vowels merge with nonnasal vowels before m/n/ng/l
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*ś, g > kh /x/
*ś, g > kh /x/
*s- > *θ > t /t/
*s- > *θ > t /t/
*š-, y- > x-
*š-, y- before short a > x-
*y- elsewhere > d-
*t- > dh /D/
*t- > dh /D/
*-s > -x, *s backs to s following ruki; feminine -s becomes -kh or -r
*-s > -x, *s backs to s following ruki; feminine -s becomes -kh or -r
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Classical Tseer has 21 phonemic consonants: Syllable-final ''v ð'' are allophones of /b d/, and syllable final ''b d g'' are allophones of /p t k/. The only weird feature by Talman standards are the retroflex consonants.
Classical Tseer has 22 phonemic consonants. Syllable-final ''v ð'' are allophones of /b d/, and syllable final ''b d g'' are allophones of /p t k/.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
m n ng /ŋ/
! colspan="2" |
 
!  |Labial
t th /ʈ/ k ' /ʔ/
!  |Dental/Alv.
 
!  |Retroflex
b d dh /ɖ~L/ g
!  |Palatal
 
!  |Velar
f x /s~z/ kh /x/ h
!  |Glottal
 
|-
tx /ts/ ts /tʃ/
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
 
| '''m''' /m/
v đ /ð/ (only syllable finally)
| '''n''' /n{{den}}/
 
|
w r /r̝~ʒ/ l y /j/
|
 
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
;Notes
|
*/x/ is [ʂ] in some dialects
|-
*b d g = [p t k] word-finally.
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d{{den}}/
| '''dh''' /ɖ/
|
| '''g''' [g]
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| ('''p''' /p/)
| '''t''' /t{{den}}/
| '''th''' /ʈ/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''tx''' /t{{den}}s{{den}}/
| '''ts''' /tʂ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''x''' /s{{den}}/
| '''s''' /ʂ/
|
| '''kh''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' [v]
| '''ð''' [ð]
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r{{raised}}/, '''l''' /l{{den}}/
| '''dh''' [ɭ]
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Stress===
===Stress===
Classical Tseer had no stress; word boundaries were marked with intonation.
Classical Tseer had weak final stress.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
No initial clusters are allowed; also, final -p -t -th -k are forbidden.
Initial clusters are somewhat less common than in Naeng; also, final -p -t -th -k are forbidden. However, final clusters are allowed unlike in Naeng.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Classical Tseer morphology is much like [[Windermere/Classical|Classical Windermere]]: nouns have masculine and feminine gender, and verbs inflect for aspect, tense, voice, and gender agreement using prefixes, infixes and reduplication. Like Windermere, Tseer has lost Proto-Lakovic triggers.
Classical Tseer morphology is much like [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]: nouns pluralize by reduplication, and verbs inflect for aspect, tense, voice, and person agreement using prefixes, infixes and reduplication.  
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|
!|
!I!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (pl.)!!they
!I (m.)!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (pl.)!!they
|-
|-
!|Full pronouns
!|Full pronouns
|''ree''||''baa''||''khen''||''kheer''||''in''||''eer''||''aari''||''baaba''||''kheekhe''||''inin''
||''ree''||''baa''||''khen''||''kheer''||''in''||''eer''||''aari''||''baaba''||''kheekhe''||''inin''
|-
|-
!|Enclitics ("I am", etc.)
!|Possessive/Object Suffixes
|''-re'', ''-ire''||''-b'', ''-am''||''-kh, -ekh''||''-kher''||''-in''||''-er''||''-ari''||''-aba''||''-akhe''||''-anin''
||''-ri'', ''-iri''||''-am''||''-kh, -ekh''||''-kher''||''-in''||''-er''||''-ar''||''-aba''||''-akhe''||''-anin''
|-
!|Predicative Suffixes
|''-re''
|''-b''
||''-nekh''||''-sekh''
||''-nin''||''-sir''
|rowspan=2|''-mari''
|rowspan=2|''-maba''
|rowspan=2|''-makhe''
|rowspan=2|''-manin''
|}
|}
* Full pronouns are used as subjects of verbal sentences, and subjects of "is-the" predicative sentences.
* Possessive and object suffixes are used as possessive pronouns on nouns and direct object affixes on verbs.
* Predicative suffixes are used on predicate nouns in "is-a" predicative sentences.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I (m.)!!I (f.)!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (pl.)!!they
|-
!|Possessive/Object Suffixes
|colspan=2|''aafuri'' 'my child' ||''aafuam''||''aafukh''||''aafukher''||''aafuin''||''aafuer''||''aafuri''||''aafuaba''||''aafuakhe''||''aafuanin''
|-
!|Predicative Suffixes
|''aafunire'' 'I am a child'
|''aafusire''
|''aafuba'' 'we are children'
||''aafunekh''||''aafusekh''
||''aafunin''||''aafusir''
|rowspan=2|''aafumari''
|rowspan=2|''aafumaba''
|rowspan=2|''aafumakhe''
|rowspan=2|''aafumanin''
|}
Note: is-the uses the zero copula "FOCUS TOPIC" construction: '*I* am the child' is ''Ree aafu''.


===Correlatives===
===Correlatives===
Todo: correlatives table
Todo: correlatives table


this, that = ''ti, fi''
* this.M, that.M = ''ten, fen''
 
* this.F, that.F = ''teer, feer''
this/that man = ''ten, fen''; this/that woman = ''teer, feer''
* these, those = ''sti, sfi''


here, there = ''mid, mif''
here, there = ''mid, mif''


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Like [[Windermere/Classical|Classical Windermere]], each noun has an intrinsic gender, either masculine or feminine. For most feminine nouns, the feminine is marked with ''-kh'' or ''-er'' (from PLak *-s).
*''atev'' = son-in-law; ''atever'' = daughter-in-law
*''bakhoo'' = uncle; ''bakhookh'' = aunt
*''athaay'' = lion; ''athaayer'' = lioness
Plurals are formed by reduplication with the reduplicant modified for phonotactic or euphonic reasons.
Plurals are formed by reduplication with the reduplicant modified for phonotactic or euphonic reasons.


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TODO: plural reduplication rules
TODO: plural reduplication rules
Tseer has a suffixed definite article ''-wi''. The indefinite is unmarked.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Verb template====
====Verb template====
feminine-TAM-pluractionality-voice-ROOT-TAM
feminine-TAM-pluractionality-voice-ROOT-TAM
====Agreement====
Feminine subject: ''wa-''
:''Danutx ree u ownakh'' = I loved the girl (male speaker)
:''Wadanutx ree u ownakh'' = I loved the girl (female speaker)


====Voice====
====Voice====
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Pluractionality is used when a verb is done multiple times or done to multiple objects.
Pluractionality is used when a verb is done multiple times or done to multiple objects.


Pluractionality: ''e(e)Fe-'' or ''e(e)FeL-'' (cf. Windermere frequentative ''enFă-'')
Pluractionality: ''e(e)Fe-'' or ''e(e)FeL-'' (cf. Naeng frequentative ''enFă-'')
 
In Modern Tseer pluractionality is marked by pluralizing the verbal noun.


====TAM====
====TAM====
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*Perfective aspect -> Telic past: if marked, ''-aa'' (from *-H)
*Perfective aspect -> Telic past: if marked, ''-aa'' (from *-H)
*Imperfective -> Atelic past: if marked, reduplication
*Imperfective -> Atelic past: if marked, reduplication
**no wa- for feminine here
**no wa- for feminine, but it can become part of a preverb?
*Inceptive -> Atelic nonpast: ''sa-''
*Inceptive -> Atelic nonpast: ''sa-''
*Intensive -> Telic nonpast: ''tho-'', ~ Wdm. ''thu-''
*Intensive -> Telic nonpast: ''tho-'', ~ Wdm. ''thu-''
Line 155: Line 238:
The progressive ''oo-'' also existed in Early Tseer and was added to the imperfective stem, but it was deleted. This explains the lack of feminine ''wa-'' in the imperfective form.
The progressive ''oo-'' also existed in Early Tseer and was added to the imperfective stem, but it was deleted. This explains the lack of feminine ''wa-'' in the imperfective form.


The imperative is marked with a particle ''ma'': ''ma thodagoo toyab'' = 'write a book (to a man)'; ''eer ma wathodagoo toyab'' = let her write a book (perf)'.
The imperative is marked with a particle ''fa'' (m sg) or ''faw'' (f sg): ''fa thodagoo toyab'' = 'write a book (to a man)'; ''eer faw thodagoo toyab'' = let her write a book (perf)'.


A Tseer verb may have marked perfectives with ''-aa'' and unmarked imperfectives, or marked imperfectives (with reduplication) and unmarked perfectives.
A Tseer verb may have marked perfectives with ''-aa'' and unmarked imperfectives, or marked imperfectives (with reduplication) and unmarked perfectives.


Verbs are negated with ''di'' (in the imperative, by replacing ''ma'' with ''khay'').
Verbs are negated with ''di'' (in the imperative, by replacing ''fa'' with ''khay'').


=== Derivation ===
=== Derivation ===
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* ''nu-'' = agentive (source of Wdm ''nu-'')
* ''nu-'' = agentive (source of Wdm ''nu-'')
* Nominalizers, verbalizers, instrument, place, etc.
* Nominalizers, verbalizers, instrument, place, etc.
== Syntax ==
Syntax-wise, Tseer is predicate-first, like Lushootseed, due to influence from Classical [[Netagin]].


== Syntax ==
SVO or VSO
==Poetry==
==Poetry==
===Rhyme===
===Rhyme===
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*7+7
*7+7


== Sample texts ==
== Sketchbook ==
=== The Round Table ===
PLak with H-F merger: **ŋiFt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meF raq śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkaat nataX qemrecal sen Fdān: "šruk day qatsFiw: dak manknas, tap day amFuc tramp, liw qatsalFiw, tak malFuc, Fdān talak." "Fna meF raq, sru XenFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratFaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.
PLak with H-F merger: **ŋiFt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meF raq śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkaat nataX qemrecal sen Fdān: "šruk day qatsFiw: dak manknas, tap day amFuc tramp, liw qatsalFiw, tak malFuc, Fdān talak." "Fna meF raq, sru XenFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratFaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.


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(breathy > nasal with ii/öö > ee, üü > øø, uu > oo)
(breathy > nasal with ii/öö > ee, üü > øø, uu > oo)


"Tseer": ''**Ngøød aathor maagar te dak kood. "Mee ra khen khen?" daabits fi beeda PN. Mi angønoo katkaad nathaa eeretsal ten ødan: "Srug day atsøø! Dag maaknas, tab day amoots thaab, liw atsaløø, dag maloots, ødan thalag." "Øna mee ra, tru eenøden khrad nathaa? Daabits fi Beeda PN. "Khangaa, fi Beeda: tsar beedig faarathaa, day Oobsag beegwaathig nataa si fi khrad fi!" "Aruy si kood te tsaroo te thafal fanaw fanaw." eetøngim si fin kood fi Beeda PN.''
"Tseer": ''**Ngøød aathor maagar te dak kood. "Mee ra khekhen?" daabits fi beeda PN. Mi angønoo katkaad nathaa eeretsal ten ødan: "Srug day atsøø! Dag maaknas, tab day amoots thaab, liw atsaløø, dag maloots, ødan thalag." "Øna mee ra, tru enøden khrad nathaa? Daabits fi Beeda PN. "Khangaa, fi Beeda: tsar beedig faarathaa, day Oobsag begwaathig nathaa si fi khrad fi!" "Aruy si kood te tsaroo te thafal fanaw fanaw." eetøngim si fin kood fi Beeda PN.''
 
Wdm: Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ." "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ. "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.
 
Ter nooma tru bamødee afal noos khekhen dha? dhaaser ta beema sithabeeg. Tomatmaad oolakhaa ten otsaløs baa tothadh!


Too many nasal vowels?


[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 02:01, 23 April 2023


Tseer/Lexicon
Swadesh list for Tseer
Tseer/Sketchbook

Tseer
dølud Tseer
Created byInthar
SettingVerse:Tricin
Lakovic
  • Tseer
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tseer (natively dølud Tseer [d̪ɵˈluð t͡sɛ̃r̝]) is a classical language of Talma, second to Naeng; it left a significant influence on Scellan and Naeng. It is aesthetically inspired by Somali, Polish, Hmong and Vietnamese and grammatically inspired by Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Irish.

Tseer is the language of parts of the Fornloíd and other philosophical, historical and literary texts from Ancient Tseer civilization, and it is also the language of some Pidaic texts. Today Classical Tseer survives in liturgical use in Mărotłism.

The predominant vernacular of the Fnüeng dynasty was no longer Classical Naeng, but a form of Tseer. When the Naeng Empire fell in 1004 fT in the aftermath of the Jeodganite-Ngedhraist Revolt, many Tseeric- and Talmic-speaking peoples newly settled in the land. These Tseeric vernaculars represented variation that already existed in the originally Tseer-speaking area. These Tseeric vernaculars were already separate languages by then. Neo-Tseer languages and Vornian are the only modern Talman languages with phonemic retroflex stops.

Todo

Wdm and Tseer: like Hebrew and Aramaic?

Nasal vowel dissimilation rule for prefixes (no nasal before nasal)

Grammatical schwebeablaut (CVCC and CCVC root alternations) in verbs

Diachronics

Compared to Classical Naeng, Classical Tseer has more conservative vowels but less conservative consonants.

Unlike Naeng, Tseer merged *H and *F (into **φ) and vocalized some laryngeals in clusters, namely *Q, *H, *F but not *X. It also merged PLak *a and *ā into /a/.

Vocalized *f, vowels which were colored by *f, and u-umlaut of /a/ and /e/ are the main sources of /ø/ in Tseer.

The laryngeals *X produced breathy vowels, which eventually became nasal vowels.

  • Nasal vowels merge with nonnasal vowels before m/n/ng/l
  • Final -ng disappears leaving nasalization (as in Scellan)
  • p > f
  • final -g, -w disappear
  • ś, g > kh /x/
  • s- > *θ > t /t/
  • š-, y- before short a > x-
  • y- elsewhere > d-
  • t- > dh /D/
  • -s > -x, *s backs to s following ruki; feminine -s becomes -kh or -r
  • c, ć > tx, ts
  • CäC- > CaC-

Phonology

Consonants

Classical Tseer has 22 phonemic consonants. Syllable-final v ð are allophones of /b d/, and syllable final b d g are allophones of /p t k/.

Labial Dental/Alv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ dh /ɖ/ g [g]
voiceless (p /p/) t /t̪/ th /ʈ/ c /k/ ' /ʔ/
Affricate tx /t̪s̪/ ts /tʂ/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ x /s̪/ s /ʂ/ kh /x/ h /h/
voiced v [v] ð [ð]
Resonant w /w/ r /r̝/, l /l̪/ dh [ɭ] y /j/

Vowels

Tseer has 10 vowels: 6 oral and 4 nasal.

a e i o u ø /a e i o u ɵ/

aa ee oo øø /ã ẽ õ ɵ̃/

/ɵ/ will be transcribed as /ø/ for convenience.

Stress

Classical Tseer had weak final stress.

Phonotactics

Initial clusters are somewhat less common than in Naeng; also, final -p -t -th -k are forbidden. However, final clusters are allowed unlike in Naeng.

Morphology

Classical Tseer morphology is much like Classical Naeng: nouns pluralize by reduplication, and verbs inflect for aspect, tense, voice, and person agreement using prefixes, infixes and reduplication.

Pronouns

I (m.) we (inc. du.) thou (m.) thou (f.) he she we (exc.) we (inc. pl.) you (pl.) they
Full pronouns ree baa khen kheer in eer aari baaba kheekhe inin
Possessive/Object Suffixes -ri, -iri -am -kh, -ekh -kher -in -er -ar -aba -akhe -anin
Predicative Suffixes -re -b -nekh -sekh -nin -sir -mari -maba -makhe -manin
  • Full pronouns are used as subjects of verbal sentences, and subjects of "is-the" predicative sentences.
  • Possessive and object suffixes are used as possessive pronouns on nouns and direct object affixes on verbs.
  • Predicative suffixes are used on predicate nouns in "is-a" predicative sentences.


I (m.) I (f.) we (inc. du.) thou (m.) thou (f.) he she we (exc.) we (inc. pl.) you (pl.) they
Possessive/Object Suffixes aafuri 'my child' aafuam aafukh aafukher aafuin aafuer aafuri aafuaba aafuakhe aafuanin
Predicative Suffixes aafunire 'I am a child' aafusire aafuba 'we are children' aafunekh aafusekh aafunin aafusir aafumari aafumaba aafumakhe aafumanin

Note: is-the uses the zero copula "FOCUS TOPIC" construction: '*I* am the child' is Ree aafu.

Correlatives

Todo: correlatives table

  • this.M, that.M = ten, fen
  • this.F, that.F = teer, feer
  • these, those = sti, sfi

here, there = mid, mif

Nouns

Plurals are formed by reduplication with the reduplicant modified for phonotactic or euphonic reasons.

  • athaay 'lion' > a'athaay 'lions'
  • moog 'feather' > momoog 'feathers'

TODO: plural reduplication rules

Tseer has a suffixed definite article -wi. The indefinite is unmarked.

Verbs

Verb template

feminine-TAM-pluractionality-voice-ROOT-TAM

Voice

  • Passive: ra-
  • Causative la- (Wdm verbalizer lă-)

Verbal number

Pluractionality is used when a verb is done multiple times or done to multiple objects.

Pluractionality: e(e)Fe- or e(e)FeL- (cf. Naeng frequentative enFă-)

In Modern Tseer pluractionality is marked by pluralizing the verbal noun.

TAM

Aspects in early Tseer were reinterpreted as tense + telicity in Classical Tseer.

  • Perfective aspect -> Telic past: if marked, -aa (from *-H)
  • Imperfective -> Atelic past: if marked, reduplication
    • no wa- for feminine, but it can become part of a preverb?
  • Inceptive -> Atelic nonpast: sa-
  • Intensive -> Telic nonpast: tho-, ~ Wdm. thu-

The citation form is the perfective or telic past form. For the verb dagoo 'he wrote', these forms are dagoo, dadagoo/ledagoo, sadagoo and thodagoo.

The progressive oo- also existed in Early Tseer and was added to the imperfective stem, but it was deleted. This explains the lack of feminine wa- in the imperfective form.

The imperative is marked with a particle fa (m sg) or faw (f sg): fa thodagoo toyab = 'write a book (to a man)'; eer faw thodagoo toyab = let her write a book (perf)'.

A Tseer verb may have marked perfectives with -aa and unmarked imperfectives, or marked imperfectives (with reduplication) and unmarked perfectives.

Verbs are negated with di (in the imperative, by replacing fa with khay).

Derivation

  • xi- adjectivizer (~ Wdm. yă)
  • -ay- infix: nomz.
  • -ee- or -kh- infix (from ⟨X⟩): instrument
  • ø- = negative (from *f-)
  • PLak Trigger infixes
  • nu- = agentive (source of Wdm nu-)
  • Nominalizers, verbalizers, instrument, place, etc.

Syntax

Syntax-wise, Tseer is predicate-first, like Lushootseed, due to influence from Classical Netagin.

Poetry

Rhyme

Meter

Classical Tseer poetry is based on lines with

  • a prescribed number of syllables
  • a caesura somewhere in the middle
  • the lines rhyme in some rhyme scheme, usually in rhyming couplets (aa) or rhyming quatrains (aaaa).

We use "m+n" to denote a meter of m syllables + caesura + n syllables.

Some meters were:

  • 4+4
  • 4+6
  • 5+5
  • 6+4
  • 4+7
  • 6+5
  • 6+6
  • 7+7

Sketchbook

PLak with H-F merger: **ŋiFt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meF raq śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkaat nataX qemrecal sen Fdān: "šruk day qatsFiw: dak manknas, tap day amFuc tramp, liw qatsalFiw, tak malFuc, Fdān talak." "Fna meF raq, sru XenFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratFaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.

Pre-Tseer: (double = breathy) **ŋüüt ntor mangār se dak kååt. "möö raq śen śen?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangönung katkwaat nataa qemrecal sen ödān: "šruk day qatsüüw: dak manknas, tap day amuuc tramp, liw qatsalüüw, dak maluuc, ödān talak." "öna möö raq, sru eenöden grāt nataa? dambic pin bindaq PN. "Gaŋaa, pin bindaq: cār bindik panrataaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataa ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaa-kååt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaa pin kååt pin bindaq PN.

(breathy > nasal with ii/öö > ee, üü > øø, uu > oo)

"Tseer": **Ngøød aathor maagar te dak kood. "Mee ra khekhen?" daabits fi beeda PN. Mi angønoo katkaad nathaa eeretsal ten ødan: "Srug day atsøø! Dag maaknas, tab day amoots thaab, liw atsaløø, dag maloots, ødan thalag." "Øna mee ra, tru enøden khrad nathaa? Daabits fi Beeda PN. "Khangaa, fi Beeda: tsar beedig faarathaa, day Oobsag begwaathig nathaa si fi khrad fi!" "Aruy si kood te tsaroo te thafal fanaw fanaw." eetøngim si fin kood fi Beeda PN.

Wdm: Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ." "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ. "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.

Ter nooma tru bamødee afal noos khekhen dha? dhaaser ta beema sithabeeg. Tomatmaad oolakhaa ten otsaløs baa tothadh!

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